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İŞLETMELERDE BLOCKCHAIN TEKNOLOJİSİNİN KULLANIMININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ KÜTAHYA İL ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: ÖZEL SAYI, 61 - 80, 28.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1190610

Abstract

Artan rekabet koşullarında işletmeler karlarını arttırabilmek ve sürdürülebilirliklerini sağlamak için teknolojiye ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Blockchain teknolojisi de bu teknolojik yeniliklerden bir tanesidir. Blockchain teknolojisi ödeme sistemleri, tedarik zinciri yönetimi, şeffaflık, hız, maliyet ve veri güvenliği gibi birçok işletme faaliyetlerinde fayda sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Kütahya ili özelinde özel sektör işletmelerinin blockchain teknolojisine adaptasyon sürecinde teknolojik, organizasyonel ve çevresel bağlamda üzerinde durduğu kavramlar belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden yararlanılmıştır. Veri toplama tekniği olarak mülakat tekniği kullanılmakta olup durum çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu çalışma Kütahya Organize Sanayi Bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren 97 işletme ve Kütahya’da bulunan tüm teknoloji firmaları kapsamakta olup toplamda 48 firma ile görüşme yapılmıştır. Katılımcılardan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda; teknolojik bağlamda 35 tane alt boyuta, organizasyonel bağlamda 30 tane alt boyuta ve çevresel bağlamda 25 tane alt boyuta ulaşılmıştır. Blockchain teknolojisi konusunda işletmelerin tutum ve düşüncelerini ortaya koyarak teorik anlamda literatüre katkı sağlayacaktır.

