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Sera Gazı Emisyonunun Tarımda İşgücü Verimliliğine Etkisi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Bağlamında Bir Analiz

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 639 - 672, 18.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1245238

Abstract

İklim değişikliğinin dünyada çeşitli alanlarda yarattığı sorunlar ve bu sorunlara yönelik çözüm önerileri son yıllarda akademik camiada önemle üzerinde durulan konulardan biri haline gelmiştir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada, iklim değişikliğinin önemli göstergelerinden biri olan sera gazı emisyonunun tarımda işgücü verimliliğine etkisi Avrupa Birliği’nin 1996-2019 verilerinden hareketle zaman serisi analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizlerle tarımda işgücü verimliliği ile sera gazı emisyonunun eşbütünleşik yani uzun dönemli ilişki içerisinde olduğu ve değişkenler arasında çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Analiz kapsamında ayrıca gerçekleştirilen etki-tepki analizi ile sera gazı emisyonundan kaynaklanan bir etkiye tarımda işgücü verimliliğinin gösterdiği tepkinin zaman içerisinde azalan oranda değiştiği fakat analizin gerçekleştirildiği süreç içerisinde sıfıra yakınsamadığı, tarımda işgücü verimliliğinde yaşanan bir etkinin ise sera gazı emisyonunda negatif bir tepki yarattığı ve yine bu tepkinin analizin gerçekleştirildiği 24 yıllık süreç içerisinde sıfıra yakınsamadığı yani devamlılık taşıdığı gözlenmiştir. Son olarak gerçekleştirilen varyans ayrıştırması sonucunda değişkenlerde ortaya çıkan değişimlerin diğer değişkenden kaynaklanan kısmının zaman içerisinde bir artış gösterdiği fakat değişimlerin büyük ölçüde değişkenlerin kendilerinden kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Baker, J.S., Murray, B.C., McCarl, B.A., Feng, S., Johansson, R., (2012). Implications of Alternative Agricultural Productivity Growth Assumptions on Land Management, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Mitigation Potential. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 95(2), 435-441.
  • Bekiroğlu, O. (2011). Tarımda Karbon Ayak İzi Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Yeni Kuralı: Karbon Ayak İzi.
  • Czyzewski, A., Michalowska, M. (2022). The Impact of Agricultural on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Visegrad Group Countries after the World Economic Crisis of 2008. Comparative Study of Researched Countries. Energies, 15, 1-18.
  • Dasgupta, S., Van Maanen, N., Gosling, S.N., Piontek, F., Otto, C. & Schleussner, K.C. (2021). Effects of Climate Change on Combined Labour Productivity and Supply: An Empirical, Multi-Model Study. Lancet Planet Health, 5, 455-465.
  • Dietz, S., Lanz, B. (2018). Economic Growth, Population Growth and Agriculture in a Changing Climate. Energy&Climate Economics.
  • Doğanlar, M., Mike, F., Kızılkaya, O. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Aggregate Output in Middle and High-Income Countries. Austrilian Economic Papers, 61, 72-86.
  • Druckman, A., Jackson, T. (2016). Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emissions. Clift, R., Druckman, A. (ed.) Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology. Springer International Publishing.
  • Engle, R.F. & Granger, C.W. J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Eshete, Z.S., Mulatu, D.W. & Gatiso, T.G. (2020). CO2 Emissions, Agricultural Productivity and Welfare in Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(5), 687-704.
  • Gosling, S.N., Zaherpour, J. & Iberreta, D. (2018). PESETA III: Climate Change Impacts on Labour Productivity. JRC Technical Reports, European Union.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Models. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
  • İklim Değişikliği ve Tarım Değerlendirme Raporu. (2021). T.C Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Kjellstrom, T., Holmer, I. & Lemke, B. (2009a). Workplace Heat Stress, Health and Productivity- An Increasing Challange for Low and Middle Income Countries During Climate Change. Global Health Action, 1-6.
  • Kjellstrom, T., Kovats, R.S., Lloyd, S.J., Holt, T. & Tol, R.S.J. (2009b). The Direct Impact of Climate Change on Regional Labour Productivity. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 64(4), 217-227.
  • Kjellstrom, T. (2016). Impact of Climate Conditions on Occupational Health and Related Economic Losses: A New Feature of Global and Urban Health in the Context of Climate Change. Asia-Pasific Journal of Public Health, 1-10.
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Matsumoto, K. (2019). Climate Change Impacts on Socioeconomic Activities Through Labour Productivity Changes Considering Interactions Between Socioeconomic and Climate Systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 216, 528-541.
  • Matsumoto, K., Tachiiri, K. & Xuaming, S. (2021). Heat Stress, Labour Productivity and Economic Impacts: Analysis of Climate Change Impacts Using Two-Way Coupled Modeling. Environmental Research Communication, 3, 1-14.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Popp, S. (2010). A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438.
  • Nordhaus, W.D. (2006). Geography and Macroeconomics: New Data and New Findings. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(10), 3510-3517.
  • Patel, L., Friedman, E., Johannes, S.A., Lee, S.S., O’Brien, H.G., Schear, S.E., (2021). Air Pollution as a Social and Structural Determinant of Health. The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 3(2021). 1-4.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & Ouliaris, S. (1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration. Econometrica, 58, 165-193.
  • Sanders, N. (2020). Social Benefits of Air Quality: Environmental Policy as Social Policy. Research Brief Series: The Intersection between Environmental Policy and Health.
  • Schulte, P.A., Bhattacharya, A., Butler, C.R., Chun, H.K., Jacklitsch, B., Jacobs, T., Kiefer, M., Lincoln, J., Pendergrass, S., Shire, J., Watson, J. & Wagner, G.R. (2016). Advancing the Framework for Considering the Effects of Climate Change on Worker Safety and Health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 13(11), 847-865.
  • Shin, Y. (1994). A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration against the Alternative of No Cointegration. Econometric Theory, 10, 91-115.
  • Sillmann, J., Orlov, A., Aaheim, A., Aunan, K. & De Bruin, K. (2019). Economic Losses of Heat-Induced Reductions in Outdoor Worker Productivity: A Case Study of Europe. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 3, 191-211.
  • Stringer, L. (2009). Yeşil İşyeri. Çalışanlara, Çevreye ve Kârlılığa Yarar Sağlayan Sürdürülebilir Stratejiler. İstanbul: Türkiye Metal Sanayicileri Sendikası.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.

