Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effect of Economic Freedom on Export Sophistication in OECD Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 126 - 148, 28.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1345968

Abstract

This study investigates the effect of sub-indices of economic freedom namely, rule of law, government size, regulatory efficiency, and open markets on export sophistication for OECD countries for the period 2005-2019. According to the Generalized Moments Method (GMM) results, the rule of law, government size and open markets positively affect export sophistication. These results suggest that OECD countries should increase the level of rule of law, government size and open markets to enhance export sophistication.

References

  • Abdmoulah, W. (2023). Export Sophistication and Economic Performance, New Evidence Using Tiva Database. International Review of Applied Economics, 37(1), 113-137.
  • Abdouli, M. & Hammami, S. (2017). The Impact of FDI Inflows and Environmental Quality on Economic Growth: An Empirical Study for The MENA Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(1), 254-278.
  • Abudureheman, M., Jiang, Q., Dong, X. & Dong, C. (2022). CO2 Emissions in China: Does The Energy Rebound Matter?. Energies, 15(12), 42-79.
  • Acemoglu, D. & Johnson, S. (2005). Unbundling Institutions. Journal of Political Economy, 113(5), 949-995.
  • Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. (2010). The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development. Review of Economics and Institutions, 1(2), 1-33.
  • Ağazade, S. (2020). İhracatın Çeşitlendirilmesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Avrasya Etüdleri, 57(1), 33-54.
  • Alichi, A., Shibata, I. & Tanyeri, K. (2021). Fiscal Policy Multipliers in Small States. Economía, 21(2), 69-114.
  • Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and An Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arisman, A., Al Arif, M. N. R. & Harahap, D. (2021). Trade Agreement and Economic Growth: Evidence in D-8 Countries. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 10(2), 311-324.
  • Ashby, N. J. (2006). An Analysis of Institutions, Economic Freedom, and the Quality of Life. Dissertion, Doctor of Philosophy in Economics
  • Assche, A. V. & Gangnes, B. (2010). Electronics Production Upgrading: Is China Exceptional?. Applied Economics Letters, 17(5), 477-482.
  • Atasoy, B. S. (2021). The Determinants of Export Sophistication: Does Digitalization Matter?. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(4), 5135-5159.
  • Azam, A. (2020). The Comparative Analysis of The Industrial Policy Impact on Export Performance in The Military and Democratic Regime of Pakistan. VE, 2(3), 61-76
  • Balestra, P. & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in The Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 585-612.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Forecasting with Panel Data. Journal of Forecasting, 27(2), 153-173.
  • Bauer, P. T. (1957). Economic Analysis and Policy in Underdeveloped Countries. Durham, N.C.: Published by Duke University Press.
  • Baum, C. F. (2006). An Introduction to Modern Econometrics Using Stata. Stata press.
  • Bilgili, F. & Bağlıtaş, H. H. (2022). The Dynamic Analysis of Renewable Energy’s Contribution to The Dimensions of Sustainable Development and Energy Security. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(50), Early Access.
  • Bolkvadze, B. (2022). On The Issue of Determining the Size of The Public Sector of The Economy. Three Seas Economic Journal, 3(3), 10-14.
  • Çuhadar, P. & Ömer, D. (2020). Institutions and International Trade Linkages: An Investigation with Panel Data Analysis on Transition Economies. Sosyoekonomi Journal, 28(45).
  • Demez, S. & Akyol, M. (2021). Ticari ve Finansal Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: GMM Panel Veri Analizi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (26), 226-253.
  • Demir, F. & Hu, C. (2022). Institutional Similarity, Firm Heterogeneity and Export Sophistication. The World Economy, 45(4), 1213-1241.
  • Dempere, J. M. & Pauceanu, A. M. (2022). The Impact of Economic-Related Freedom on The National Entrepreneurial Activity. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 1-20.
  • Dunning, J. H. (2000). The Eclectic Paradigm as An Envelope for Economic and Business Theories of MNE Activity. International Business Review, 9(2), 163-190.
  • Fan, P. (2021). Export Technological Sophistication of China: Measurement and Impact Factor. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021, 1-9.
