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ABD İşgücü Piyasasında Ücretler ve Göç ilişkisi: Neoklasik Göç Teorisi

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 264 - 276, 30.08.2019

Sevil Özdil

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.538389
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Göçmenler genellikle güçlü gelir ve emek talebine
sahip alanlara gittikçe, ücret ve istihdamdaki değişikliklerin hem nedeni hem
de sonucu olabilmektedirler. Geçmişten bu yana en çok göç alan bölgelerin
başında gelen ABD’de ise göçmen sayısı hızla artmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu büyük
göç akışının işgücü piyasası üzerindeki fırsatlarını ve tehditlerini çeşitli
açılardan incelemek önemlidir. Bu anlamda bu çalışmada, ABD’de uluslararası göçün işgücü
piyasası üzerindeki ekonomik etkilerini ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, Toda-Yamamoto (1995) nedensellik testi
uygulanmıştır. Bu prosedür, MWALD testinin problemlerini ortadan kaldırmakta ve
standart Granger nedensellik testiyle ilgili problemleri önlemektedir. Bu
bakımdan güçlü bir test prosedürü içeren Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi
sonuçları, seriler arasında iki yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisinin varlığına işaret
etmektedir. Diğer bir deyişle, ücretler ve göç arasında iki yönlü nedensel bir
ilişkinin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Uluslararası göçün işgücü piyasaları
üzerindeki etkisi incelendiğinde, göçlerin hedef ülkede ücret düzeyinde bir değişmeye
neden olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışma göç teorisini ilgilendiren
diğer çalışmalarla doğrudan ilgilidir.  

