Research Article
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Proposed Turkish body mass index cut-off points compared with the World Health Organization and Asia-Pacific indices

Year 2022, Issue: 43, 27 - 34, 30.06.2022

Rukiye Dağalp Doruk Iper Bahar Aka Sema P. Aka Yavuz Sinan Aydıntuğ Itır Aydıntuğ

https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1056457

Abstract

It is important to determine specific Body Mass Index (BMI) cut-off points on country and sex bases since there are anthropometric differences. Therefore, a study was proposed to find out specific body mass index [BMI-TR (kg/m2)] cut-off points for Turkish young adults. BMI-TR was compared with the classifications of the World Health Organization’s Index (BMI-WHO) and Asia-Pacific Index (BMI-AP). In this research a study enclosing the weight and height measurements of 196 cases (97 Male, 99 Female, age average 22.5 years) were examined. The recorded total data were calculated according to BMI-WHO and BMI-AP, subsequently the same data were computed according to Empirical Rule to find out the cut-off points of the BMI-TR and also specific BMI-TR cut-off points for males and females. The data were compared for both BMI-WHO and BMI-AP categorizations and showed inconsistent results. Therefore, BMI-TR was calculated and classified according to sex. In this study, Turkish specific BMI results for BMI-TR Males and BMI-TR Females revealed that the percentage of females showing normal BMI was higher (78.8%), than males (70.1%), and being underweight (14.4 % for males, 10.1 % for females) was more serious than being obese (5.2% for males, 4.0 % for females) in the “young adult” age group. BMI calculations should include age groups, sex and adjustment of height decrease for elderly on country basis.

Keywords

Turkish-BMI Body Mass Index Height Adjusted BMI-WHO BMI Asia-Pacific Anthropometry

Thanks

The authors would like to extend their acknowledgements to the subjects for their volunteer cooperation during the measurements and to Prof. Dr. Mehmet Yaşar İşcan, may his soul rest in peace, for his teachings on collecting anthropometric data and advise to realise this study. We are delighted to find an intuitive recognition of body mass in the dialogue of William Shakespeare’s play in “The Comedy of Errors”: Antipholus of Syracuse: “Then she bears some breadth?” Dromio of Syracuse: “No longer from head to foot than from hip to hip. She is spherical, like a globe. I could find out countries in her”. - William Shakespeare (1564-1616) The Complete Comedies