The Effect Of Greenhouse Gas Emissions On Labor Efficiency In Agriculture: An Analysis In The Context Of The European Union Countries

Year 2023, Volume: 25 Issue: 2, 639 - 672, 18.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1245238

Abstract

In recent years, the academic community has placed a lot of emphasis on the difficulties brought on by climate change in numerous sectors around the world and the solutions that have been proposed. In this direction, time series analysis based on the 1996–2019 data of the European Union was used to analyze the impact of greenhouse gas emissions, one of the key markers of climate change, on labor productivity in agriculture. The analyses conducted revealed that agricultural labor productivity and greenhouse gas emissions are cointegrated, that is, have a long-term relationship, and that there is a bidirectional causality relationship between the variables. With the impact-response analysis carried out within the scope of the analysis, it was observed that the response of labor productivity in agriculture to an impact caused by greenhouse gas emissions changed in a decreasing rate over time, but did not converge to zero during the analysis process. Furthermore, it was discovered that an effect on agricultural labor productivity caused a negative reaction in greenhouse gas emissions, and this reaction did not converge to zero over the 24-year period studied, indicating that it was continuous. Finally, as a result of the variance decomposition, it was determined that the part of the changes in the variables caused by the other variable increased over time, but the changes were mostly caused by them.

References

  • Baker, J.S., Murray, B.C., McCarl, B.A., Feng, S., Johansson, R., (2012). Implications of Alternative Agricultural Productivity Growth Assumptions on Land Management, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Mitigation Potential. American Journal of Agricultural Economics. 95(2), 435-441.
  • Bekiroğlu, O. (2011). Tarımda Karbon Ayak İzi Sürdürülebilir Kalkınmanın Yeni Kuralı: Karbon Ayak İzi.
  • Czyzewski, A., Michalowska, M. (2022). The Impact of Agricultural on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the Visegrad Group Countries after the World Economic Crisis of 2008. Comparative Study of Researched Countries. Energies, 15, 1-18.
  • Dasgupta, S., Van Maanen, N., Gosling, S.N., Piontek, F., Otto, C. & Schleussner, K.C. (2021). Effects of Climate Change on Combined Labour Productivity and Supply: An Empirical, Multi-Model Study. Lancet Planet Health, 5, 455-465.
  • Dietz, S., Lanz, B. (2018). Economic Growth, Population Growth and Agriculture in a Changing Climate. Energy&Climate Economics.
  • Doğanlar, M., Mike, F., Kızılkaya, O. (2020). The Impact of Climate Change on Aggregate Output in Middle and High-Income Countries. Austrilian Economic Papers, 61, 72-86.
  • Druckman, A., Jackson, T. (2016). Understanding Households as Drivers of Carbon Emissions. Clift, R., Druckman, A. (ed.) Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology. Springer International Publishing.
  • Engle, R.F. & Granger, C.W. J. (1987). Cointegration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation and Testing. Econometrica, 55, 251-276.
  • Eshete, Z.S., Mulatu, D.W. & Gatiso, T.G. (2020). CO2 Emissions, Agricultural Productivity and Welfare in Ethiopia. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management, 12(5), 687-704.
  • Gosling, S.N., Zaherpour, J. & Iberreta, D. (2018). PESETA III: Climate Change Impacts on Labour Productivity. JRC Technical Reports, European Union.
  • Granger, C. W. J. (1969). Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Models. Econometrica, 37, 424-438.