References

  • Abu-elezz, I., Hassan, A., Nazeemudeen, A., Househ, M., & Abd-alrazaq, A. (2020). The benefits and threats of blockchain technology in healthcare: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 142, 1-9.
  • Afuah, A. (2003). Innovation management. New York: Copyrighted Materials.
  • Agi, M., & Jha, A. K. (2022). Blockchain technology in the supply chain: An integrated theoretical perspective of organizational adoption. International Journal of Production Economics, 247, 2-15.
  • Aktaş, B. ve Kırbaç, G. (2020). Lojistik sektöründe blokzinciri teknolojisinin kullanılmasına yönelik bir vaka analizi incelemesi ve lojistik şirketi uygulaması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3), 343-356.
  • Al-Jabri, I. M. (2014). The perceptions of adopters and non-adopters of cloud computing: Application of technology-organization-environment framework. In E.Y. Li (Ed.). Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of Electronic Business, (pp. 250-257). King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Taiwan. ICEB. http://iceb.johogo.com/proceedings/ICEB-2014.pdf.
  • Alqahtani, S., & Wamba, S. F. (2012). Determinants of RFID technology adoption intention in the Saudi retail industry: An empirical study. In R. Sprague (Ed.). 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 4720-4729). CBSS, University of Wollongong, Hawaii. Proceeding. https://www. proceedings.com/14197.html.
  • Ankay, Z. (2010). Türk inşaat sektörü’nde yeni yazılım teknolojilerinin yayılması modeli önerisi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Arifin, Z. (2017). Dynamic capability and technology adoption for imrovind firm performance. Deutschland: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Atalay, I. ve Bayram, O. (2020). Küresel tedarik zinciri ve uluslararası ticaret. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3), 945-972.
  • Boucher, P., Nascimento, S., & Kritikos, M. (2018). How blockchain technology could change our lives. Europe: EU publications.
  • Chittipaka, V., Kumar, S., Sivarajah, U. (2022). Blockchain Technology for Supply Chains operating in emerging markets: an empirical examination of technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework. Annals of Operations Research 2022.
  • Clohessy, T. (2019). Blockchain the business perspective. Galway: NovoRay Publishers.
  • Clohessy, T., Acton, T., and Rogers, N. (2019). Blockchain adoption: technological, organisational and environmental considerations. In Treiblmaier, H. and Beck, R. (Eds). Business Transformation through Blockchain (pp.47-76). Cham, Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved From : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326208737_Blockchain_Adoption_Technological_Organisational_and_Environmental_Considerations.
  • Davis, F. (1989). Perceived ssefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 3(2), 319-339.
  • Davradakis, E., & Santos, R. (2019, 20 May). Blockchain, finTechs and their relevance for international financial. Retrieved from: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/b30c8ecb-f26c-4e1f-8ecd-312661d0d557/external_content.pdf.
  • Deltoitte. (2017, 10 May). Blockchain and its potential impact on the audit profession. Retrieved from: https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/pages/audit/articles/impact-of-blockchain-in-accounting.html.
  • Dinçbaş, T. ve Yiğitbaşıoğlu, M. H. (2017). Sanayit sektörü için “Teknoloji-Örgüt-Çevre Modeli” temelli yeni bir temiz teknoloji edinim modeli önerisi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 2, 39-74.
  • Doğan, Ş., & Topsümer, F. (2020). Pazarlama iletişiminde blok zinciri (Blockchain) teknolojisi: Global miles uygulamasının blockchain teknolojisi ile entegrasyonu. A’dan Z’ye İletişim Çalışmaları, 3.
  • Ergun, H., Esenkaya, A. (2022). Blockchain teknolojisi ile finansal piyasalarda yaşanan gelişmeler üzerine bir inceleme. Karatay Journal of Islamic Economics & Finance, 1(1), 77-98.
  • Gökalp, E., Gökalp, M. O., & Çoban, S. (2019). Acceptance of blockchain based supply chain management system: a research model proposal. In A. Varol (Ed.). 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference, (pp. 1-6), Ankara. WorldCat. https://www.worldcat.org/title/2019-1st-international-informatics-and-software-engineering-conference-ubmyk/oclc/1141440219.
  • Guegan, D. (2017). Public blockchain versus private blockhain. Hal Open Sience, 38, 1-8.
  • Gündüz, B. (2015). Üniversite 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin kitap okuma alışkanlıkları ve eleştirel okuma becerileri üzerine bir durum çalışması (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Güner, M. (2021). Blokzincir teknolojisinin muhasebede kullanımıyla ilgili algıların belirlenmesine yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 1(Özel Sayı), 459-472.