  • Fan, Z., Anwar, S. & Huang, S. (2018). Cultural Diversity and Export Sophistication. International Review of Economics & Finance, 58, 508-522.
  • Friedman, M. & Friedman, R. (1979). Free to Choose. Harcourt Brace Janovich
  • Gwartney, J. D. & Connors, J. S. (2010). Economic Freedom and Global Poverty. Accepting the Invisible Hand: Market-Based Approaches to Social-Economic Problems (43-68).
  • Haini, H. (2023). Do Globalised Economies Benefit More from Export Sophistication? Evidence from Advanced and Developing Economies. IJSE.
  • Harris, D. & Matyas, L. (1999). Introduction to the Generalized Method of Moments Estimation. Generalized Method of Moments Estimation, 3-30.
  • Hausmann, R. & Rodrik, D. (2003). Economic Development as Self-Discovery. Journal of Development Economics, 72(2), 603-633.
  • Hausmann, R., Hwang, J. & Rodrik, D. (2007). What You Export Matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Hayakawa, K. (2019). Alternative Over-Identifying Restriction Test in The GMM Estimation of Panel Data Models. Econometrics and Statistics, 10, 71-95.
  • Helpman, E., Melitz, M. & Rubinstein, Y. (2008). Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2), 441-487.
  • Hidalgo, C. A. & Hausmann, R. (2009). The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
  • Hu, Y., Jiang, M., Sun, S. & Dai, Y. (2022). Does Trade Facilitation Promote Export Technological Sophistication? Evidence From the European Transition Countries. SAGE Open, 12(2).
  • Hüseyni, İ. & Çakmak, E. (2019). Determinants of Export Sophistication: An Investigation for Selected Developed and Developing Countries Using Second-Generation Panel Data Analyses. Ekonomický časopis, 67(05), 481-503.
  • Hussain, M. E. & Haque, M. (2016). Impact of Economic Freedom on The Growth Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies, 4(2), 5.
  • Jarreau, J. & Poncet, S. (2012). Export Sophistication and Economic Growth: Evidence from China. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2), 281-292.
  • Kočenda, E. & Poghosyan, K. (2018). Export Sophistication: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(12), 2799-2814.
  • Kuroiwa, I. (2014). Value Added Trade and Structure of High-Technology Exports in China (No. 449). Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization.
  • Li, C. & Lu, J. (2018). R&D, Financing Constraints and Export Green-Sophistication in China. China Economic Review, 47, 234-244.
  • Li, J. (2019). Export Sophistication and Outward FDI in Developing Countries. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 10(03), 1950017.
  • Li, Q., Lee, S. & Park, S. W. (2020). The Effect of Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Regional Innovation Performance: Evidence from China. Global Business & Finance Review (GBFR), 25(1), 65-88.
  • Li, X., Peng, S., Huang, W. C. & Zhou, Q. (2022). What Drives Chinese Firms' Export Sophistication? A Perspective from the Rise of Minimum Wages. China & World Economy, 30(2), 28-59.
  • Lin, F., Weldemicael, E. O. & Wang, X. (2017). Export Sophistication Increases Income in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from 1981-2000. Empirical Economics, 52, 1627-1649.
  • Liu, H. & Wang, X. (2022). Foreign Direct Investment in Services and Manufacturing Export Sophistication in China. Applied Economics Letters, 1-6.
  • Liu, J., Xue, Y., Mao, Z., Irfan, M. & Wu, H. (2022). How to Improve Total Factor Energy Efficiency Under Climate Change: Does Export Sophistication Matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(30), 28162-28172.
  • Lutz, M. (2019). Trade Sophistication in Developing Countries: Does Export Destination Matter?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(1), 39-51.
  • Martincus, C. V. & Gallo, A. (2009). Institutions and Export Specialization: Just Direct Effects?. Kyklos, 62(1), 129-149.
  • Martínez‐Zarzoso, I. & Márquez‐Ramos, L. (2019). Exports and Governance: Is The Middle East And North Africa Region Different?. The World Economy, 42(1), 143-174.
  • Mateev, M., Usman Tariq, M. & Sahyouni, A. (2023). Efficiency, Market Concentration and Bank Performance During The COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence from the MENA region. Plos one, 18(5), e0285403.
  • McAfee, D. C. (2009). Measuring Freedom: An Analysis of The Economic Freedom Index. Dissertion, Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Clemson University.
  • Miao, M. & Qamruzzaman, M. (2021). Dose Remittances Matter for Openness and Financial Stability: Evidence from Least Developed Economies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696600.