Keywords

Neoklasik Göç Modeli Ücret Farklılıkları ABD Uluslararası Göç

References

  • Aktaş, M. (2015). Ücret odaklı uluslararası işgücü hareketliliğinin işgücü piyasalarına etkileri. TESAM Akademi, 2(2), 197-219. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tesamakademi
  • Alecke, B., Mitze, T., & Untiedt, G. (2010). Internal migration, regional labour market dynamics and implications for German East-West disparities: Results from a Panel VAR. Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, 30(2), 159-189. doi: 10.1007/s10037-010-0045-3
  • Barcellos, S. H. (2010). The dynamics of immigration and wages (Rand Labor and Population Working Paper No. WR-755). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR755.html
  • Bauer, T. K., & Zimmermann, K. F. (1999). Assessment of possible migration pressure and its labour market impact following EU enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe (IZA Research Report No. 3). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74a9/44e045d4cf2da18e7108a7102 14fd98aad9f.pdf
  • Blau, F. D., & Mackie, C. (2017). The Economic and fiscal consequences of immigration. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Borjas, G. J. (2008). Labor outflows and labor inflows in Puerto Rico. Journal of Human Capital, 2(1), 32-68. https://doi.org/10.1086/527521
  • Brücker, H., & Jahn, E. J. (2011). Migration and wage-setting: Reassessing the labor market effects of migration. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113(2), 286-317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.20 10.01634.x
  • Çağlayan, E. ve Saçaklı, İ. (2006). Satın alma gücü paritesinin geçerliliğinin sıfır frekansta spektrum tahmincisine dayanan birim kök testleri ile incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 121-137. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/atauniiibd
  • Damette, O., & Fromentin, V. (2013). Migration and labour markets in OECD countries: A panel cointegration approach. Applied Economics, 45(16), 2295-2304. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368 46.2012.661400
  • Docquier, F., Özden, Ç., & Peri, G. (2011). The wage effects of immigration and emigration (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS5556). Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/675801468331816158/pdf/WPS5556.pdf
  • Dustmann, C. (2003). Return migration, wage differentials, and the optimal migration duration. European Economic Review, 47(2), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00184-2
  • Dustmann, C., Glitz, A., & Frattini, T. (2008). The labour market impact of immigration. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(3), 477-494. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn024
  • European University Institute. (2018). Neoclassical economics and the new economics of migration. Retrieved from https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/migration-theories/0/steps/35078
  • Gazel, S. (2017). BİST sinai endeksi ile çeşitli metaller arasindaki ilişki: Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(52), 287-299. Erişim adresi: http://www.asosjournal.com
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org
  • Granger, C. W., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7
  • Jennissen, R. (2007). Causality chains in the international migration systems approach. Population Research and Policy Review, 26(4), 411-436. doi: 10.1007/s11113-007-9039-4
  • Karagöl, E. T., Özgür, Ö. ve Görüş, M. Ş. (2017, Kasım). Göçün işgücü piyasasına etkisi: İskandinav ülkeleri örneği [Özet]. H. Bağcı, F. Beşel ve F. Yardımcıoğlu (Ed.), ICPESS 2017 Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı içinde (s.192). Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Ankara, 9-11 Kasım 2017. Sakarya: Beşköprü Yayınları.
  • Koçbıyık, H. (2016). Göç olgusunun işgücü piyasasına ve yerli işçiler üzerindeki etkilerine dair literatür çalışması. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/30812147/G%C3%B6%C3%A7_Olgusunun _%C4%B0%C5%9Fg%C3%BCc%C3%BC_Piyasas%C4%B1na_ve_Yerli_%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7iler_%C3%9Czerindeki_Etkilerine_Dair_%C4%B0ncelemeler
  • Kurekova, L. (2011, April). Theories of migration: Conceptual review and empirical testing in the context of the EU East-West flows. Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Conference on Migration, Economic Change, Social Challenge. University College London, England. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f6cd/407bb33dcee11d834a6dacb2d3ccdb99f972.pdf
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
  • Mitze, T., & Reinkowski, J. (2011). Testing the neoclassical migration model: Overall and age-group specific results for German regions. Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung, 43(4), 277-297. doi: 10.1007/s12651-010-0046-2
  • Ottaviano, G. I. P., & Peri, G. (2006). Rethinking the effects of immigration on wages (NBER Working Paper No. 12497). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Ottaviano, G. I., & Peri, G. (2012). Rethinking the effect of immigration on wages. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(1), 152-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01052.x
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167-235. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
  • Reed, H., & Latorre, M. (2009). The economic impacts of migration on the UK labour market (IPPR Economics of Migration Working Paper No. 3). Retrieved from https://www.ippr.org/publications/the-economic-impacts-of-migration-on-the-uk-labour-market
  • Ruhs, M., & Vargas-Silva, C. (2018). The labour market effects of immigration (Briefing, The Migration Observatory). Retrieved from Center on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford website: https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/181214-Briefing-Labour-Market-Effects-Immigration.pdf
  • Ruist, J., & Bigsten, A. (2013). Wage effects of labour migration with international capital mobility. The World Economy, 36(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12006
  • Solimano, A., & Watts, N. (2005). International migration, capital flows and the global economy: A long Run View. Santiago: United Nations Publications.
  • Taylor, J. E. (2019). Migration Models. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/migration-models
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
  • Ünlü, U., & Topcu, M. (2012). Do oil prices directly affect stock markets: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange. İktisat İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 27(319), 75-88. doi: 10.3848/iif.2012.319.3438
  • Wickramasinghe, A. A. I. N., & Wimalaratana, W. (2016). International migration and migration theories. Social Affairs, 1(5), 13-32. Retrieved from https://www.socialaffairsjournal.com
  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2004). Durağanlığın belirlenmesinde KPSS ve ADF testleri: İMKB Ulusal-100 Endeksi ile bir uygulama. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 54(1), 239-247. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/istjecon

Wages and Migration Relation in the US Labor Market: Neoclassical Migration Theory

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 264 - 276, 30.08.2019

Sevil Özdil

https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.538389
Cited By: 1

Abstract

As migrants generally
go to areas with strong income and labor demand, they can be both the cause and
the result of changes in wages and employment. The number of immigrants has
been increased rapidly in the USA, which can be considered as the one of the most
immigrated regions ever. Therefore, it is important to examine the
opportunities and threats of this large migration flow on the labor market from
various perspectives. To this end, this study examines the economic impacts of
international migration on the labor market in the US. The study utilizes the
Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality approach. This procedure eliminates the problems
caused by MWALD test and avoids the problems associated with the standard
Granger causality. According to the results of the Toda-Yamamoto causality test
which includes a powerful test procedure, there exists bi-directional causality
between series under investigation. In other words, wages and migration causes
each other. When the impact of international migration on labor markets is
examined, it is understood that migrations cause
a change in the wage level in the target country. This study is directly
related to other studies in line with the migration theory.