References

  • Bogin, B., & Varela Silva, I. (2012). The body mass index: The good, the bad, and the horrid. Bulletin de la Societe Suisse d’Anthropologie, 18(2), 5-11. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/14017
  • Erem, C. (2015). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkey. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine, 8, 38-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcme.2015.07.002
  • Flegal, K. M., Ioannidis, J. P. A, & Doehner W. (2019). Flawed methods and inappropriate conclusions for health policy on overweight and obesity: The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration meta-analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12378
  • Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Morton, S. M. B., & Pinal, C. S. (2005). Life-long echoes-A critical analysis of the developmental origins of adult disease model. Neonatology, 87(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1159/000082311
  • Gültekin, T., & Akın, G. (2005). Yaşlanmayla birlikte boy uzunluğu ve oturma (büst) yüksekliğinde meydana gelen değişimler. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 8(3), 123-128. https://geriatri.dergisi.org/abstract.php?id=268
  • Gültekin, T., Özer, B. K., Akın, G., Bektaş, Y., Sağır, M., & Güleç, E. (2009). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkish Adults. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 67(2), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2009/0022
  • Hatemi, H., Yumuk, V. D., Turan, N., Arik, N. (2003). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkey. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 1(4), 285-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/1540419031361363
  • Jestratijevic, I., Rudd, N. A., & Ilic, S. (2020). A body to die for: Body measurements and BMI values among female and male runway models. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X20968893
  • Knai, C., Suhrcke, M., & Lobstein, T. (2007). Obesity in Eastern Europe: An overview of its health and economic implications. Economics & Human Biology, 5(3), 392-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2007.08.002
  • Kodama H. (2010). Problems of underweight in young females and pregnant women in Japan. Japan Medical Association Journal, 53(5), 285-289. https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_05/285_289.pdf
  • Lim, J. U., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. S., Hwang, Y. I., Kim, T., Lim, S. Y., Yoo, K. H., Jung, K. S., Kim, Y. K., Rhee, C. K. (2017). Comparison of World Health Organization and Asia-Pacific body mass index classifications in COPD patients. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, (12), 2465-2475. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S141295
  • Martin, J. B. (2010). The development of ideal body image perceptions in the United States. Nutrition Today, 45(3), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0b013e3181dec6a2
  • NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390(10113), 2627-2642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
  • Nuttal, F. Q. (2015). Body mass index obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review. Nutrition Today, 50(3), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000092
  • Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of obesity in the United States. JAMA, 312(2), 189-190. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.6228
  • Painter, R. C., Roseboom, T. C., & Bleker, O. P. (2005). Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine and disease in later life: an overview. Reproductive Toxicology, 20(3), 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.04.005
  • Ronnenberg, A. G., Wang, X., Xing, H., Chen, C., Chen, D., Guang, W., Guang, A., Wang, L., Ryan, L., & Xu, X. (2003). Low preconception body mass index is associated with birth outcome in a prospective cohort of Chinese women. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(11), 3449-3455. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3449
  • Shahvirdi, L., Gültekin, T., Alizadeh Aghdam, M. B., Acıtaş, S., & Şenoğlu, B. (2019). Obesity and body image in women and men in Iran-Tabriz. Antropoloji, (38), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.604521
  • Sorkin, J. D., Muller, D. C., & Andres, R. (1999). Longitudinal change in height of men and women: implications for interpretation of the body mass index: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(9), 969-977. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010106
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021, 4 Şubat). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2020. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni, 37210. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2020-37210
  • Uysal, S., Aydıntuğ, Y., Aydıntuğ, S., Güngör, E., Mutlu, I., Hançar Özcan, N., Kaya Yıldırım, L., & Mercanlıgil, S. M. (2009). The relationship between number of teeth, chewing function and nutritional status in patients over 55 years of age. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(5), 1076-1084.
  • Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., & Sponarski, C. C. (2017). Rethinking internal consistency in Cronbach’s Alpha, Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127189
  • Watson, P. E., Watson, I. D., & Batt, R. D. (1979). Obesity indices. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 32(4), 736-737. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/32.4.736
  • WHO Consultation on Obesity, & WHO. (1999/2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series, 894. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330
  • WHO Expert Consultation. (2004). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 363(9403), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3
  • WHO. (1989). The health of youth. Background document: Technical discussions. A42/Technical Discussions/2, 5-7. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/172242
  • Zajacova, A., &Burgard, S. A. (2010). Body weight and health from early to mid-adulthood: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146509361183

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ve Asya-Pasifik endeksleri ile karşılaştırılan Türkiye beden kitle endisi kesim noktaları için öneri

Year 2022, Issue: 43, 27 - 34, 30.06.2022

Rukiye Dağalp Doruk Iper Bahar Aka Sema P. Aka Yavuz Sinan Aydıntuğ Itır Aydıntuğ

