Abstract
2008 yılındaki küresel ekonomik kriz sonrasında uluslararası arenada Rusya’nın ve Çin’in görünürlüğü
artmıştır. Bu bağlamda Rusya, Batı’nın eski Sovyet alanına nüfuz etmesini ve bu bölgeler ile
işbirlikleri gerçekleştirmesini önlemeye yönelik politikalar uygulamaya çalışırken, sahip olduğu
üretim kapasitesi ve sermaye miktarı ile dünyanın en büyük ekonomilerinden birini oluşturan Çin
de ekonomik alandaki bu başarısını siyasi alana da taşımaya ve kendi etki alanını genişletmeye
çalışmaktadır. Asya’da konumlanmış olan ve birbirleri ile çeşitli alanlarda işbirlikleri kuran, Batı
hegemonyasına karşı Doğu cephesinin öncüsü olan bu iki devlet kendi jeopolitik ve jeoekonomik
çıkarları doğrultusunda kıtada bölgeselleşme çabaları sarf etmektedirler. Rusya politik saikleri odak
noktasına koyan, coğrafi sınırlamalarla hareket eden, dışa kapalı ve katı kurumsal mekanizmalara sahip
olan ve ulus devlet merkezli olarak klasik bölgeselcilik anlayışı kapsamında hareket ederken; Çin ise
ekonomik motivasyonları merkeze koyan, coğrafi sınır tanımayan, kapsayıcı ve esnek bir yapıda olan
ve tüm aktörlere açık olarak yeni bölgeselleşme anlayışı çerçevesinde politikalarını uygulamaktadır.
Bu mentalite doğrultusunda Rusya, 1990’ların ortasından itibaren oluşturulma sürecine giren ve 2015
yılında faaliyete geçen Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği (AEB) ile eski Sovyet alanında bulunan devletlerin
üzerinde nüfuzunu sürdürmeye ve bu ülkelerin kendisine bağımlılık durumlarını devam ettirmeye
çalışırken; Çin de eski İpekyolu coğrafyasını yeniden canlandırarak, Modern İpek Yolu (MİY) olarak
da adlandırılan Tek Kuşak Tek Yol Projesi ile kendisini geniş bir alanda politik ve ekonomik olarak
merkezi bir noktada konumlandırmaya çalışmaktadır. Bu çalışmada aynı coğrafyada bölgeselleşme
pratiklerinde bulunan Çin’in ve Rusya’nın bölgeselleşme politikasının birbirlerinin tamamlayıcı mı
yoksa birbirlerine rakip mi olduğu sorusu Modern İpek Yolu Projesi ve Avrasya Ekonomik Birliği
oluşumları üzerinden, küresel arenadaki ihtiyaçları ve konumları da göz önünde bulundurularak,
değerlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna göre, Çin’in sahip olduğu ekonomik avantajlar, diğer ülkeler
ile olan görece pozitif ikili ilişkileri ve yeni bölgeselcilik anlayışı sayesinde MİY projesi, Rusya’nın
ekonomik olarak vaatte bulunamaması, Batı ile olumsuz ilişkiler kurması ve bu nedenle dışa bağımlı
hale gelmesi nedeniyle, bu ülkenin öncülüğündeki AEB oluşumunu kapsayan ve ona üstün gelen bir boyuta ulaşmıştır. Bununla birlikte Rusya ve Çin’in mevcut konjonktürde izlediği politikaların işbirlikçi
olması nedeniyle, MİY ile AEB arasındaki ilişkinin tamamlayıcı yönü ağır basmaktadır
References
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(2016). “The Eurasian Economic Union: Power, Politics and Trade”. Europe and Central Asia Report. 240, Temmuz 2016. Eurasian Commission. (2015). Dogovor o Yevraziiskom Ekonomicheskom Soyuze, http://www. eurasiancommission.org/ru/Lists/ EECDocs/635.375.701449140007.pdf. Eurasian Economic Comission. (2015). Eurasian Economic Integration: Facts And Fıgures. Moskova. Fallon, T. (2015). “The new Silk Road Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for Eurasia”. American Foreign Policy Interests. 37(3), 140–147. Frear, T., Kulesa, L. & Kearns, I. (2014). “Dangerous brinkmanship: Close military encounters between Russia and the West in 2014”. European Leadership Network Policy Brief, Gorenburg, D. (2014). “Countering Color Revolutions: Russia’s New Security Strategy and Its Implications for US Policy”. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, 342, 1-6. Hettne, B., Inotai, A. & Sunkel, O., (1999). Globalization and the New Regionalism. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press. Hoffmann, S. (1982). Reflections on the Nation-State in Western Europe Today. Journal of Common Market Studies, 20(1–2): 21–37. Hongyuan, L., Yun, G. & Qifa, S. (2012). China’s Road. Beijing: Huangshan Publishing House. Hurrell, A. (2016). “Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be Great Powers?”