  • Nguea, S. M. & Fotio, H. K. (2021). Does Globalization Enhances Product Sophistication. SSRN Electronic Journal. (December 31, 2021). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3997981
  • Nguea, S. M., Fotio, H. K. & Baida, L. A. (2022). Investigating The Effects of Globalization on Economic Sophistication in Selected African countries. African Development Review, 34(3), 324-338.
  • Nguyen, D. X. (2016). Trade Liberalization and Export Sophistication in Vietnam. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(8), 1071-1089.
  • Omri, A., Daly, S. & Nguyen, D. K. (2015). A Robust Analysis of The Relationship Between Renewable Energy Consumption and Its Main Drivers. Applied Economics, 47(28), 2913-2923.
  • Ozsoy, S., Fazlioglu, B. & Esen, S. (2021). Do FDI and Patents Drive Sophistication of Exports? A Panel Data Approach. Prague Economic Papers, 30(2), 216-244.
  • Pirasteh, H., Sayadi, M. & Saghafi, M. (2009). Economic Growth and Stability in the Euro-Med Region: Concentration or Diversification?. Iranian Economic Review, 14(23), 105-130.
  • Rehman, F. U. & Ding, Y. (2020). The Nexus Between Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Export Sophistication: New Evidence from China. Applied Economics Letters, 27(5), 357-365.
  • Rehman, F. U. & Sohag, K. (2022). Does Transport Infrastructure Spur Export Diversification and Sophistication in the G-20 Economies? An Application of CS-ARDL. Applied Economics Letters, 1-5.
  • Rehman, F. U., Islam, M. M. & Raza, S. A. (2023). Does Disaggregate Energy Consumption Matter to Export Sophistication and Diversification in OECD Countries? A Robust Panel Model Analysis. Renewable Energy, 206, 274-284.
  • Rodrik, D. (2006). What Is So Special About China's Exports?. China & World Economy, 14(5), 1-19.
  • Schott, P. K. (2008). The Relative Sophistication of Chinese Exports. Economic Policy, 23(53), 6-49.
  • Seyoum, B. & Abraham, R. (2022). US Trade Preference and Export Performance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Evidence from the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). World Trade Review, 21(5), 573-596.
  • Singh, D. & Gal, Z. (2020). Economic Freedom and Its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment: Global Overview. Review of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 73-90.
  • Song, Y., Hao, X. & Zheng, L. (2022). Intermediate Import, Independent Innovation and Export Sophistication of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 60, 126-140.
  • Spatafora, M. N., Anand, R. & Mishra, M. S. (2012). Structural Transformation and The Sophistication of Production. International Monetary Fund.
  • Su, X., Anwar, S., Zhou, Y. & Tang, X. (2020). Services Trade Restrictiveness and Manufacturing Export Sophistication. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51.
  • Tan, Y. & Floros, C. (2012). Stock Market Volatility and Bank Performance in China. Studies in Economics and Finance, 29(3), 211-228.
  • Tang, V. T. (2019). Export Sophistication and Bilateral Trade in Mauritius: An Extended Gravity Model Approach. Development and Sustainable Growth of Mauritius, 141-170.
  • Torres, A. I. I. Z., Aveces, M. & Gonzalez, J. (2022). The Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on The Agricultural Industry: An Analysis of Mexico’s Place within the APEC. Preprint.
  • UN Comtrade Database. https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow.
  • UN. (2020). Commodities at a Glance: Special Issue on Industrial Hemp.
  • Wang, Z. & Wei, S. J. (2010). What Accounts for the Rising Sophistication of China's Exports?. China's Growing Role in World Trade (63-104). University of Chicago Press.
  • Weldemicael, E. (2012). Determinants of Export Sophistication. The University of Melbourne, 27.
  • Weldemicael, E. (2014). Technology, Trade Costs and Export Sophistication. The World Economy, 37(1), 14-41. Worldbank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). İleri Panel Veri Analizi. Beta Basım Dağıtım A.Ş, İstanbul.
  • Yu, C. & Hu, X. (2015). Sophistication of China's Manufactured Exports and Determinants. Transnational Corporations Review, 7(2), 169-189.
  • Zhang, H. & Yang, X. (2016). Intellectual Property Rights and Export Sophistication. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 7(03).
  • Zhu, S. & Fu, X. (2013). Drivers of Export Upgrading. World Development, 51, 221-233.
  • Zhu, S., Fu, X., Lai, M. & Xuan, J. (2010). What Drives the Export Sophistication of Countries?. SLPTMD Working Paper Series, No:3.

