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GENETIC APPROACH TO RISK-TAKING AND RISK AVOID BEHAVIOR

Year 2022, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 847 - 863, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1109261

Abstract

In the science of finance and the world of investment, risk includes the probability of a threat to financial investments occurring, and the possible effects of that probability in the aftermath. As it can be understood from the definition, the literature has approached risk reactively and the risk has been handled as the effects after the risky event has occurred. However, risk-taking behavior deserves to be handled with a proactive approach, as it is a concept that has implications that are the subject of many different disciplines. Proactive handling of the risk undertaken by investors in financial markets is important in terms of showing the investor's risk acceptance limits and the factors that determine these limits. This study reveals the necessity of considering the risk-taking behavior of investors together with genetics. In this study, in which literature review was conducted, quantitative genetic methods and studies using molecular genetic methods were examined in detail. With these studies, the existence of genetic factors that can affect risk-taking behavior, which can be affected by many psychological and sociological factors such as personality, mood disorders, behaviors of the immediate environment, as well as basic demographic factors such as gender and age, has been revealed, both directly and indirectly by affecting psychological factors.

References

  • Addoum, J. M., Korniotis, G., & Kumar, A. (2017). Stature, obesity, and portfolio choice. Management Science, 63(10), 3393–3413. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2508
  • Apicella, C., Dreber, A., Campbell, B., Gray, P., Hoffman, M., & Lıttle, A. (2008). Testosterone and financial risk preferences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(6), 384–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.001
  • Arısoy, Ö. (2004). Psikiyatrik genetik. Düşünen Adam, 17(2): 109-125.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1976). Essays in the theory of risk-bearing. Van Haren Publishing.
  • Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., Chabris, C. F., Glaeser, E. L., Laibson, D. I., Guðnason, V., Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Purcell, S., Smith, A. V., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K., Beauchamp, J. P., Christakis, N. A., Atwood, C. S., Hebert, B., Freese, J., Hauser, R. M., Hauser, T. S., . . . Lichtenstein, P. (2012). The Promises and Pitfalls of Genoeconomics. Annual Review of Economics, 4(1), 627–662. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110939
  • Cederlöf, R., Friberg, L., Jonsson, E., & Kaij, L. (1961). Studies on similarity diagnosis in twins with the aid of mailed questionnaires. Human Heredity, 11(4), 338–362. https://doi.org/10.1159/000151168
  • Cesarini, D., Johannesson, M., Lıchtensteın, P., Sandewall, R., & Wallace, B. (2010). Genetic variation in financial decision-making. The Journal of Finance, 65(5), 1725–1754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540- 6261.2010.01592.x
  • Cesarini, D., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K. E., & Wallace, B. (2012). The behavioral genetics of behavioral anomalies. Management Science, 58(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1329
  • Chabris, C. F., Lee, J. J., Cesarini, D., Benjamin, D. J., & Laibson, D. I. (2015). The fourth law of behavior genetics. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(4), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415580430
  • Chew, S. H., Ebstein, R. P., & Zhong, S. (2011). Ambiguity aversion and familiarity bias: Evidence from behavioral and gene association studies. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 44(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-011-9134-0
  • Cohen, D. J. (1975). Reliably separating identical from fraternal twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32(11), 1371. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760290039004
  • Comings, D. E., Gonzalez, N., Wu, S., Gade, R., Muhleman, D., Saucier, G., Johnson, P., Verde, R., Rosenthal, R. J., Lesieur, H. R., Rugle, L. J., Miller, W. B., & MacMurray, J. P. (1999). Studies of the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of theDRD4 gene in impulsive, compulsive, addictive behaviors: Tourette syndrome, ADHD, pathological gambling, and substance abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88(4), 358–368.
  • Crisan, L. G., Pană, S., Vulturar, R., Heilman, R. M., Szekely, R., Drugă, B., Dragoş, N., & Miu, A. C. (2009). Genetic contributions of the serotonin transporter to social learning of fear and economic decision making. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp019
  • Dreber, A., Apicella, C. L., Eisenberg, D. T., Garcia, J. R., Zamore, R. S., Lum, J. K., & Campbell, B. (2009). The 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) is associated with financial risk taking in men. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.11.001
  • Enoch, M. A., Xu, K., Ferro, E., Harris, C. R., & Goldman, D. (2003). Genetic origins of anxiety in women: a role for a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatric Genetics, 13(1), 33– 41. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041444-200303000-00006
  • Evans, A. M., & Revelle, W. (2008). Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(6), 1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.07.011
  • Frydman, C., Camerer, C., Bossaerts, P., & Rangel, A. (2010). MAOA-L carriers are better at making optimal financial decisions under risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1714), 2053–2059. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2304
  • Gao, X., Liu, J., Gong, P., Wang, J., Fang, W., Yan, H., Zhu, L., & Zhou, X. (2017). Identifying new susceptibility genes on dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways for the framing effect in decision-making. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(9), 1534–1544. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx062
  • Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2010). Civic Capital as the Missing Link. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1574310
  • He, Q., Xue, G., Chen, C., Lu, Z., Dong, Q., Lei, X., Ding, N., Li, J., Li, H., Chen, C., Li, J., Moyzis, R. K., & Bechara, A. (2010). Serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) influences decision making under ambiguity and risk in a large Chinese sample. Neuropharmacology, 59(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.07.008
  • Ibañez, A., de Castro, I. P., Fernandez-Piqueras, J., Blanco, C., & Saiz-Ruiz, J. (2000). Pathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at MAO-A and MAO-B genes. Molecular Psychiatry, 5(1), 105– 109. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000654
  • Knutson, B., & Bossaerts, P. (2007). Neural antecedents of financial decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(31), 8174–8177. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1564-07.2007
  • Knutson, B., Wimmer, G. E., Kuhnen, C. M., & Winkielman, P. (2008). Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking. NeuroReport, 19(5), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f85c01
  • Kuhnen, C. M., & Chiao, J. Y. (2009). Genetic determinants of financial risk taking. PLoS ONE, 4(2), e4362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004362
  • Lancaster, T. M., Linden, D. E., & Heerey, E. A. (2012). COMT val158met predicts reward responsiveness in humans. Genes, Brain and Behavior, n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00838.x
  • Leković, M. (2020). Behavioral finance as an answer to the limitations of standard finance. Bankarstvo, 49(3), 36–76. https://doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2003036l
  • Lobo, D. S., Souza, R. P., Tong, R. P., Casey, D. M., Hodgins, D. C., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., Schopflocher, D. P., Wood, R. T., el-Guebaly, N., & Kennedy, J. L. (2010). Association of functional variants in the dopamine D2-like receptors with risk for gambling behaviour in healthy Caucasian subjects. Biological Psychology, 85(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.008
  • Misal D. M. (2013). A Study of Behavioral Finance and Investor’s Emotion in Indian Capital Market. International Journal of Economics and Business Modeling, 4(1).
  • Moore, G. A., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2014). Behavioral Genetic Approaches and Family Theory. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12028.
  • Nofsinger, J. R. (2022). The Psychology of Investing (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Ohara, K., Nagai, M., Suzuki, Y., & Ohara, K. (1998). Low activity allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase gene and Japanese unipolar depression. NeuroReport, 9(7), 1305–1308. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199805110-00009
  • Pérez De Castro, I., Ibáñez, A., Saiz-Ruiz, J., & Fernández-Piqueras, J. (2002). Concurrent positive association between pathological gambling and functional DNA polymorphisms at the MAO-A and the 5-HT transporter genes. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(9), 927–928. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001148
  • Perez De Castro, I., Ibañez, A., Torres, P., Saiz-Ruiz, J., & Fernandez-Piqueras, J. (1997). Genetic association study between pathological gambling and a functional DNA polymorphism at the D4 receptor gene. Pharmacogenetics, 7(5), 445–448. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199710000-00001
  • Rabin, M. (2000). Risk aversion and expected-utility theory: A calibration theorem. Econometrica, 68(5), 1281–1292. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00158
  • Riba, J., Krämer, U. M., Heldmann, M., Richter, S., & Münte, T. F. (2008). Dopamine agonist increases risk taking but blunts reward-related brain activity. PLoSONE, 3(6), e2479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002479
  • Ricciardi, V., & Simon, H. K. (2000). What is behavioral finance? Business, Education & Technology Journal, 2(2), 1-9.
  • Lobo, D. S., Vallada, H. P., Knight, J., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Gentil, V., & Kennedy, J. L. (2007). Dopamine genes and pathological gambling in discordant sib-pairs. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(4), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-007-9060-x
  • Sapra, S., Beavin, L. E., & Zak, P. J. (2012). A combination of dopamine genes predicts success by professional wall street traders. PLoSONE, 7(1), e30844. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030844
  • Sias, R., Starks, L. T., & Turtle, H. J. (2020). Molecular Genetics, Risk Aversion, Return Perceptions, and Stock Market Participation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3670473
  • Smolka, M. N. (2005). Catechol-O-Methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(4), 836–842. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1792-04.2005
  • Veeraraghavan, K. (2010). Role of Behavioural Finance-A Study. International Journal of Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 1(3), 109-112.
  • Woolverton, W. (1989). Dopamine receptors and behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 32(4), 1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90101-9
  • Zamani, A. G. Genetik tanı yöntemleri. Türk Toraks Derneği 10. Yıllık Kongresi Bildiri Metinleri Kitabı, Antalya, 2007.
  • Zhong, S., Chew, S. H., Set, E., Zhang, J., Xue, H., Sham, P. C., Ebstein, R. P., & Israel, S. (2009). The heritability of attitude toward economic risk. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 12(1), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.1.103
  • Zhong, S., Israel, S., Xue, H., Ebstein, R. P., & Chew, S. H. (2009). Monoamine Oxidase A Gene (MAOA) associated with attitude towards longshot risks. PLoSONE, 4(12), e8516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008516.