https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1056457

Abstract

Beden Kitle Endisi (BKE) hesaplamalarında, toplumlararası antropometrik farklılıklar nedeniyle ülke ve cinsiyet bazında belirli kesim noktalarının belirlenmesi önemlidir. Bu sebeple bu araştırmada, Türk genç yetişkinleri için spesifik beden kitle endisi [TR-BKE (kg/m2)] kesim noktalarını saptamak için bir çalışma yürütülmüştür. TR-BKE, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü endisi (DSÖ-BKE) ve Asya-Pasifik endisi (AP-BKE) sınıflandırmaları ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmada 196 olgunun (97 Erkek, 99 Kadın, yaş ortalaması 22,5 yıl) ağırlık ve boy ölçümlerini içeren verileri incelenmiştir. DSÖ-BKE ve AP-BKE’ye göre hesaplanan BKE sınıflandırılmıştır. Bu verilere istatistiksel Ampirik Kural uygulanarak TR-BKE ve ayrıca erkekler ve kadınlar için TR-BKE erkek ve TR-BKE kadın endisi kesim noktaları bulunmuştur. Veriler hem DSÖ-BKE hem de AP-BKE’ye göre sınıflandırıldığında sonuçlar tutarsızlık göstermiştir. Bu nedenle TR-BKE hesaplanarak cinsiyete göre belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’ye özgü BKE kesim noktaları ve aynı zamanda erkekler ve kadınlar için ayrı BKE kesim noktaları bulunmuştur. Buna göre “genç erişkin” yaş grubunda erkeklerin %70,1’i kadınlarda ise %78,8’i normal sınıflamaya, erkeklerin %14,4’ü, kadınların ise %10,1’i zayıf gruba girerken, erkeklerin %5,2’i ve kadınların %4,0’ı obez gruba girmektedir. Bu sonuç Türk genç erişkinler için obez olma durumuna kıyasla, zayıf olma durumunun daha ciddi olduğunu ortaya çıkartmıştır. BKE hesaplamalarında araştırılan ülkeye özgün olarak; yaş gruplarının, cinsiyetin ve bu hesaplamalarda yaşlanmaya bağlı boy kısalma miktarının göz önüne alınması önerilmiştir.

Keywords

Türkiye-BKİ Yaşa Bağlı BKİ Boy Uyarlaması DSÖ-BKİ Asya-Pasifik BKİ Antropometri.

