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Chinese Geoeconomics and Geostrategic Motives in a Changing International Order: Understanding the Significance of a Chinese Military Base in Djibouti

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 67 - 99, 01.05.2024

Habib Badawi

https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1401481

Abstract

This study examines the geoeconomic and geostrategic motives behind China's military base establishment in Djibouti. It examines the motives from a geo-economic perspective, considering the economic interests and opportunities afforded by a military presence in the Horn of Africa. It then discusses the geostrategic motives, looking at the implications for global power dynamics, the militarization of China-Africa development partnerships, the securing of China's oil resources, the facilitation of Chinese peacekeeping forces, the confrontation of terrorist groups, the combating of piracy, and the inauguration of a Maritime Silk Road. Finally, it looks at the implications of China's Maritime Security Strategy as part of its Belt and Road Initiative. This includes the protection of the marine environment, cooperative development goals, maritime security alliances, promotion of knowledge and innovation in the fields of marine science research, and maritime governance.
The methodology adopted for this paper is qualitative. This involves the analysis of primary and secondary sources to understand the motives behind China's move to establish a military base in Djibouti. Primary sources include official Chinese documents and statements from Chinese officials. Secondary sources include news reports, scholarly articles, and think tank reports. This analysis was conducted through a literature review of these sources. The literature was then analyzed to conclude China's motives for establishing a military base in Djibouti.

Keywords

Geoeconomics Geostrategic Motives Belt and Road Initiative Maritime Silk Road Maritime Security Alliance