OECD Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin İhracat Sofistikasyonuna Etkisi

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 126 - 148, 28.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1345968

Abstract

Bu çalışma, ekonomik özgürlüğün alt indeksleri olan hukukun üstünlüğü, kamu sektörü büyüklüğü, düzenleyici etkiler ve pazara erişimin ihracat sofistikasyonuna etkisini OECD ülkeleri için 2005-2019 döneminde araştırmaktadır. Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Yöntemi (GMM) sonuçlarına göre hukukun üstünlüğü, kamu kesimi büyüklüğü ve pazara erişim, ihracat sofistikasyonunu pozitif yönde etkilemektedir. Bu sonuçlara göre, OECD ülkeleri, ihracat sofistikasyonunu artırmak için hukukun üstünlüğü, kamu kesimi büyüklüğü ve pazara erişim seviyelerini artırmalıdır.

References

  • Abdmoulah, W. (2023). Export Sophistication and Economic Performance, New Evidence Using Tiva Database. International Review of Applied Economics, 37(1), 113-137.
  • Abdouli, M. & Hammami, S. (2017). The Impact of FDI Inflows and Environmental Quality on Economic Growth: An Empirical Study for The MENA Countries. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 8(1), 254-278.
  • Abudureheman, M., Jiang, Q., Dong, X. & Dong, C. (2022). CO2 Emissions in China: Does The Energy Rebound Matter?. Energies, 15(12), 42-79.
  • Acemoglu, D. & Johnson, S. (2005). Unbundling Institutions. Journal of Political Economy, 113(5), 949-995.
  • Acemoglu, D. & Robinson, J. (2010). The Role of Institutions in Growth and Development. Review of Economics and Institutions, 1(2), 1-33.
  • Ağazade, S. (2020). İhracatın Çeşitlendirilmesi ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. Avrasya Etüdleri, 57(1), 33-54.
  • Alichi, A., Shibata, I. & Tanyeri, K. (2021). Fiscal Policy Multipliers in Small States. Economía, 21(2), 69-114.
  • Arellano, M. & Bond, S. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and An Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297.
  • Arisman, A., Al Arif, M. N. R. & Harahap, D. (2021). Trade Agreement and Economic Growth: Evidence in D-8 Countries. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, 10(2), 311-324.
  • Ashby, N. J. (2006). An Analysis of Institutions, Economic Freedom, and the Quality of Life. Dissertion, Doctor of Philosophy in Economics
  • Assche, A. V. & Gangnes, B. (2010). Electronics Production Upgrading: Is China Exceptional?. Applied Economics Letters, 17(5), 477-482.
  • Atasoy, B. S. (2021). The Determinants of Export Sophistication: Does Digitalization Matter?. International Journal of Finance & Economics, 26(4), 5135-5159.
  • Azam, A. (2020). The Comparative Analysis of The Industrial Policy Impact on Export Performance in The Military and Democratic Regime of Pakistan. VE, 2(3), 61-76
  • Balestra, P. & Nerlove, M. (1966). Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in The Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand for Natural Gas. Econometrica: Journal of The Econometric Society, 585-612.
  • Baltagi, B. (2005). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. John Wiley & Sons, USA.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Forecasting with Panel Data. Journal of Forecasting, 27(2), 153-173.
  • Bauer, P. T. (1957). Economic Analysis and Policy in Underdeveloped Countries. Durham, N.C.: Published by Duke University Press.
  • Baum, C. F. (2006). An Introduction to Modern Econometrics Using Stata. Stata press.
  • Bilgili, F. & Bağlıtaş, H. H. (2022). The Dynamic Analysis of Renewable Energy’s Contribution to The Dimensions of Sustainable Development and Energy Security. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(50), Early Access.