References

  • Bogin, B., & Varela Silva, I. (2012). The body mass index: The good, the bad, and the horrid. Bulletin de la Societe Suisse d’Anthropologie, 18(2), 5-11. https://hdl.handle.net/2134/14017
  • Erem, C. (2015). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkey. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine, 8, 38-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcme.2015.07.002
  • Flegal, K. M., Ioannidis, J. P. A, & Doehner W. (2019). Flawed methods and inappropriate conclusions for health policy on overweight and obesity: The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration meta-analysis. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 10(1), 9-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12378
  • Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Morton, S. M. B., & Pinal, C. S. (2005). Life-long echoes-A critical analysis of the developmental origins of adult disease model. Neonatology, 87(2), 127-139. https://doi.org/10.1159/000082311
  • Gültekin, T., & Akın, G. (2005). Yaşlanmayla birlikte boy uzunluğu ve oturma (büst) yüksekliğinde meydana gelen değişimler. Turkish Journal of Geriatrics, 8(3), 123-128. https://geriatri.dergisi.org/abstract.php?id=268
  • Gültekin, T., Özer, B. K., Akın, G., Bektaş, Y., Sağır, M., & Güleç, E. (2009). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkish Adults. Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 67(2), 205-212. https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2009/0022
  • Hatemi, H., Yumuk, V. D., Turan, N., Arik, N. (2003). Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Turkey. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders, 1(4), 285-90. https://doi.org/10.1089/1540419031361363
  • Jestratijevic, I., Rudd, N. A., & Ilic, S. (2020). A body to die for: Body measurements and BMI values among female and male runway models. Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X20968893
  • Knai, C., Suhrcke, M., & Lobstein, T. (2007). Obesity in Eastern Europe: An overview of its health and economic implications. Economics & Human Biology, 5(3), 392-408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2007.08.002
  • Kodama H. (2010). Problems of underweight in young females and pregnant women in Japan. Japan Medical Association Journal, 53(5), 285-289. https://www.med.or.jp/english/journal/pdf/2010_05/285_289.pdf
  • Lim, J. U., Lee, J. H., Kim, J. S., Hwang, Y. I., Kim, T., Lim, S. Y., Yoo, K. H., Jung, K. S., Kim, Y. K., Rhee, C. K. (2017). Comparison of World Health Organization and Asia-Pacific body mass index classifications in COPD patients. International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, (12), 2465-2475. https://doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S141295
  • Martin, J. B. (2010). The development of ideal body image perceptions in the United States. Nutrition Today, 45(3), 98-110. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0b013e3181dec6a2
  • NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). (2017). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128·9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet, 390(10113), 2627-2642. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3
  • Nuttal, F. Q. (2015). Body mass index obesity, BMI, and health: A critical review. Nutrition Today, 50(3), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.1097/NT.0000000000000092
  • Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of obesity in the United States. JAMA, 312(2), 189-190. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.6228
  • Painter, R. C., Roseboom, T. C., & Bleker, O. P. (2005). Prenatal exposure to the Dutch famine and disease in later life: an overview. Reproductive Toxicology, 20(3), 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.04.005
  • Ronnenberg, A. G., Wang, X., Xing, H., Chen, C., Chen, D., Guang, W., Guang, A., Wang, L., Ryan, L., & Xu, X. (2003). Low preconception body mass index is associated with birth outcome in a prospective cohort of Chinese women. The Journal of Nutrition, 133(11), 3449-3455. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.11.3449
  • Shahvirdi, L., Gültekin, T., Alizadeh Aghdam, M. B., Acıtaş, S., & Şenoğlu, B. (2019). Obesity and body image in women and men in Iran-Tabriz. Antropoloji, (38), 37-45. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.604521
  • Sorkin, J. D., Muller, D. C., & Andres, R. (1999). Longitudinal change in height of men and women: implications for interpretation of the body mass index: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. American Journal of Epidemiology, 150(9), 969-977. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010106
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2021, 4 Şubat). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2020. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni, 37210. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2020-37210
  • Uysal, S., Aydıntuğ, Y., Aydıntuğ, S., Güngör, E., Mutlu, I., Hançar Özcan, N., Kaya Yıldırım, L., & Mercanlıgil, S. M. (2009). The relationship between number of teeth, chewing function and nutritional status in patients over 55 years of age. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(5), 1076-1084.
  • Vaske, J. J., Beaman, J., & Sponarski, C. C. (2017). Rethinking internal consistency in Cronbach’s Alpha, Leisure Sciences, 39(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2015.1127189
  • Watson, P. E., Watson, I. D., & Batt, R. D. (1979). Obesity indices. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 32(4), 736-737. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/32.4.736
  • WHO Consultation on Obesity, & WHO. (1999/2000). Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. WHO Technical Report Series, 894. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42330
  • WHO Expert Consultation. (2004). Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet, 363(9403), 157-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3
  • WHO. (1989). The health of youth. Background document: Technical discussions. A42/Technical Discussions/2, 5-7. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/172242
  • Zajacova, A., &Burgard, S. A. (2010). Body weight and health from early to mid-adulthood: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1), 92-107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146509361183
There are 27 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Anatomy, Anthropology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Rukiye Dağalp 0000-0002-7335-8578

Doruk Iper 0000-0001-6320-3161

Bahar Aka 0000-0002-5147-0235

Sema P. Aka 0000-0002-9641-0842

Yavuz Sinan Aydıntuğ 0000-0002-1391-9169

Itır Aydıntuğ 0000-0003-1712-6331

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date January 11, 2022
Acceptance Date April 27, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 43

Cite

APA Dağalp, R., Iper, D., Aka, B., Aka, S. P., et al. (2022). Proposed Turkish body mass index cut-off points compared with the World Health Organization and Asia-Pacific indices. Antropoloji(43), 27-34. https://doi.org/10.33613/antropolojidergisi.1056457
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