References

  • Ariana.”Defending Our Sovereignty: US Military Bases in Africa and the Future of African Unity.” Institute for Social Research (Tricontinental). July 5, 2021. https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-42-militarisation-africa/
  • BEA. “U.S. International Investment Position.” U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Tuesday, March 29, 2022. https://www.bea.gov/news/2022/us-international-investment-position-fourth-quarter-and-year-2021.
  • Blanchard, Ben. “China navy holds first joint anti-piracy drill with NATO.” Reuters, November 27, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nato-idUSKBN0TG08H20151127.
  • Blanchard, Ben. “Senior Chinese officer in Djibouti following base talk.” Reuters, November 9, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-djibouti-idUSKCN0SY06A20151109.
  • Blaubach, Thomas. “Connecting Beijing’s Global Infrastructure: The PEACE Cable in the Middle East and North Africa.” Middle East Institute. March 7, 2022. https://www.mei.edu/publications/connecting-beijings-global-infrastructure-peace-cable-middle-east-and-north-africa.
  • Borja et al. Applying China’s marine resource-environment carrying capacity and spatial development suitability approach to the Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic). Frontiers in Marine Science. September 20, 2022. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.972448
  • Bradley, Sandrine. “Ethiopian government signs $865 mln railway financing.” Reuters, October 27, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-loans-idUKL5N0SM4SM20141027.
  • Browne, Ryan. “Chinese lasers injure US military pilots in Africa, Pentagon says.” CNN, Friday, May 4, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/03/politics/chinese-lasers-us-military-pilots-africa/index.html.
  • Castaldo, Fabio. “REPORT on a European Parliament recommendation to the Council, the Commission, and the Vice-President of the Commission / High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on the EU’s strategic relationship and partnership with the Horn of Africa.” European Parliament: Committee on Foreign Affairs. July 18, 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0207_EN.html.
  • Chanlett-Avery, Emma. “Japan, the Indo-Pacific, and the ‘Quad.’” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17325.
  • China, T. S. China’s National Defense in the New Era. China. 2019
  • Cohen, S. B. (2017). Geostrategic and geopolitical regions. The Structure of Political Geography, 178-194. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135267-19
  • Coşkun, Alper. “QUAD, AUKUS and the American Pivot to Asia: Implications for Turkey and a Case for Recalibration.” Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep35887.
  • Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. “EU and China join forces to improve international ocean governance.” European Commission, September 10, 2019. https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-china-join-forces-improve-international-ocean-governance-2019-09-10_en.
  • Downs, Becker, and deGategno. China’s Military Support Facility in Djibouti: The Economic and Security Dimensions of China’s First Overseas Base. CAN. July, 2017.
  • Editorial. “Understanding Chinese investment in African oil & gas.” Africa Oil Week. 2019. https://africa-oilweek.com/articles/understanding-chinese-investment-in-african-o.
  • Fox, T. (2017). China for Africa, Africa for China, or Africa and China for each other? Underdevelopment, Development and the Future of Africa, 61-116. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm22.5
  • GOP. 2022. "China Regional Snapshot: Sub-Saharan Africa." Committee on Foreign Affairs. November 21. https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/china-regional-snapshot-sub-saharan-africa/.
  • Gurol and Shahmohammadi. “Projecting Power Westwards. China’s Maritime Strategy in the Arabian Sea and its Potential Ramifications for the Region.” CARPO. November 11, 2019. https://carpo-bonn.org/en/study-07-projecting-power-westwards-chinas-maritime-strategy-in-the-arabian-sea-and-its-potential-ramifications-for-the-region/
  • Jeffrey, James. “China is building its first overseas military base in Djibouti.” The World. May 3, 2016. https://theworld.org/stories/2016-05-03/china-building-its-first-overseas-military-base-djibouti-right-next-key-us-one.
  • Khanna, Parag. 2024. "The Red Sea Crisis Proves China Was Ahead of the Curve." Foreign Policy. January 20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/01/20/url-red-sea-houthis-china-belt-road-suez-trade-corridors/.
  • Kliem, F. (2022). The Indo-Pacific. Great Power Competition and Order Building in the Indo-Pacific, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429331541-5
  • KOGA, KEI. “Japan’s ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy: Tokyo’s Tactical Hedging and the Implications for ASEAN.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 41, no. 2 (2019): 286–313. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26798855.
  • Kubo, Nobuhiro. “Japan to expand Djibouti military base to counter Chinese influence.” Reuters, October 13,2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-military-djibouti-idUSKCN12D0C4
  • Lague, David. “Special Report: In satellite tech race, China hitched a ride from Europe.” Reuters, December 22,2013.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-breakout-beidou-idINBRE9BL0CA20131222 .
  • Liben, Habtamu. “Chinese development endeavor in Ethiopia wins acclaim.” Xinhua. June 14, 2018. http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zfgxss/zyjw/201805/t20180518_7688541.htm .
  • Magnani, Enrico. “Rivals and partners in difficult waters. Difesa.” August 1, 2022. https://en.difesaonline.it/geopolitica/analisi/rivali-e-partners-acque-difficili .
  • Makin-Isherwood, Laura. “How The British Military Are 'Opening Doors' In Africa.” BFBS, March 10, 2020. https://www.forces.net/news/how-british-military-opening-doors-africa .