. International Affairs, 82(1), 1–19. IISS. (2015). “China’s ambitious Silk Road vision”. Strategic Comments. 21(6), 4-5. Kaczmarski, M. (2017). “Non-western visions of regionalism: China’s New Silk Road and Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union”. International Affairs, 93 (6), 1357–1376. Katıtaş, G. (2018). “Bir Dış Politika Nüfuz Aracı Olarak Uluslararası Örgütler ve Dış Yardımların Politik Ekonomisi: ABD, Çin ve Rusya Üçgeni”. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Keohane, R. O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Kibar, Tamina. “Avrasya Ekonomik Ortaklığı”, Türksam. http://www.turksam.org/tr/yazilar. asp?kat1=2&yazi=163, (29.06.2007). Kinyakin, A. (2016). “The Eurasian Economic Union: between co-existence, confrontation and cooperation with the EU”. Rocznık Integracjı Europejskıej, 10, 461-480. Kolpakova, T. V. & Kuchinskaya, T. N. (2015). “China’s ‘New Regionalism’ as a Mechanism to Strengthen the Influence of China in the Global Integration Processes: An Example of Eurasian Economic Union”. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(Special Issue), 109-115. Kupchan, C. (2014). “Unpacking hegemony: the social foundations of hierarchical order”. İçinde; (Ed.) G. J. Ikenberry, Power, order, and change in world politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leonova, O. (2016). “Global Regionalization as a Phenomenon of Globalization”. Globalistics and Globalization Studies. 271–276. Lingliang, Z. (2016). “Conceptual analysis of China’s belt and road initiative: A road towards a regional community of common destiny”. Chinese Journal of International Law. 15(3), 517–541. Makarychev, A. (2013). “Regionalism and Identities in the Common Neighborhood: European and Russian Discourses”. CEURUS EU-Russia Papers, 10, http://www.ceurus.ut.ee/ wp-content/uploads/2011/06/ MakarychevEU-Russia-paper-10.pdf. Mattli, W. (1999). “Explaining Regional Integration Outcomes”. Journal of European Public Policy, 6(1): 1–27. Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The tragedy of Great Power politics. New York: Norton. Milner, H. V. (1997). Interests, Institutions and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mistry, P. S. (2003). “New Regionalism and Economic Development”. İçinde; (Ed.) F. Söderbaum & T. M. Shaw. Theories of New Regionalism: A Palgrave Reader. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 117–139. Moon, C. (2018). “ASEAN”. Brittanica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ASEAN. Moravcsik, A. (1991). “Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community”. International Organization, 45 (1), 19–56. OECD Development Centre (2018). “Medium-term Projection Framework – 2018”. http://www.oecd.org/ dev/asia-pacific/mpf.htm. Pavlov, A. (2011). “Assessing the Economic Effect of Kyrgyzstan’s Accession to the Customs Union, A study on the Kyrgyz Republic Integration into the EurAsEU Customs Union”. Journal of Eurasian Economic Integration, 1 (10), 1-18. Putin, V. (2011). “Novyi integratsionnyi proyekt dliya Yevrazii-budushcheye, kotoroye rozhdayetsiya segodniya”. Izvestia, 3 Oct. 2011, http://izvestia.ru/news/502761. Putin, V. (2016). “Novyi integratsionnyi proyekt”. Plenarnoye zasedaniye Petersburgskogo mezhdunarodnogo ekonomicheskogo foruma, St Petersburg, 17 June 2016, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/ news/52178 Qoraboyev, I. (2018). “One Belt‚ One Road: A Comparative Regionalism Approach”. İçinde; Yu Cheng, Lilet Song ve Lihe Huang (Ed.) The Belt & Road Initiative in the Global Arena Chinese and European Perspectives. Singapur: Palgrave, 103-116. Robert Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press. Stone Sweet, A. & Caporaso, J. A. (1998). “From Free Trade to Supranational Polity: The European Court and Integration”. İçinde; (Eds.) A. Stone Sweet and W. Sandholtz, European Integration and Supranational Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 92–133. Şanlı, Bahar. (2008). “Ekonomik Entegrasyon Teorisi Çerçevesinde Avrasya Birliği’nin Olabilirliği”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (1), 13-30. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. (2017). “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”. http://eng. sectsco.org/about_sco/. Troitsky, M. (2009). “Global Regionalism and Foreign Policy of Russia”. Svobodnay mysle. 11, 35–46. Wood, J. (2017). “ASEAN at 50: What does the future hold for the region?”. World Economic Forum. https:// www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/asean-at-50-what-does-the-future-hold-for-the-region. www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/medialibrary/2014/11/09/6375e3da/Dangerous%20 Brinkmanship. pdf. Kinyakin, Andrey. “The Eurasian Economic Union: between co-existence, confrontation and cooperation with the EU”, Rocznık Integracjı Europejskıej. No.10, 2016, ss.461-480. Xiaotong, Z. & Xiaoyue, L. (2014). “China’s Regionalism in Asia”. The Asian Forum, 3 (3), http://www. theasanforum.org/chinas-regionalism-in-asia. Xinhua. (2002). “Deepen the solidarity and cooperation and create a bright century”. http://news.xinhuanet. com/ziliao/200206/05/content_425593.htm. Ye, M. (2015). “China and competing cooperation in Asia–Pacific: TPP, RCEP, and the New Silk Road”. Asian Security, 11 (3), 206–24. Zhang, D. (2018). “The Concept of ‘Community of Common Destiny’in China’sDiplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications”. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. 5 (2), 196–207.
Abstract
Visibilities of Russia and China began to increase in international arena, after the 2008 Global Financial
Crisis. Within this context, while Russia tries to imply policies to prevent Western influence toward ex-
Soviet region and their cooperative initiatives with regional actors; China, who is one of the biggest
economy in the world thanks to production capacity and its accumulation of capital, aims to raise its
political effect and enhance sphere of influence as did in economic field. These two states, that are
located in Asia, cooperate in various areas and lead Eastern frontier against to Western hegemony, make
regionalization efforts in their own geopolitical and geoeconomical interests in the continent. On the
one side, Russia adopts classical regionalism understanding which is shaped by political motivations,
has geographical boundaries, exclusive and strict institutional mechanism, and eligible for nation-states;
on the other hand China indigenises new regionalism approach that is surrounded by economical
goals, has distanceless and borderless characteristics, inclusive and flexible mechanism, and open to
all actors in international arena. In this direction, while Russia tries to maintain its influence over and
dependency relationship with ex-Soviet countries through Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) which
is output of twenty years process; China aims to revive old Silk Road geography and puts itself in the
center politically and economically via One Belt One Road Initiatives (OBOR), also known as Modern
Silk Road Project. In this paper, China’s and Russia’s regionalism understandings had been evaluated
within the scope whether they are cooperative or complementary by taking into consideration their
needs and positions in international arena. As a result of this assessment, Chinese OBOR contains
and overcomes Russian EAEU, thanks to its economical advantages, better bilateral and multilateral
relations with other actors in the international society and inclusive regionalism understanding. By
dint of these countries’ converging policies in international issues, bilateral relationship of OBOR and
EAEU turns the scale toward complemantary situation.