RİSK ALMA VE RİSKTEN KAÇINMA DAVRANIŞINA GENETİK YAKLAŞIM

Year 2022, Volume: 36 Issue: 2, 847 - 863, 29.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1109261

Abstract

Finans biliminde ve yatırım dünyasında risk, finansal yatırımlarla ilgili bir tehdidin meydana gelme olasılığı ve devamında ise bu olasılığın muhtemel etkilerini içerir. Tanımdan da anlaşılacağı üzere şimdiye kadar literatür riske reaktif olarak yaklaşmıştır. Ayrıca geçmiş literatür incelendiğinde genellikle risk tanımlanırken riskli olay gerçekleştikten sonraki etkiler dikkate alınmıştır. Ancak risk alma davranışı, içinde çok farklı bilim dallarının konusu olan etkiler taşıyan bir kavram olduğu için proaktif bir yaklaşımla ele alınmayı hak etmektedir. Finans piyasalarında yatırımcıların üstlendikleri riskin proaktif olarak ele alınması, yatırımcının risk kabul sınırlarını ve bu sınırların hangi faktörlerce belirlendiğini göstermesi açısından önemlidir. Bu çalışma, yatırımcıların risk alma davranışlarının genetikle birlikte ele alınmasının gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır. Literatür incelemesinin yapıldığı bu çalışmada kantitatif genetik yöntemler ve moleküler genetik yöntemlerin kullanıldığı çalışmalar ayrıntılı şekilde incelenmiştir. Bu incelemelerle eğitim cinsiyet, yaş gibi temel demografik faktörlerin dışında kişilik, duygu durum bozuklukları, yakın çevrenin davranışları gibi psikolojik ve sosyolojik pek çok faktörden etkilenebilen risk alma davranışını hem doğrudan hem de psikolojik faktörleri etkileyerek dolaylı olarak etkileyebilen genetik faktörlerin varlığı ortaya konmuştur.