  • Marantidou, Virginia. Revisiting China’s ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy. Issues & Insights, 14. Pacific Forum CSIS, June 2014. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/182061/140624_issuesinsights_vol14no7.pdf .
  • Mboya, C. (2020). The maritime Silk Road initiative: Connecting Africa. China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative, Africa, and the Middle East, 53-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4013-8_2
  • Nantulya, Paul. “Considerations for a Prospective New Chinese Naval Base in Africa.” Africa Center for Strategic Studies. May 12, 2022. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/considerations-prospective-chinese-naval-base-africa/ .
  • Nicol, H. N., & Heininen, L. K. (2022). The evolving geopolitics of polar regions. Polar Cousins, 59-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3405pp1.7
  • Nyabiage, J. (2023, January 19). China-Africa trade recovers from Covid slump to hit record US$282 billion. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3207403/china-africa-trade-hits-record-us282-billion-boost-beijing-and-soaring-commodity-prices
  • Pham, J. Peter. “INDIA IN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS OF AN EMERGING POWER FOR AFRICOM AND U.S. STRATEGY.” Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11446.
  • Saxena et al. “China’s Military and Economic Prowess in Djibouti: A Security Challenge for the Indo-Pacific.” Air University. November 18, 2021. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2847015/chinas-military-and-economic-prowess-in-djibouti-a-security-challenge-for-the-i/
  • Sheehy, P. Thomas. “10 Things to Know about the U.S.-China Rivalry in Africa.” The United States Institute of Peace. December 7, 2022 https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/12/10-things-know-about-us-china-rivalry-africa
  • Tritten. “China may Assert Control of Djibouti Port, U.S. General Fears.” WASHINGTON EXAMINER. 2018.https://tesfanews.net/china-control-key-us-military-port-djibouti-general-fears/ .
  • Vidal, John. “Will China’s plan for a ‘green silk road’ live up to environmental promises?” The Guardian. September 20, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/china-plan-green-silk-road-environmental-promises .
  • Vincent, Elise. “France forced into redefining military presence in Africa.” Le Monde, October 6, 2022.https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/10/06/france-forced-into-redefining-military-presence-in-africa_5999420_4.html .
  • Wallace J. and Jie Y. “What is China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?” Chatham House. September 13, 2021. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/09/what-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-bri .
  • Wang J., WU P., Wang X., and Shou W. “Belt and Road Initiative: A Strategic Choice for China’s Maritime Science and Technology Development.” Frontiers of Engineering Management (2017pp. 172-184. doi:10.15302/J-FEM-2019134 .
  • Wilhelm, P. Jan. “Djibouti's role in geopolitics.” Deutsche Welle. August 4, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/tiny-but-mighty-djiboutis-role-in-geopolitics/a-57136069 .
  • Wu, Yenna. “Recognizing and Resisting China’s Evolving Sharp Power.” American Journal of Chinese Studies 26, no. 2 (2019): 129–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45216268.
  • Xiaoyang, T. (2020). Chinese economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa. The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Hubs and Economic Development, 949-966. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198850434.013.48
  • Xinhua. “Ambassador Zhou Pingjian: China to continue backing peace efforts in Africa.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. July 28, 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202207/t20220728_10729497.html
  • Xinhua. “China's fixed-asset investment expands 5.7 pct in first seven months.” XINHUANET. August 15, 2022. https://english.news.cn/20220815/43ec8cb0b1d4485281e5bc965652874c/c.html
  • Xinhua. “Fact Sheet: Cooperation Between China and Pacific Island Countries.” Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of North Macedonia. May 25, 2022. http://mk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202205/t20220524_10691917.htm
  • Xinhua. “Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Dakar Action Plan.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. November 30, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202112/t20211202_10461183.html: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China
  • Xinhua. “Full text of President Xi's speech at the opening of Belt and Road forum.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. May 15, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/201705/t20170527_678618.html
  • Xinhua. “Full text of the Vision for Maritime Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.” The State Council of the People's Republic of China. June 20, 2017. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2017/06/20/content_281475691873460.htm
  • Xinhua. “Remarks by Ambassador Zhang Jun, China’s Permanent Representative to the UN, at the Security Council High-Level Debate on “Counter Terrorism In Africa”.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. November 11, 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202211/t20221112_10973113.html
  • Xinhua. “Vision for Maritime Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.” China Internet Information Center. June 20, 2017. http://www.china.org.cn/world/2017-06/20/content_41063286_3.htm
  • Zhang, Xin. Investment value analysis of China's participation in port projects along the 21st century maritime. World Maritime University, August 27, 2021. https://commons.wmu.se/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2629&context=all_dissertations