Keywords

Neoclassical Migration Model Wage Differences USA International Migration

References

  • Aktaş, M. (2015). Ücret odaklı uluslararası işgücü hareketliliğinin işgücü piyasalarına etkileri. TESAM Akademi, 2(2), 197-219. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tesamakademi
  • Alecke, B., Mitze, T., & Untiedt, G. (2010). Internal migration, regional labour market dynamics and implications for German East-West disparities: Results from a Panel VAR. Jahrbuch für Regionalwissenschaft, 30(2), 159-189. doi: 10.1007/s10037-010-0045-3
  • Barcellos, S. H. (2010). The dynamics of immigration and wages (Rand Labor and Population Working Paper No. WR-755). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WR755.html
  • Bauer, T. K., & Zimmermann, K. F. (1999). Assessment of possible migration pressure and its labour market impact following EU enlargement to Central and Eastern Europe (IZA Research Report No. 3). Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/74a9/44e045d4cf2da18e7108a7102 14fd98aad9f.pdf
  • Blau, F. D., & Mackie, C. (2017). The Economic and fiscal consequences of immigration. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Borjas, G. J. (2008). Labor outflows and labor inflows in Puerto Rico. Journal of Human Capital, 2(1), 32-68. https://doi.org/10.1086/527521
  • Brücker, H., & Jahn, E. J. (2011). Migration and wage-setting: Reassessing the labor market effects of migration. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 113(2), 286-317. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.20 10.01634.x
  • Çağlayan, E. ve Saçaklı, İ. (2006). Satın alma gücü paritesinin geçerliliğinin sıfır frekansta spektrum tahmincisine dayanan birim kök testleri ile incelenmesi. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20(1), 121-137. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/atauniiibd
  • Damette, O., & Fromentin, V. (2013). Migration and labour markets in OECD countries: A panel cointegration approach. Applied Economics, 45(16), 2295-2304. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368 46.2012.661400
  • Docquier, F., Özden, Ç., & Peri, G. (2011). The wage effects of immigration and emigration (The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS5556). Retrieved from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/675801468331816158/pdf/WPS5556.pdf
  • Dustmann, C. (2003). Return migration, wage differentials, and the optimal migration duration. European Economic Review, 47(2), 353-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00184-2
  • Dustmann, C., Glitz, A., & Frattini, T. (2008). The labour market impact of immigration. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 24(3), 477-494. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grn024
  • European University Institute. (2018). Neoclassical economics and the new economics of migration. Retrieved from https://www.futurelearn.com/courses/migration-theories/0/steps/35078
  • Gazel, S. (2017). BİST sinai endeksi ile çeşitli metaller arasindaki ilişki: Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(52), 287-299. Erişim adresi: http://www.asosjournal.com
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 37(3), 424-438. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org
  • Granger, C. W., & Newbold, P. (1974). Spurious regressions in econometrics. Journal of Econometrics, 2(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(74)90034-7
  • Jennissen, R. (2007). Causality chains in the international migration systems approach. Population Research and Policy Review, 26(4), 411-436. doi: 10.1007/s11113-007-9039-4
  • Karagöl, E. T., Özgür, Ö. ve Görüş, M. Ş. (2017, Kasım). Göçün işgücü piyasasına etkisi: İskandinav ülkeleri örneği [Özet]. H. Bağcı, F. Beşel ve F. Yardımcıoğlu (Ed.), ICPESS 2017 Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı içinde (s.192). Uluslararası Politik, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Ankara, 9-11 Kasım 2017. Sakarya: Beşköprü Yayınları.
  • Koçbıyık, H. (2016). Göç olgusunun işgücü piyasasına ve yerli işçiler üzerindeki etkilerine dair literatür çalışması. Erişim adresi: https://www.academia.edu/30812147/G%C3%B6%C3%A7_Olgusunun _%C4%B0%C5%9Fg%C3%BCc%C3%BC_Piyasas%C4%B1na_ve_Yerli_%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7iler_%C3%9Czerindeki_Etkilerine_Dair_%C4%B0ncelemeler