References
- Acharya, A. (2001). Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge. Aksu, H. (2016). “Çin’in Yeni Bölgeselleşme Ve Normatif Güç Paradigması Ortadoğu’yu Dönüştürür Mü?”. Orsam. 8 (76), 70-73. Albert, E. (2018). “China’s Big Bet on Soft Power”. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/ backgrounder/chinas-big-bet-soft-power Antkiewicz, A. & Whalley, J. (2005). “China’s New Regional Trade Agreement”. World Economy, 28(10): 1539–1557. Bogubaev, K. (2013). “Kyrgyzystan-Russian Relations”. Strategic Outlook. http://strategicoutlook.org/ publications/Kyrgyzstan_Russia_Relations.pdf Brzezinski, Z. (2010). Büyük Satranç Tahtası. Yelda Türedi (çev.). İstanbul: İnkılap Yayınları. Bugubaev, K. (2013). “Kyrgyzstan-Russia Relations”. Strategic Outlook, http://strategicoutlook.org/ publications/Kyrgyzstan_Russia_Relations.pdf. CGIT. (2015). China Global Investment Tracker. http://www.aei.org/china-global-investment-tracker/ Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2018). Crisis Group. (2016). “The Eurasian Economic Union: Power, Politics and Trade”. Europe and Central Asia Report. 240, Temmuz 2016. Eurasian Commission. (2015). Dogovor o Yevraziiskom Ekonomicheskom Soyuze, http://www. eurasiancommission.org/ru/Lists/ EECDocs/635.375.701449140007.pdf. Eurasian Economic Comission. (2015). Eurasian Economic Integration: Facts And Fıgures. Moskova. Fallon, T. (2015). “The new Silk Road Xi Jinping’s grand strategy for Eurasia”. American Foreign Policy Interests. 37(3), 140–147. Frear, T., Kulesa, L. & Kearns, I. (2014). “Dangerous brinkmanship: Close military encounters between Russia and the West in 2014”. European Leadership Network Policy Brief, Gorenburg, D. (2014). “Countering Color Revolutions: Russia’s New Security Strategy and Its Implications for US Policy”. PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo, 342, 1-6. Hettne, B., Inotai, A. & Sunkel, O., (1999). Globalization and the New Regionalism. Basingstoke: MacMillan Press. Hoffmann, S. (1982). Reflections on the Nation-State in Western Europe Today. Journal of Common Market Studies, 20(1–2): 21–37. Hongyuan, L., Yun, G. & Qifa, S. (2012). China’s Road. Beijing: Huangshan Publishing House. Hurrell, A. (2016). “Hegemony, liberalism and global order: what space for would-be Great Powers?”. International Affairs, 82(1), 1–19. IISS. (2015). “China’s ambitious Silk Road vision”. Strategic Comments. 21(6), 4-5. Kaczmarski, M. (2017). “Non-western visions of regionalism: China’s New Silk Road and Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union”. International Affairs, 93 (6), 1357–1376. Katıtaş, G. (2018). “Bir Dış Politika Nüfuz Aracı Olarak Uluslararası Örgütler ve Dış Yardımların Politik Ekonomisi: ABD, Çin ve Rusya Üçgeni”. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Keohane, R. O. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Kibar, Tamina. “Avrasya Ekonomik Ortaklığı”, Türksam. http://www.turksam.org/tr/yazilar. asp?kat1=2&yazi=163, (29.06.2007). Kinyakin, A. (2016). “The Eurasian Economic Union: between co-existence, confrontation and cooperation with the EU”. Rocznık Integracjı Europejskıej, 10, 461-480. Kolpakova, T. V. & Kuchinskaya, T. N. (2015). “China’s ‘New Regionalism’ as a Mechanism to Strengthen the Influence of China in the Global Integration Processes: An Example of Eurasian Economic Union”. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 5(Special Issue), 109-115. Kupchan, C. (2014). “Unpacking hegemony: the social foundations of hierarchical order”. İçinde; (Ed.) G. J. Ikenberry, Power, order, and change in world politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Leonova, O. (2016). “Global Regionalization as a Phenomenon of Globalization”. Globalistics and Globalization Studies. 