  • İrak, G., Topçu, Y. E. (2020). Tedarik zincirinde blok zinciri teknolojisinin uygulanmasının maliyetler üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 16(1), 171-185.
  • Kouhizadeh, M., Saberi, S., Sarkis, J. (2021). Blockchain technology and the sustainable supply chain: Theoretically exploring adoption barriers. International Journal of Production Economics, 231.
  • Kulkarni, M., Patil, K., (2020, 30 March). Blockchain technology adoption for banking services- model based on technology-organization-environment theory. In Gupta, D., Khanna, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Hassanien, A.E., Anand, S., Jaiswal, A. (Eds.). (pp. 1-11). Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communications (ICICC) 2020. Delhi. Springer: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-15-5113-0.
  • Lau, A., Tang, E., & Yam, R. (2010). Effects of supplier and customer ıntegration on product innovation and performance: Empirical evidence in hong kong manufacturers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 761-777.
  • Lee, G. (2021, May). Critical success factors for ımplementing blockchain in the supply Chain for product traceability (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Indiana State University, Indiana.
  • Lindman, J., Rossi, M., & Tuunainen V. K. (2017). Opportunities and risks of blockchain Technologies – a research agenda. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1533-1542.
  • Malik, S., Chadhar, M., Vatanasakdakul, S., & Chetty, M. (2021). Factors affecting the organizational adoption of blockchain technology: Extending the technology - organization–environment (TOE) framework in the Australian context. Sustainability, 13(16), 94- 98.
  • McKinnie, M. (2016). Cloud computing: TOE adoption factors by service model in manufacturing. (Unpublished Masters Thesis). The Georgia State University, Georgia.
  • Montalvo, C. (2008). General Wisdom concerning the factors affecting the adoption of cleaner technologies: A survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(1), 1-7.
  • Nwagwu, U. (2020). A SWOT analysis on the use of blockchain in supply chains (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Graduate School of Wichita State University.
  • Oymak, B. B., & Kazançoğlu, İ. (2021). The use of blockchain technology in marketing: advantages and barriers. Ardahan Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 3(2), 164-174.
  • Pesko, P. (2021, 11 May). The importance of your it infrastructure. Retrieved from: https://www.atmosera.com/blog/the-importance-of-your-it-infrastructure/.
  • Pratap, M. (2018, 8 August). Revamping the flow of goods from the producer to the consumer. Retrieved from: https://hackernoon.com/how-is-blockchain-disrupting-the-supply-chain-industry-f3a1c599daef.
  • Rijanto, A. (2021). Business financing and blockchain technology adoption in agroindustry, Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 12(2), 215-235.
  • Sabherwal, R., Jeyaraj, A., & Chowa, C. (2006). Information system success: İndividual and organizational determinants. Management Science, 52(12), 1849-1864.
  • Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 144-179.
  • Tekin, M., Öztürk, D. Bahar, İ. (2020). Akıllı lojistik faaliyetlerinde blokzincir teknolojisi. Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 13(2), 570-583.
  • Tezel, A., Papadonikolaki, E., Yitmen, İ., & Hilletofth, P. (2020). Preparing construction supply chains for blockchain: An exploratory analysis. Frontiers of Emgineering Management, 7(4), 547-563.
  • Tornatzky, L. G., Fleischer, M., & Chakrabarti, A. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. Lexington: Lexington Books.
  • Treleaven, P., Brown, R. G., & Yang, D. (2017). Blockchain technology in finance. IEEE Xplore, 50(9), 14-17.
  • Uzun, H. (2020). İşletmelerin blok zinciri (Blockchain) uygulamalarında ticari birliklerin rolü. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 88-109.
  • Vu, T., & Trinh , H. (2021). Blockchain technology for sustainable supply chains of agri-food in Vietnam: A SWOT analysis. Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law And Management, 5(1), 1278-1289.
  • Weng, M.-H., & Lin, C.-Y. (2011). Determinants of green innovation adoption for small and medium-size enterprises (SMES). African Journal of Business Management, 5(22), 9155-9163.
  • Wigodsky, A. S. (2004). RAPID value management for the business cost of ownership Amsterdam: Boston.
  • Yu, T., Lin, S., & Tang, Q. (2019). Blockchain: Introduction and application in financial accounting. The Journal of Corporate Accounting&Finance, 29(4), 1-20.