References

  • Addoum, J. M., Korniotis, G., & Kumar, A. (2017). Stature, obesity, and portfolio choice. Management Science, 63(10), 3393–3413. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2508
  • Apicella, C., Dreber, A., Campbell, B., Gray, P., Hoffman, M., & Lıttle, A. (2008). Testosterone and financial risk preferences. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29(6), 384–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.001
  • Arısoy, Ö. (2004). Psikiyatrik genetik. Düşünen Adam, 17(2): 109-125.
  • Arrow, K. J. (1976). Essays in the theory of risk-bearing. Van Haren Publishing.
  • Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., Chabris, C. F., Glaeser, E. L., Laibson, D. I., Guðnason, V., Harris, T. B., Launer, L. J., Purcell, S., Smith, A. V., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K., Beauchamp, J. P., Christakis, N. A., Atwood, C. S., Hebert, B., Freese, J., Hauser, R. M., Hauser, T. S., . . . Lichtenstein, P. (2012). The Promises and Pitfalls of Genoeconomics. Annual Review of Economics, 4(1), 627–662. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080511-110939
  • Cederlöf, R., Friberg, L., Jonsson, E., & Kaij, L. (1961). Studies on similarity diagnosis in twins with the aid of mailed questionnaires. Human Heredity, 11(4), 338–362. https://doi.org/10.1159/000151168
  • Cesarini, D., Johannesson, M., Lıchtensteın, P., Sandewall, R., & Wallace, B. (2010). Genetic variation in financial decision-making. The Journal of Finance, 65(5), 1725–1754. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540- 6261.2010.01592.x
  • Cesarini, D., Johannesson, M., Magnusson, P. K. E., & Wallace, B. (2012). The behavioral genetics of behavioral anomalies. Management Science, 58(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.1110.1329
  • Chabris, C. F., Lee, J. J., Cesarini, D., Benjamin, D. J., & Laibson, D. I. (2015). The fourth law of behavior genetics. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(4), 304-312. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721415580430
  • Chew, S. H., Ebstein, R. P., & Zhong, S. (2011). Ambiguity aversion and familiarity bias: Evidence from behavioral and gene association studies. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 44(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11166-011-9134-0
  • Cohen, D. J. (1975). Reliably separating identical from fraternal twins. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32(11), 1371. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760290039004
  • Comings, D. E., Gonzalez, N., Wu, S., Gade, R., Muhleman, D., Saucier, G., Johnson, P., Verde, R., Rosenthal, R. J., Lesieur, H. R., Rugle, L. J., Miller, W. B., & MacMurray, J. P. (1999). Studies of the 48 bp repeat polymorphism of theDRD4 gene in impulsive, compulsive, addictive behaviors: Tourette syndrome, ADHD, pathological gambling, and substance abuse. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88(4), 358–368.
  • Crisan, L. G., Pană, S., Vulturar, R., Heilman, R. M., Szekely, R., Drugă, B., Dragoş, N., & Miu, A. C. (2009). Genetic contributions of the serotonin transporter to social learning of fear and economic decision making. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(4), 399–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsp019
  • Dreber, A., Apicella, C. L., Eisenberg, D. T., Garcia, J. R., Zamore, R. S., Lum, J. K., & Campbell, B. (2009). The 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) is associated with financial risk taking in men. Evolution and Human Behavior, 30(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.11.001
  • Enoch, M. A., Xu, K., Ferro, E., Harris, C. R., & Goldman, D. (2003). Genetic origins of anxiety in women: a role for a functional catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphism. Psychiatric Genetics, 13(1), 33– 41. https://doi.org/10.1097/00041444-200303000-00006
  • Evans, A. M., & Revelle, W. (2008). Survey and behavioral measurements of interpersonal trust. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(6), 1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2008.07.011
  • Frydman, C., Camerer, C., Bossaerts, P., & Rangel, A. (2010). MAOA-L carriers are better at making optimal financial decisions under risk. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 278(1714), 2053–2059. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2304
  • Gao, X., Liu, J., Gong, P., Wang, J., Fang, W., Yan, H., Zhu, L., & Zhou, X. (2017). Identifying new susceptibility genes on dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways for the framing effect in decision-making. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(9), 1534–1544. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx062
  • Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2010). Civic Capital as the Missing Link. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1574310
  • He, Q., Xue, G., Chen, C., Lu, Z., Dong, Q., Lei, X., Ding, N., Li, J., Li, H., Chen, C., Li, J., Moyzis, R. K., & Bechara, A. (2010). Serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) influences decision making under ambiguity and risk in a large Chinese sample. Neuropharmacology, 59(6), 518–526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.07.008
  • Ibañez, A., de Castro, I. P., Fernandez-Piqueras, J., Blanco, C., & Saiz-Ruiz, J. (2000). Pathological gambling and DNA polymorphic markers at MAO-A and MAO-B genes. Molecular Psychiatry, 5(1), 105– 109. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000654
  • Knutson, B., & Bossaerts, P. (2007). Neural antecedents of financial decisions. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(31), 8174–8177. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1564-07.2007