  • Kurekova, L. (2011, April). Theories of migration: Conceptual review and empirical testing in the context of the EU East-West flows. Paper presented at the Interdisciplinary Conference on Migration, Economic Change, Social Challenge. University College London, England. Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f6cd/407bb33dcee11d834a6dacb2d3ccdb99f972.pdf
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., & Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root: How sure are we that economic time series have a unit root?. Journal of Econometrics, 54(1-3), 159-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(92)90104-Y
  • Lewis, W. A. (1954). Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour. The Manchester School, 22(2), 139-191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
  • Massey, D. S., Arango, J., Hugo, G., Kouaouci, A., Pellegrino, A., & Taylor, J. E. (1993). Theories of international migration: A review and appraisal. Population and Development Review, 19(3), 431-466. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
  • Mitze, T., & Reinkowski, J. (2011). Testing the neoclassical migration model: Overall and age-group specific results for German regions. Zeitschrift für ArbeitsmarktForschung, 43(4), 277-297. doi: 10.1007/s12651-010-0046-2
  • Ottaviano, G. I. P., & Peri, G. (2006). Rethinking the effects of immigration on wages (NBER Working Paper No. 12497). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Ottaviano, G. I., & Peri, G. (2012). Rethinking the effect of immigration on wages. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10(1), 152-197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01052.x
  • Ravenstein, E. G. (1885). The laws of migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48(2), 167-235. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org
  • Reed, H., & Latorre, M. (2009). The economic impacts of migration on the UK labour market (IPPR Economics of Migration Working Paper No. 3). Retrieved from https://www.ippr.org/publications/the-economic-impacts-of-migration-on-the-uk-labour-market
  • Ruhs, M., & Vargas-Silva, C. (2018). The labour market effects of immigration (Briefing, The Migration Observatory). Retrieved from Center on Migration, Policy and Society, University of Oxford website: https://migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/181214-Briefing-Labour-Market-Effects-Immigration.pdf
  • Ruist, J., & Bigsten, A. (2013). Wage effects of labour migration with international capital mobility. The World Economy, 36(1), 31-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12006
  • Solimano, A., & Watts, N. (2005). International migration, capital flows and the global economy: A long Run View. Santiago: United Nations Publications.
  • Taylor, J. E. (2019). Migration Models. Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/migration-models
  • Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
  • Ünlü, U., & Topcu, M. (2012). Do oil prices directly affect stock markets: Evidence from Istanbul Stock Exchange. İktisat İşletme ve Finans Dergisi, 27(319), 75-88. doi: 10.3848/iif.2012.319.3438
  • Wickramasinghe, A. A. I. N., & Wimalaratana, W. (2016). International migration and migration theories. Social Affairs, 1(5), 13-32. Retrieved from https://www.socialaffairsjournal.com
  • Yavuz, N. Ç. (2004). Durağanlığın belirlenmesinde KPSS ve ADF testleri: İMKB Ulusal-100 Endeksi ile bir uygulama. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 54(1), 239-247. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/istjecon
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Sevil Özdil 0000-0002-4321-4899

Publication Date August 30, 2019
Acceptance Date August 16, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özdil, S. (2019). ABD İşgücü Piyasasında Ücretler ve Göç ilişkisi: Neoklasik Göç Teorisi. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 264-276. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.538389

Cited By

Türkiye’de Yabancıların Çalışma Koşullarına Ve Emek Piyasasına Etkisine İlişkin Hukuki Düzenlemelerin İncelenmesi
Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.1183138
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