Chinese Geoeconomics and Geostrategic Motives in a Changing International Order: Understanding the Significance of a Chinese Military Base in Djibouti

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 67 - 99, 01.05.2024

Habib Badawi

https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1401481

Abstract

This study examines the geoeconomic and geostrategic motives behind China's military base establishment in Djibouti. It examines the motives from a geo-economic perspective, considering the economic interests and opportunities afforded by a military presence in the Horn of Africa. It then discusses the geostrategic motives, looking at the implications for global power dynamics, the militarization of China-Africa development partnerships, the securing of China's oil resources, the facilitation of Chinese peacekeeping forces, the confrontation of terrorist groups, the combating of piracy, and the inauguration of a Maritime Silk Road. Finally, it looks at the implications of China's Maritime Security Strategy as part of its Belt and Road Initiative. This includes the protection of the marine environment, cooperative development goals, maritime security alliances, promotion of knowledge and innovation in the fields of marine science research, and maritime governance.
The methodology adopted for this paper is qualitative. This involves the analysis of primary and secondary sources to understand the motives behind China's move to establish a military base in Djibouti. Primary sources include official Chinese documents and statements from Chinese officials. Secondary sources include news reports, scholarly articles, and think tank reports. This analysis was conducted through a literature review of these sources. The literature was then analyzed to conclude China's motives for establishing a military base in Djibouti.

Keywords

Geoeconomics Geostrategic Motives International Order Belt and Road Initiative Maritime Silk Road Indo-Pacific Maritime Security Alliance Maritime Governance.