  • Bolkvadze, B. (2022). On The Issue of Determining the Size of The Public Sector of The Economy. Three Seas Economic Journal, 3(3), 10-14.
  • Çuhadar, P. & Ömer, D. (2020). Institutions and International Trade Linkages: An Investigation with Panel Data Analysis on Transition Economies. Sosyoekonomi Journal, 28(45).
  • Demez, S. & Akyol, M. (2021). Ticari ve Finansal Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: GMM Panel Veri Analizi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (26), 226-253.
  • Demir, F. & Hu, C. (2022). Institutional Similarity, Firm Heterogeneity and Export Sophistication. The World Economy, 45(4), 1213-1241.
  • Dempere, J. M. & Pauceanu, A. M. (2022). The Impact of Economic-Related Freedom on The National Entrepreneurial Activity. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 11(1), 1-20.
  • Dunning, J. H. (2000). The Eclectic Paradigm as An Envelope for Economic and Business Theories of MNE Activity. International Business Review, 9(2), 163-190.
  • Fan, P. (2021). Export Technological Sophistication of China: Measurement and Impact Factor. Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society, 2021, 1-9.
  • Fan, Z., Anwar, S. & Huang, S. (2018). Cultural Diversity and Export Sophistication. International Review of Economics & Finance, 58, 508-522.
  • Friedman, M. & Friedman, R. (1979). Free to Choose. Harcourt Brace Janovich
  • Gwartney, J. D. & Connors, J. S. (2010). Economic Freedom and Global Poverty. Accepting the Invisible Hand: Market-Based Approaches to Social-Economic Problems (43-68).
  • Haini, H. (2023). Do Globalised Economies Benefit More from Export Sophistication? Evidence from Advanced and Developing Economies. IJSE.
  • Harris, D. & Matyas, L. (1999). Introduction to the Generalized Method of Moments Estimation. Generalized Method of Moments Estimation, 3-30.
  • Hausmann, R. & Rodrik, D. (2003). Economic Development as Self-Discovery. Journal of Development Economics, 72(2), 603-633.
  • Hausmann, R., Hwang, J. & Rodrik, D. (2007). What You Export Matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1-25.
  • Hayakawa, K. (2019). Alternative Over-Identifying Restriction Test in The GMM Estimation of Panel Data Models. Econometrics and Statistics, 10, 71-95.
  • Helpman, E., Melitz, M. & Rubinstein, Y. (2008). Estimating Trade Flows: Trading Partners and Trading Volumes. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123(2), 441-487.
  • Hidalgo, C. A. & Hausmann, R. (2009). The Building Blocks of Economic Complexity. Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences, 106(26), 10570-10575.
  • Hu, Y., Jiang, M., Sun, S. & Dai, Y. (2022). Does Trade Facilitation Promote Export Technological Sophistication? Evidence From the European Transition Countries. SAGE Open, 12(2).
  • Hüseyni, İ. & Çakmak, E. (2019). Determinants of Export Sophistication: An Investigation for Selected Developed and Developing Countries Using Second-Generation Panel Data Analyses. Ekonomický časopis, 67(05), 481-503.
  • Hussain, M. E. & Haque, M. (2016). Impact of Economic Freedom on The Growth Rate: A Panel Data Analysis. Economies, 4(2), 5.
  • Jarreau, J. & Poncet, S. (2012). Export Sophistication and Economic Growth: Evidence from China. Journal of Development Economics, 97(2), 281-292.
  • Kočenda, E. & Poghosyan, K. (2018). Export Sophistication: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(12), 2799-2814.
  • Kuroiwa, I. (2014). Value Added Trade and Structure of High-Technology Exports in China (No. 449). Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization.
  • Li, C. & Lu, J. (2018). R&D, Financing Constraints and Export Green-Sophistication in China. China Economic Review, 47, 234-244.