IN BUSINESSES DETERMINING THE USE OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY KÜTAHYA PROVINCIAL EXAMPLE

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: ÖZEL SAYI, 61 - 80, 28.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1190610

Abstract

In the conditions of increasing competition, businesses need technology to increase their profits and ensure their sustainability. Blockchain technology is one of these technological innovations. Blockchain technology provides benefits in many business activities such as payment systems, supply chain management, transparency, speed, cost and data security. The aim of this study is to determine the concepts that private sector enterprises emphasize in the technological, organizational and environmental context in the process of adaptation to blockchain technology in the province of Kütahya. In this direction, qualitative research methods were used in this study. Interview technique is used as the data collection technique and a case study was conducted. This study covers 97 enterprises operating in Kütahya Organized Industrial Zone and all technology companies in Kütahya, and interviews were conducted with 48 companies in total. In line with the findings obtained from the participants; 35 sub-dimensions in the technological context, 30 sub-dimensions in the organizational context and 25 sub-dimensions in the environmental context have been reached. It will contribute to the literature in a theoretical sense by revealing the attitudes and thoughts of businesses on blockchain technology.

References

  • Abu-elezz, I., Hassan, A., Nazeemudeen, A., Househ, M., & Abd-alrazaq, A. (2020). The benefits and threats of blockchain technology in healthcare: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 142, 1-9.
  • Afuah, A. (2003). Innovation management. New York: Copyrighted Materials.
  • Agi, M., & Jha, A. K. (2022). Blockchain technology in the supply chain: An integrated theoretical perspective of organizational adoption. International Journal of Production Economics, 247, 2-15.
  • Aktaş, B. ve Kırbaç, G. (2020). Lojistik sektöründe blokzinciri teknolojisinin kullanılmasına yönelik bir vaka analizi incelemesi ve lojistik şirketi uygulaması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25(3), 343-356.
  • Al-Jabri, I. M. (2014). The perceptions of adopters and non-adopters of cloud computing: Application of technology-organization-environment framework. In E.Y. Li (Ed.). Proceedings of the 14th International Conference of Electronic Business, (pp. 250-257). King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Taiwan. ICEB. http://iceb.johogo.com/proceedings/ICEB-2014.pdf.
  • Alqahtani, S., & Wamba, S. F. (2012). Determinants of RFID technology adoption intention in the Saudi retail industry: An empirical study. In R. Sprague (Ed.). 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 4720-4729). CBSS, University of Wollongong, Hawaii. Proceeding. https://www. proceedings.com/14197.html.
  • Ankay, Z. (2010). Türk inşaat sektörü’nde yeni yazılım teknolojilerinin yayılması modeli önerisi (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • Arifin, Z. (2017). Dynamic capability and technology adoption for imrovind firm performance. Deutschland: Lambert Academic Publishing.
  • Atalay, I. ve Bayram, O. (2020). Küresel tedarik zinciri ve uluslararası ticaret. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(3), 945-972.
  • Boucher, P., Nascimento, S., & Kritikos, M. (2018). How blockchain technology could change our lives. Europe: EU publications.
  • Chittipaka, V., Kumar, S., Sivarajah, U. (2022). Blockchain Technology for Supply Chains operating in emerging markets: an empirical examination of technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework. Annals of Operations Research 2022.
  • Clohessy, T. (2019). Blockchain the business perspective. Galway: NovoRay Publishers.
  • Clohessy, T., Acton, T., and Rogers, N. (2019). Blockchain adoption: technological, organisational and environmental considerations. In Treiblmaier, H. and Beck, R. (Eds). Business Transformation through Blockchain (pp.47-76). Cham, Palgrave Macmillan. Retrieved From : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326208737_Blockchain_Adoption_Technological_Organisational_and_Environmental_Considerations.
  • Davis, F. (1989). Perceived ssefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 3(2), 319-339.
  • Davradakis, E., & Santos, R. (2019, 20 May). Blockchain, finTechs and their relevance for international financial. Retrieved from: https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/b30c8ecb-f26c-4e1f-8ecd-312661d0d557/external_content.pdf.
  • Deltoitte. (2017, 10 May). Blockchain and its potential impact on the audit profession. Retrieved from: https://www2.deloitte.com/za/en/pages/audit/articles/impact-of-blockchain-in-accounting.html.
  • Dinçbaş, T. ve Yiğitbaşıoğlu, M. H. (2017). Sanayit sektörü için “Teknoloji-Örgüt-Çevre Modeli” temelli yeni bir temiz teknoloji edinim modeli önerisi. Verimlilik Dergisi, 2, 39-74.
  • Doğan, Ş., & Topsümer, F. (2020). Pazarlama iletişiminde blok zinciri (Blockchain) teknolojisi: Global miles uygulamasının blockchain teknolojisi ile entegrasyonu. A’dan Z’ye İletişim Çalışmaları, 3.
  • Ergun, H., Esenkaya, A. (2022). Blockchain teknolojisi ile finansal piyasalarda yaşanan gelişmeler üzerine bir inceleme. Karatay Journal of Islamic Economics & Finance, 1(1), 77-98.
  • Gökalp, E., Gökalp, M. O., & Çoban, S. (2019). Acceptance of blockchain based supply chain management system: a research model proposal. In A. Varol (Ed.). 1st International Informatics and Software Engineering Conference, (pp. 1-6), Ankara. WorldCat. https://www.worldcat.org/title/2019-1st-international-informatics-and-software-engineering-conference-ubmyk/oclc/1141440219.