References

  • Ariana.”Defending Our Sovereignty: US Military Bases in Africa and the Future of African Unity.” Institute for Social Research (Tricontinental). July 5, 2021. https://thetricontinental.org/dossier-42-militarisation-africa/
  • BEA. “U.S. International Investment Position.” U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Tuesday, March 29, 2022. https://www.bea.gov/news/2022/us-international-investment-position-fourth-quarter-and-year-2021.
  • Blanchard, Ben. “China navy holds first joint anti-piracy drill with NATO.” Reuters, November 27, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nato-idUSKBN0TG08H20151127.
  • Blanchard, Ben. “Senior Chinese officer in Djibouti following base talk.” Reuters, November 9, 2015. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-djibouti-idUSKCN0SY06A20151109.
  • Blaubach, Thomas. “Connecting Beijing’s Global Infrastructure: The PEACE Cable in the Middle East and North Africa.” Middle East Institute. March 7, 2022. https://www.mei.edu/publications/connecting-beijings-global-infrastructure-peace-cable-middle-east-and-north-africa.
  • Borja et al. Applying China’s marine resource-environment carrying capacity and spatial development suitability approach to the Bay of Biscay (North-East Atlantic). Frontiers in Marine Science. September 20, 2022. doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.972448
  • Bradley, Sandrine. “Ethiopian government signs $865 mln railway financing.” Reuters, October 27, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/ethiopia-loans-idUKL5N0SM4SM20141027.
  • Browne, Ryan. “Chinese lasers injure US military pilots in Africa, Pentagon says.” CNN, Friday, May 4, 2018. https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/03/politics/chinese-lasers-us-military-pilots-africa/index.html.
  • Castaldo, Fabio. “REPORT on a European Parliament recommendation to the Council, the Commission, and the Vice-President of the Commission / High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy on the EU’s strategic relationship and partnership with the Horn of Africa.” European Parliament: Committee on Foreign Affairs. July 18, 2022. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2022-0207_EN.html.
  • Chanlett-Avery, Emma. “Japan, the Indo-Pacific, and the ‘Quad.’” Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2018. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep17325.
  • China, T. S. China’s National Defense in the New Era. China. 2019
  • Cohen, S. B. (2017). Geostrategic and geopolitical regions. The Structure of Political Geography, 178-194. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315135267-19
  • Coşkun, Alper. “QUAD, AUKUS and the American Pivot to Asia: Implications for Turkey and a Case for Recalibration.” Centre for Economics and Foreign Policy Studies, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep35887.
  • Directorate-General for Maritime Affairs and Fisheries. “EU and China join forces to improve international ocean governance.” European Commission, September 10, 2019. https://oceans-and-fisheries.ec.europa.eu/news/eu-and-china-join-forces-improve-international-ocean-governance-2019-09-10_en.
  • Downs, Becker, and deGategno. China’s Military Support Facility in Djibouti: The Economic and Security Dimensions of China’s First Overseas Base. CAN. July, 2017.
  • Editorial. “Understanding Chinese investment in African oil & gas.” Africa Oil Week. 2019. https://africa-oilweek.com/articles/understanding-chinese-investment-in-african-o.
  • Fox, T. (2017). China for Africa, Africa for China, or Africa and China for each other? Underdevelopment, Development and the Future of Africa, 61-116. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm22.5
  • GOP. 2022. "China Regional Snapshot: Sub-Saharan Africa." Committee on Foreign Affairs. November 21. https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/china-regional-snapshot-sub-saharan-africa/.
  • Gurol and Shahmohammadi. “Projecting Power Westwards. China’s Maritime Strategy in the Arabian Sea and its Potential Ramifications for the Region.” CARPO. November 11, 2019. https://carpo-bonn.org/en/study-07-projecting-power-westwards-chinas-maritime-strategy-in-the-arabian-sea-and-its-potential-ramifications-for-the-region/
  • Jeffrey, James. “China is building its first overseas military base in Djibouti.” The World. May 3, 2016. https://theworld.org/stories/2016-05-03/china-building-its-first-overseas-military-base-djibouti-right-next-key-us-one.
  • Khanna, Parag. 2024. "The Red Sea Crisis Proves China Was Ahead of the Curve." Foreign Policy. January 20. https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/01/20/url-red-sea-houthis-china-belt-road-suez-trade-corridors/.
  • Kliem, F. (2022). The Indo-Pacific. Great Power Competition and Order Building in the Indo-Pacific, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429331541-5
  • KOGA, KEI. “Japan’s ‘Free and Open Indo-Pacific’ Strategy: Tokyo’s Tactical Hedging and the Implications for ASEAN.” Contemporary Southeast Asia 41, no. 2 (2019): 286–313. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26798855.
  • Kubo, Nobuhiro. “Japan to expand Djibouti military base to counter Chinese influence.” Reuters, October 13,2016. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-military-djibouti-idUSKCN12D0C4
  • Lague, David. “Special Report: In satellite tech race, China hitched a ride from Europe.” Reuters, December 22,2013.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-breakout-beidou-idINBRE9BL0CA20131222 .
  • Liben, Habtamu. “Chinese development endeavor in Ethiopia wins acclaim.” Xinhua. June 14, 2018. http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zfgxss/zyjw/201805/t20180518_7688541.htm .
  • Magnani, Enrico. “Rivals and partners in difficult waters. Difesa.” August 1, 2022. https://en.difesaonline.it/geopolitica/analisi/rivali-e-partners-acque-difficili .