271–276. Lingliang, Z. (2016). “Conceptual analysis of China’s belt and road initiative: A road towards a regional community of common destiny”. Chinese Journal of International Law. 15(3), 517–541. Makarychev, A. (2013). “Regionalism and Identities in the Common Neighborhood: European and Russian Discourses”. CEURUS EU-Russia Papers, 10, http://www.ceurus.ut.ee/ wp-content/uploads/2011/06/ MakarychevEU-Russia-paper-10.pdf. Mattli, W. (1999). “Explaining Regional Integration Outcomes”. Journal of European Public Policy, 6(1): 1–27. Mearsheimer, J.J. (2001). The tragedy of Great Power politics. New York: Norton. Milner, H. V. (1997). Interests, Institutions and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mistry, P. S. (2003). “New Regionalism and Economic Development”. İçinde; (Ed.) F. Söderbaum & T. M. Shaw. Theories of New Regionalism: A Palgrave Reader. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 117–139. Moon, C. (2018). “ASEAN”. Brittanica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/ASEAN. Moravcsik, A. (1991). “Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community”. International Organization, 45 (1), 19–56. OECD Development Centre (2018). “Medium-term Projection Framework – 2018”. http://www.oecd.org/ dev/asia-pacific/mpf.htm. Pavlov, A. (2011). “Assessing the Economic Effect of Kyrgyzstan’s Accession to the Customs Union, A study on the Kyrgyz Republic Integration into the EurAsEU Customs Union”. Journal of Eurasian Economic Integration, 1 (10), 1-18. Putin, V. (2011). “Novyi integratsionnyi proyekt dliya Yevrazii-budushcheye, kotoroye rozhdayetsiya segodniya”. Izvestia, 3 Oct. 2011, http://izvestia.ru/news/502761. Putin, V. (2016). “Novyi integratsionnyi proyekt”. Plenarnoye zasedaniye Petersburgskogo mezhdunarodnogo ekonomicheskogo foruma, St Petersburg, 17 June 2016, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/ news/52178 Qoraboyev, I. (2018). “One Belt‚ One Road: A Comparative Regionalism Approach”. İçinde; Yu Cheng, Lilet Song ve Lihe Huang (Ed.) The Belt & Road Initiative in the Global Arena Chinese and European Perspectives. Singapur: Palgrave, 103-116. Robert Gilpin, R. (1987). The Political Economy of International Relations. Princeton University Press. Stone Sweet, A. & Caporaso, J. A. (1998). “From Free Trade to Supranational Polity: The European Court and Integration”. İçinde; (Eds.) A. Stone Sweet and W. Sandholtz, European Integration and Supranational Governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 92–133. Şanlı, Bahar. (2008). “Ekonomik Entegrasyon Teorisi Çerçevesinde Avrasya Birliği’nin Olabilirliği”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22 (1), 13-30. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. (2017). “The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation”. http://eng. sectsco.org/about_sco/. Troitsky, M. (2009). “Global Regionalism and Foreign Policy of Russia”. Svobodnay mysle. 11, 35–46. Wood, J. (2017). “ASEAN at 50: What does the future hold for the region?”. World Economic Forum. https:// www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/05/asean-at-50-what-does-the-future-hold-for-the-region. www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/medialibrary/2014/11/09/6375e3da/Dangerous%20 Brinkmanship. pdf. Kinyakin, Andrey. “The Eurasian Economic Union: between co-existence, confrontation and cooperation with the EU”, Rocznık Integracjı Europejskıej. No.10, 2016, ss.461-480. Xiaotong, Z. & Xiaoyue, L. (2014). “China’s Regionalism in Asia”. The Asian Forum, 3 (3), http://www. theasanforum.org/chinas-regionalism-in-asia. Xinhua. (2002). “Deepen the solidarity and cooperation and create a bright century”. http://news.xinhuanet. com/ziliao/200206/05/content_425593.htm. Ye, M. (2015). “China and competing cooperation in Asia–Pacific: TPP, RCEP, and the New Silk Road”. Asian Security, 11 (3), 206–24. Zhang, D. (2018). “The Concept of ‘Community of Common Destiny’in China’sDiplomacy: Meaning, Motives and Implications”. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies. 5 (2), 196–207.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Political Science |
| Journal Section | International Journal of Political Science & Urban Studies |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 19, 2019 |
| Submission Date | December 19, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 7 |