  • Guegan, D. (2017). Public blockchain versus private blockhain. Hal Open Sience, 38, 1-8.
  • Gündüz, B. (2015). Üniversite 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin kitap okuma alışkanlıkları ve eleştirel okuma becerileri üzerine bir durum çalışması (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • Güner, M. (2021). Blokzincir teknolojisinin muhasebede kullanımıyla ilgili algıların belirlenmesine yönelik bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 1(Özel Sayı), 459-472.
  • İrak, G., Topçu, Y. E. (2020). Tedarik zincirinde blok zinciri teknolojisinin uygulanmasının maliyetler üzerindeki etkisi. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 16(1), 171-185.
  • Kouhizadeh, M., Saberi, S., Sarkis, J. (2021). Blockchain technology and the sustainable supply chain: Theoretically exploring adoption barriers. International Journal of Production Economics, 231.
  • Kulkarni, M., Patil, K., (2020, 30 March). Blockchain technology adoption for banking services- model based on technology-organization-environment theory. In Gupta, D., Khanna, A., Bhattacharyya, S., Hassanien, A.E., Anand, S., Jaiswal, A. (Eds.). (pp. 1-11). Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communications (ICICC) 2020. Delhi. Springer: https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-15-5113-0.
  • Lau, A., Tang, E., & Yam, R. (2010). Effects of supplier and customer ıntegration on product innovation and performance: Empirical evidence in hong kong manufacturers. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 27(5), 761-777.
  • Lee, G. (2021, May). Critical success factors for ımplementing blockchain in the supply Chain for product traceability (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Indiana State University, Indiana.
  • Lindman, J., Rossi, M., & Tuunainen V. K. (2017). Opportunities and risks of blockchain Technologies – a research agenda. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1533-1542.
  • Malik, S., Chadhar, M., Vatanasakdakul, S., & Chetty, M. (2021). Factors affecting the organizational adoption of blockchain technology: Extending the technology - organization–environment (TOE) framework in the Australian context. Sustainability, 13(16), 94- 98.
  • McKinnie, M. (2016). Cloud computing: TOE adoption factors by service model in manufacturing. (Unpublished Masters Thesis). The Georgia State University, Georgia.
  • Montalvo, C. (2008). General Wisdom concerning the factors affecting the adoption of cleaner technologies: A survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 16(1), 1-7.
  • Nwagwu, U. (2020). A SWOT analysis on the use of blockchain in supply chains (Unpublished Masters Thesis). Graduate School of Wichita State University.
  • Oymak, B. B., & Kazançoğlu, İ. (2021). The use of blockchain technology in marketing: advantages and barriers. Ardahan Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, 3(2), 164-174.
  • Pesko, P. (2021, 11 May). The importance of your it infrastructure. Retrieved from: https://www.atmosera.com/blog/the-importance-of-your-it-infrastructure/.
  • Pratap, M. (2018, 8 August). Revamping the flow of goods from the producer to the consumer. Retrieved from: https://hackernoon.com/how-is-blockchain-disrupting-the-supply-chain-industry-f3a1c599daef.
  • Rijanto, A. (2021). Business financing and blockchain technology adoption in agroindustry, Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, 12(2), 215-235.
  • Sabherwal, R., Jeyaraj, A., & Chowa, C. (2006). Information system success: İndividual and organizational determinants. Management Science, 52(12), 1849-1864.
  • Taylor, S., & Todd, P. (1995). Understanding information technology usage: A test of competing models. Information Systems Research, 9(2), 144-179.
  • Tekin, M., Öztürk, D. Bahar, İ. (2020). Akıllı lojistik faaliyetlerinde blokzincir teknolojisi. Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 13(2), 570-583.
  • Tezel, A., Papadonikolaki, E., Yitmen, İ., & Hilletofth, P. (2020). Preparing construction supply chains for blockchain: An exploratory analysis. Frontiers of Emgineering Management, 7(4), 547-563.
  • Tornatzky, L. G., Fleischer, M., & Chakrabarti, A. (1990). The processes of technological innovation. Lexington: Lexington Books.
  • Treleaven, P., Brown, R. G., & Yang, D. (2017). Blockchain technology in finance. IEEE Xplore, 50(9), 14-17.
  • Uzun, H. (2020). İşletmelerin blok zinciri (Blockchain) uygulamalarında ticari birliklerin rolü. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1), 88-109.
  • Vu, T., & Trinh , H. (2021). Blockchain technology for sustainable supply chains of agri-food in Vietnam: A SWOT analysis. Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law And Management, 5(1), 1278-1289.
  • Weng, M.-H., & Lin, C.-Y. (2011). Determinants of green innovation adoption for small and medium-size enterprises (SMES). African Journal of Business Management, 5(22), 9155-9163.
  • Wigodsky, A. S. (2004). RAPID value management for the business cost of ownership Amsterdam: Boston.
  • Yu, T., Lin, S., & Tang, Q. (2019). Blockchain: Introduction and application in financial accounting. The Journal of Corporate Accounting&Finance, 29(4), 1-20.
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Yasemin Babur 0000-0002-6550-650X

Ferit Karahan 0000-0002-9494-6029

Publication Date December 28, 2022
Submission Date October 17, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 24 Issue: ÖZEL SAYI

Cite

APA Babur, Y., & Karahan, F. (2022). İŞLETMELERDE BLOCKCHAIN TEKNOLOJİSİNİN KULLANIMININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ KÜTAHYA İL ÖRNEĞİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(ÖZEL SAYI), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusosbil.1190610