  • Makin-Isherwood, Laura. “How The British Military Are 'Opening Doors' In Africa.” BFBS, March 10, 2020. https://www.forces.net/news/how-british-military-opening-doors-africa .
  • Marantidou, Virginia. Revisiting China’s ‘String of Pearls’ Strategy. Issues & Insights, 14. Pacific Forum CSIS, June 2014. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/182061/140624_issuesinsights_vol14no7.pdf .
  • Mboya, C. (2020). The maritime Silk Road initiative: Connecting Africa. China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative, Africa, and the Middle East, 53-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4013-8_2
  • Nantulya, Paul. “Considerations for a Prospective New Chinese Naval Base in Africa.” Africa Center for Strategic Studies. May 12, 2022. https://africacenter.org/spotlight/considerations-prospective-chinese-naval-base-africa/ .
  • Nicol, H. N., & Heininen, L. K. (2022). The evolving geopolitics of polar regions. Polar Cousins, 59-88. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv3405pp1.7
  • Nyabiage, J. (2023, January 19). China-Africa trade recovers from Covid slump to hit record US$282 billion. South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3207403/china-africa-trade-hits-record-us282-billion-boost-beijing-and-soaring-commodity-prices
  • Pham, J. Peter. “INDIA IN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS OF AN EMERGING POWER FOR AFRICOM AND U.S. STRATEGY.” Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, 2011. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11446.
  • Saxena et al. “China’s Military and Economic Prowess in Djibouti: A Security Challenge for the Indo-Pacific.” Air University. November 18, 2021. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2847015/chinas-military-and-economic-prowess-in-djibouti-a-security-challenge-for-the-i/
  • Sheehy, P. Thomas. “10 Things to Know about the U.S.-China Rivalry in Africa.” The United States Institute of Peace. December 7, 2022 https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/12/10-things-know-about-us-china-rivalry-africa
  • Tritten. “China may Assert Control of Djibouti Port, U.S. General Fears.” WASHINGTON EXAMINER. 2018.https://tesfanews.net/china-control-key-us-military-port-djibouti-general-fears/ .
  • Vidal, John. “Will China’s plan for a ‘green silk road’ live up to environmental promises?” The Guardian. September 20, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/20/china-plan-green-silk-road-environmental-promises .
  • Vincent, Elise. “France forced into redefining military presence in Africa.” Le Monde, October 6, 2022.https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/10/06/france-forced-into-redefining-military-presence-in-africa_5999420_4.html .
  • Wallace J. and Jie Y. “What is China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?” Chatham House. September 13, 2021. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/09/what-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-bri .
  • Wang J., WU P., Wang X., and Shou W. “Belt and Road Initiative: A Strategic Choice for China’s Maritime Science and Technology Development.” Frontiers of Engineering Management (2017pp. 172-184. doi:10.15302/J-FEM-2019134 .
  • Wilhelm, P. Jan. “Djibouti's role in geopolitics.” Deutsche Welle. August 4, 2021. https://www.dw.com/en/tiny-but-mighty-djiboutis-role-in-geopolitics/a-57136069 .
  • Wu, Yenna. “Recognizing and Resisting China’s Evolving Sharp Power.” American Journal of Chinese Studies 26, no. 2 (2019): 129–53. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45216268.
  • Xiaoyang, T. (2020). Chinese economic and trade cooperation zones in Africa. The Oxford Handbook of Industrial Hubs and Economic Development, 949-966. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198850434.013.48
  • Xinhua. “Ambassador Zhou Pingjian: China to continue backing peace efforts in Africa.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. July 28, 2022. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202207/t20220728_10729497.html
  • Xinhua. “China's fixed-asset investment expands 5.7 pct in first seven months.” XINHUANET. August 15, 2022. https://english.news.cn/20220815/43ec8cb0b1d4485281e5bc965652874c/c.html
  • Xinhua. “Fact Sheet: Cooperation Between China and Pacific Island Countries.” Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of North Macedonia. May 25, 2022. http://mk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202205/t20220524_10691917.htm
  • Xinhua. “Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Dakar Action Plan.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. November 30, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202112/t20211202_10461183.html: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China
  • Xinhua. “Full text of President Xi's speech at the opening of Belt and Road forum.” Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. May 15, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/201705/t20170527_678618.html
  • Xinhua. “Full text of the Vision for Maritime Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.” The State Council of the People's Republic of China. June 20, 2017. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/publications/2017/06/20/content_281475691873460.htm
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There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Security Studies
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Habib Badawi 0000-0002-6452-8379

Publication Date May 1, 2024
Submission Date December 7, 2023
Acceptance Date April 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Badawi, Habib. “Chinese Geoeconomics and Geostrategic Motives in a Changing International Order: Understanding the Significance of a Chinese Military Base in Djibouti”. International Journal of Politics and Security 6, no. 1 (May 2024): 67-99. https://doi.org/10.53451/ijps.1401481.
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