  • Knutson, B., Wimmer, G. E., Kuhnen, C. M., & Winkielman, P. (2008). Nucleus accumbens activation mediates the influence of reward cues on financial risk taking. NeuroReport, 19(5), 509–513. https://doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f85c01
  • Kuhnen, C. M., & Chiao, J. Y. (2009). Genetic determinants of financial risk taking. PLoS ONE, 4(2), e4362. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0004362
  • Lancaster, T. M., Linden, D. E., & Heerey, E. A. (2012). COMT val158met predicts reward responsiveness in humans. Genes, Brain and Behavior, n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00838.x
  • Leković, M. (2020). Behavioral finance as an answer to the limitations of standard finance. Bankarstvo, 49(3), 36–76. https://doi.org/10.5937/bankarstvo2003036l
  • Lobo, D. S., Souza, R. P., Tong, R. P., Casey, D. M., Hodgins, D. C., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., Schopflocher, D. P., Wood, R. T., el-Guebaly, N., & Kennedy, J. L. (2010). Association of functional variants in the dopamine D2-like receptors with risk for gambling behaviour in healthy Caucasian subjects. Biological Psychology, 85(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.008
  • Misal D. M. (2013). A Study of Behavioral Finance and Investor’s Emotion in Indian Capital Market. International Journal of Economics and Business Modeling, 4(1).
  • Moore, G. A., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2014). Behavioral Genetic Approaches and Family Theory. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(1), 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12028.
  • Nofsinger, J. R. (2022). The Psychology of Investing (7th ed.). Routledge.
  • Ohara, K., Nagai, M., Suzuki, Y., & Ohara, K. (1998). Low activity allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase gene and Japanese unipolar depression. NeuroReport, 9(7), 1305–1308. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199805110-00009
  • Pérez De Castro, I., Ibáñez, A., Saiz-Ruiz, J., & Fernández-Piqueras, J. (2002). Concurrent positive association between pathological gambling and functional DNA polymorphisms at the MAO-A and the 5-HT transporter genes. Molecular Psychiatry, 7(9), 927–928. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001148
  • Perez De Castro, I., Ibañez, A., Torres, P., Saiz-Ruiz, J., & Fernandez-Piqueras, J. (1997). Genetic association study between pathological gambling and a functional DNA polymorphism at the D4 receptor gene. Pharmacogenetics, 7(5), 445–448. https://doi.org/10.1097/00008571-199710000-00001
  • Rabin, M. (2000). Risk aversion and expected-utility theory: A calibration theorem. Econometrica, 68(5), 1281–1292. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00158
  • Riba, J., Krämer, U. M., Heldmann, M., Richter, S., & Münte, T. F. (2008). Dopamine agonist increases risk taking but blunts reward-related brain activity. PLoSONE, 3(6), e2479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002479
  • Ricciardi, V., & Simon, H. K. (2000). What is behavioral finance? Business, Education & Technology Journal, 2(2), 1-9.
  • Lobo, D. S., Vallada, H. P., Knight, J., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Gentil, V., & Kennedy, J. L. (2007). Dopamine genes and pathological gambling in discordant sib-pairs. Journal of Gambling Studies, 23(4), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-007-9060-x
  • Sapra, S., Beavin, L. E., & Zak, P. J. (2012). A combination of dopamine genes predicts success by professional wall street traders. PLoSONE, 7(1), e30844. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030844
  • Sias, R., Starks, L. T., & Turtle, H. J. (2020). Molecular Genetics, Risk Aversion, Return Perceptions, and Stock Market Participation. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3670473
  • Smolka, M. N. (2005). Catechol-O-Methyltransferase val158met genotype affects processing of emotional stimuli in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 25(4), 836–842. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1792-04.2005
  • Veeraraghavan, K. (2010). Role of Behavioural Finance-A Study. International Journal of Enterprise and Innovation Management Studies, 1(3), 109-112.
  • Woolverton, W. (1989). Dopamine receptors and behavior. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 32(4), 1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-3057(89)90101-9
  • Zamani, A. G. Genetik tanı yöntemleri. Türk Toraks Derneği 10. Yıllık Kongresi Bildiri Metinleri Kitabı, Antalya, 2007.
  • Zhong, S., Chew, S. H., Set, E., Zhang, J., Xue, H., Sham, P. C., Ebstein, R. P., & Israel, S. (2009). The heritability of attitude toward economic risk. Twin Research and Human Genetics, 12(1), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1375/twin.12.1.103
  • Zhong, S., Israel, S., Xue, H., Ebstein, R. P., & Chew, S. H. (2009). Monoamine Oxidase A Gene (MAOA) associated with attitude towards longshot risks. PLoSONE, 4(12), e8516. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008516.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sezen Güngör 0000-0001-8388-6350

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Submission Date April 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 36 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Güngör, S. (2022). RİSK ALMA VE RİSKTEN KAÇINMA DAVRANIŞINA GENETİK YAKLAŞIM. Erciyes Akademi, 36(2), 847-863. https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1109261

ERCİYES AKADEMİ | 2021 | erciyesakademi@erciyes.edu.tr Bu eser Creative Commons Atıf-Gayri Ticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.