  • Li, J. (2019). Export Sophistication and Outward FDI in Developing Countries. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 10(03), 1950017.
  • Li, Q., Lee, S. & Park, S. W. (2020). The Effect of Inward and Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Regional Innovation Performance: Evidence from China. Global Business & Finance Review (GBFR), 25(1), 65-88.
  • Li, X., Peng, S., Huang, W. C. & Zhou, Q. (2022). What Drives Chinese Firms' Export Sophistication? A Perspective from the Rise of Minimum Wages. China & World Economy, 30(2), 28-59.
  • Lin, F., Weldemicael, E. O. & Wang, X. (2017). Export Sophistication Increases Income in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from 1981-2000. Empirical Economics, 52, 1627-1649.
  • Liu, H. & Wang, X. (2022). Foreign Direct Investment in Services and Manufacturing Export Sophistication in China. Applied Economics Letters, 1-6.
  • Liu, J., Xue, Y., Mao, Z., Irfan, M. & Wu, H. (2022). How to Improve Total Factor Energy Efficiency Under Climate Change: Does Export Sophistication Matter?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 10(30), 28162-28172.
  • Lutz, M. (2019). Trade Sophistication in Developing Countries: Does Export Destination Matter?. Journal of Policy Modeling, 41(1), 39-51.
  • Martincus, C. V. & Gallo, A. (2009). Institutions and Export Specialization: Just Direct Effects?. Kyklos, 62(1), 129-149.
  • Martínez‐Zarzoso, I. & Márquez‐Ramos, L. (2019). Exports and Governance: Is The Middle East And North Africa Region Different?. The World Economy, 42(1), 143-174.
  • Mateev, M., Usman Tariq, M. & Sahyouni, A. (2023). Efficiency, Market Concentration and Bank Performance During The COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence from the MENA region. Plos one, 18(5), e0285403.
  • McAfee, D. C. (2009). Measuring Freedom: An Analysis of The Economic Freedom Index. Dissertion, Doctor of Philosophy in Economics, Clemson University.
  • Miao, M. & Qamruzzaman, M. (2021). Dose Remittances Matter for Openness and Financial Stability: Evidence from Least Developed Economies. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 696600.
  • Nguea, S. M. & Fotio, H. K. (2021). Does Globalization Enhances Product Sophistication. SSRN Electronic Journal. (December 31, 2021). https://ssrn.com/abstract=3997981
  • Nguea, S. M., Fotio, H. K. & Baida, L. A. (2022). Investigating The Effects of Globalization on Economic Sophistication in Selected African countries. African Development Review, 34(3), 324-338.
  • Nguyen, D. X. (2016). Trade Liberalization and Export Sophistication in Vietnam. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(8), 1071-1089.
  • Omri, A., Daly, S. & Nguyen, D. K. (2015). A Robust Analysis of The Relationship Between Renewable Energy Consumption and Its Main Drivers. Applied Economics, 47(28), 2913-2923.
  • Ozsoy, S., Fazlioglu, B. & Esen, S. (2021). Do FDI and Patents Drive Sophistication of Exports? A Panel Data Approach. Prague Economic Papers, 30(2), 216-244.
  • Pirasteh, H., Sayadi, M. & Saghafi, M. (2009). Economic Growth and Stability in the Euro-Med Region: Concentration or Diversification?. Iranian Economic Review, 14(23), 105-130.
  • Rehman, F. U. & Ding, Y. (2020). The Nexus Between Outward Foreign Direct Investment and Export Sophistication: New Evidence from China. Applied Economics Letters, 27(5), 357-365.
  • Rehman, F. U. & Sohag, K. (2022). Does Transport Infrastructure Spur Export Diversification and Sophistication in the G-20 Economies? An Application of CS-ARDL. Applied Economics Letters, 1-5.