  • İklim Değişikliği ve Tarım Değerlendirme Raporu. (2021). T.C Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı Tarım Reformu Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Kjellstrom, T., Holmer, I. & Lemke, B. (2009a). Workplace Heat Stress, Health and Productivity- An Increasing Challange for Low and Middle Income Countries During Climate Change. Global Health Action, 1-6.
  • Kjellstrom, T., Kovats, R.S., Lloyd, S.J., Holt, T. & Tol, R.S.J. (2009b). The Direct Impact of Climate Change on Regional Labour Productivity. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 64(4), 217-227.
  • Kjellstrom, T. (2016). Impact of Climate Conditions on Occupational Health and Related Economic Losses: A New Feature of Global and Urban Health in the Context of Climate Change. Asia-Pasific Journal of Public Health, 1-10.
  • Lee, J., & Strazicich, M. C. (2003). Minimum Lagrange Multiplier Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85(4), 1082-1089.
  • Matsumoto, K. (2019). Climate Change Impacts on Socioeconomic Activities Through Labour Productivity Changes Considering Interactions Between Socioeconomic and Climate Systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 216, 528-541.
  • Matsumoto, K., Tachiiri, K. & Xuaming, S. (2021). Heat Stress, Labour Productivity and Economic Impacts: Analysis of Climate Change Impacts Using Two-Way Coupled Modeling. Environmental Research Communication, 3, 1-14.
  • Narayan, P. K., & Popp, S. (2010). A New Unit Root Test with Two Structural Breaks in Level and Slope at Unknown Time. Journal of Applied Statistics, 37(9), 1425-1438.
  • Nordhaus, W.D. (2006). Geography and Macroeconomics: New Data and New Findings. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(10), 3510-3517.
  • Patel, L., Friedman, E., Johannes, S.A., Lee, S.S., O’Brien, H.G., Schear, S.E., (2021). Air Pollution as a Social and Structural Determinant of Health. The Journal of Climate Change and Health. 3(2021). 1-4.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. & Ouliaris, S. (1990). Asymptotic Properties of Residual Based Tests for Cointegration. Econometrica, 58, 165-193.
  • Sanders, N. (2020). Social Benefits of Air Quality: Environmental Policy as Social Policy. Research Brief Series: The Intersection between Environmental Policy and Health.
  • Schulte, P.A., Bhattacharya, A., Butler, C.R., Chun, H.K., Jacklitsch, B., Jacobs, T., Kiefer, M., Lincoln, J., Pendergrass, S., Shire, J., Watson, J. & Wagner, G.R. (2016). Advancing the Framework for Considering the Effects of Climate Change on Worker Safety and Health. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 13(11), 847-865.
  • Shin, Y. (1994). A Residual-Based Test of the Null of Cointegration against the Alternative of No Cointegration. Econometric Theory, 10, 91-115.
  • Sillmann, J., Orlov, A., Aaheim, A., Aunan, K. & De Bruin, K. (2019). Economic Losses of Heat-Induced Reductions in Outdoor Worker Productivity: A Case Study of Europe. Economics of Disasters and Climate Change, 3, 191-211.
  • Stringer, L. (2009). Yeşil İşyeri. Çalışanlara, Çevreye ve Kârlılığa Yarar Sağlayan Sürdürülebilir Stratejiler. İstanbul: Türkiye Metal Sanayicileri Sendikası.
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical Inference in Vector Autoregressions with Possibly Integrated Processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66, 225–250.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Main Section
Authors

Ömer Can Çevik 0000-0001-5033-5018

Fatma Yeşilkaya 0000-0002-1766-3535

Nursel Karaman 0000-0002-7162-8327

Early Pub Date September 4, 2023
Publication Date September 18, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 25 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çevik, Ö. C., Yeşilkaya, F., & Karaman, N. (2023). Sera Gazı Emisyonunun Tarımda İşgücü Verimliliğine Etkisi: Avrupa Birliği Ülkeleri Bağlamında Bir Analiz. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 639-672. https://doi.org/10.26745/ahbvuibfd.1245238