  • Rehman, F. U., Islam, M. M. & Raza, S. A. (2023). Does Disaggregate Energy Consumption Matter to Export Sophistication and Diversification in OECD Countries? A Robust Panel Model Analysis. Renewable Energy, 206, 274-284.
  • Rodrik, D. (2006). What Is So Special About China's Exports?. China & World Economy, 14(5), 1-19.
  • Schott, P. K. (2008). The Relative Sophistication of Chinese Exports. Economic Policy, 23(53), 6-49.
  • Seyoum, B. & Abraham, R. (2022). US Trade Preference and Export Performance of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA): Evidence from the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). World Trade Review, 21(5), 573-596.
  • Singh, D. & Gal, Z. (2020). Economic Freedom and Its Impact on Foreign Direct Investment: Global Overview. Review of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 73-90.
  • Song, Y., Hao, X. & Zheng, L. (2022). Intermediate Import, Independent Innovation and Export Sophistication of Chinese Manufacturing Enterprises. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 60, 126-140.
  • Spatafora, M. N., Anand, R. & Mishra, M. S. (2012). Structural Transformation and The Sophistication of Production. International Monetary Fund.
  • Su, X., Anwar, S., Zhou, Y. & Tang, X. (2020). Services Trade Restrictiveness and Manufacturing Export Sophistication. The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, 51.
  • Tan, Y. & Floros, C. (2012). Stock Market Volatility and Bank Performance in China. Studies in Economics and Finance, 29(3), 211-228.
  • Tang, V. T. (2019). Export Sophistication and Bilateral Trade in Mauritius: An Extended Gravity Model Approach. Development and Sustainable Growth of Mauritius, 141-170.
  • Torres, A. I. I. Z., Aveces, M. & Gonzalez, J. (2022). The Effects of Non-Tariff Barriers on The Agricultural Industry: An Analysis of Mexico’s Place within the APEC. Preprint.
  • UN Comtrade Database. https://comtradeplus.un.org/TradeFlow.
  • UN. (2020). Commodities at a Glance: Special Issue on Industrial Hemp.
  • Wang, Z. & Wei, S. J. (2010). What Accounts for the Rising Sophistication of China's Exports?. China's Growing Role in World Trade (63-104). University of Chicago Press.
  • Weldemicael, E. (2012). Determinants of Export Sophistication. The University of Melbourne, 27.
  • Weldemicael, E. (2014). Technology, Trade Costs and Export Sophistication. The World Economy, 37(1), 14-41. Worldbank. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.EXP.GNFS.CD.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2012). İleri Panel Veri Analizi. Beta Basım Dağıtım A.Ş, İstanbul.
  • Yu, C. & Hu, X. (2015). Sophistication of China's Manufactured Exports and Determinants. Transnational Corporations Review, 7(2), 169-189.
  • Zhang, H. & Yang, X. (2016). Intellectual Property Rights and Export Sophistication. Journal of International Commerce, Economics and Policy, 7(03).
  • Zhu, S. & Fu, X. (2013). Drivers of Export Upgrading. World Development, 51, 221-233.
  • Zhu, S., Fu, X., Lai, M. & Xuan, J. (2010). What Drives the Export Sophistication of Countries?. SLPTMD Working Paper Series, No:3.
There are 84 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Economics (Other), International Trade (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Feride Öztürk 0000-0003-2159-7531

Yunus Emre Topcu 0000-0003-4324-1376

Publication Date January 28, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Öztürk, F., & Topcu, Y. E. (2024). The Effect of Economic Freedom on Export Sophistication in OECD Countries. Fiscaoeconomia, 8(1), 126-148. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1345968

Creative Commons Lisansı
 Fiscaoeconomia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.