Research Article
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Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 540 - 549, 30.09.2023

Ali Güncan Yunus Emre Altunç Şaziye Karayar Tuğba Nisa Bahat Ekim Yüksel Sezer

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8

Abstract

Hazelnut, as with many other stored products, are susceptible to infestation by a variety of stored insect pests. Phosphine fumigation is a widely used method to control pests in stored products, including hazelnut kernels. This study aimed to determine the optimal exposure time for phosphine fumigation for management of stored product pests in hazelnuts. Four treatments with different exposure times (3, 4, 5, and 6 days) were conducted using various development stages of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), Tribolium confusum Jaqcquelin du Val, (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), and Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) together with the control group. The trials were conducted in a commercial chamber of a hazelnut processing facility. The insects were placed in plastic containers within jute sacks filled with hazelnuts, fumigations were done under gas-proof sheet and the survival rate was assessed after treatments. The results showed that a 3-day exposure period was sufficient to fully eradicate the pupal and adult stages of O. surinamensis. For T. castaneum, 100% mortality was achieved in both larvae and adults from 3 days of exposure, but the pupal stage required at least 5 days. For T. confusum, all larvae and adults died in all exposure periods, but the pupal stage required at least 4 days. In the case of the moth species, a 100% mortality rate was achieved in the larval and pupal stages of both E. kuehniella and P. interpunctella at all exposure periods. The mortality rate of E. kuehniella eggs was 99% after 3 and 4 days of exposure, and a fumigation period of 5 days was required to control the entire population. However, only 67% of P. interpunctella eggs were controlled after 3 days of exposure. The time and stage factors were found to be significant in the egg stage of P. interpunctella. The results suggest that a 5-day exposure period is the most effective for controlling tested stored product pests in hazelnuts.

Keywords

hazelnut phosphine exposure period stored product pests

Thanks

This study was conducted within the facilities of the Sagra Group (OYAK). The authors would like to thank the Sagra Group for their support and cooperation in providing access to their hazelnut processing facilities and storage.

References

  • Agrafioti, P., Sotiroudas, V., Kaloudis, E., Bantas, S., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2020). Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities. Journal of Stored Products Research, 89, 101726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101726
  • Ahmedani, M. S., Shaheen, N., Ahmedani, M. Y., & Aslam, M. (2007). Status of phosphine resistance in khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) strains collected from remote villages of Rawalpindi District. Pakistan Entomologist, 29(2), 95–102.
  • Alkan, B. 1959. Haselnußschädlinge in der Türkei. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 44(2), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1959.tb00921.x
  • Athanassiou, C. G., Rumbos, C. I., Sakka, M., & Sotiroudas, V. (2016). Insecticidal efficacy of phosphine fumigation at low pressure against major stored-product insect species in a commercial dried fig processing facility. Crop Protection, 90, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.017
  • Aulicky, R., Stejskal, V., Frydova, B., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2015). Susceptibility of two strains of the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) following phosphine structural mill fumigation: Effects of concentration, temperature, and flour deposits. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108(6), 2823–2830. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov257
  • Bell, C. H. (1976). The tolerance of developmental stages of four stored product moths to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products Research, 12(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(76)90027-8
  • Bell, C. H. (1979). The efficiency of phosphine against diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella (Lepidoptera) over a wide range of concentrations and exposure times. Journal of Stored Products Research, 15(2), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(79)90012-2
  • Bell, C. H., Wilson, S. M., & Banks, H. J. (1984). Studies on the toxicity of phosphine to tolerant stages of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 20(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(84)90017-1
  • Chadda, I. C. (2016). Fumigation with phosphine - a perspective. Indian Journal of Entomology, 78 (Special), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2016.00023.7
  • Chaudhry, M. Q. (1997). A review of the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects. Pesticide Science, 49(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199703)49:3%3C213::AID-PS516%3E3.0.CO;2-%23
  • Chaudhry, M. Q. (2000). Phosphine resistance. Pesticide Outlook, 11(3), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.1039/b006348g
  • Collins, P. J., Daglish, G. J., Pavic, H., & Kopittke, R. A. (2005). Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41(4), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2004.05.002
  • Daglish, G. J. (2004). Effect of exposure period on degree of dominance of phosphine resistance in adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Pest Management Science, 60(8), 822–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.866
  • Daglish, G. J., Collins, P. J., Pavic, H., & Kopittke, R. A. (2002). Effects of time and concentration on mortality of phosphine-resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) fumigated with phosphine. Pest Management Science, 58(10), 1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.532
  • Ferizli, A. G., Emekci, M., Tütüncü, Ş., & Navarro, S. (2007). Studies of phosphine as a fumigant for dried fruit under tarpaulin cover. In E. J. Donahaye, S. Navarro, C. H. Bell, D. S. Jayas, R. T. Noyes, & T. W. Phillips (Eds.), Proc. Int. Conf. Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (Issue August, pp. 477–484). FTIC Ltd. Publishing.
  • Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, third ed. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion
  • Fukazawa, N., & Takahashi, R. (2017). Effect of time and concentration on mortality of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), fumigated with phosphine. Beitrage Zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research, 27(6), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1515/cttr-2017-0010
  • Guiné, R. P. F., Almeida, C. F. F., & Correia, P. M. R. (2015). Influence of packaging and storage on some properties of hazelnuts. Food Measure, 9, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-014-9206-3
  • Hagstrum, D.W., Klejdysz, T., Subramanyam, B., & Nawrot, J. (2013). Atlas of Stored-product Insects and Mites. 1st Edition, AACC International, Inc.
  • Hole, B. D., Bell, C. H., Mills, K. A., & Goodship, G. (1976). The toxicity of phosphine to all developmental stages of thirteen species of stored product beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research, 12(4), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(76)90039-4
  • Kosmidis, I., Kenne Pagui, E.C., & Sartori, N. (2020). Mean and median bias reduction in generalized linear models. Statistics and Computing, 30, 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-019-09860-6
  • Lampiri, E., Agrafioti, P., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2021). Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y
  • Lenth, R.V. (2022). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means. R Package Version 1.8.1-1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
  • Mbata, G. N., & Osuji, F. N. C. (1983). Some aspects of the biology of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest of stored groundnuts in Nigeria. Journal of Stored Products Research, 19(3), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(83)90046-2
  • Mbata, G. N., Phillips, T. W., & Payton, M. (2004). Mortality of eggs of stored-product insects held under vacuum: Effects of pressure, temperature, and exposure time. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97(2), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.2.695
  • Moraglio, S.T., Bosco, L., Pogolotti, C., & Tavella, L. (2018). Effect of ozone gas against life stages of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in laboratory and a storehouse. Journal of Stored Products Research, 79, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.006
  • Nakakita, H., & Winks, R. G. (1981). Phosphine resistance in immature stages of a laboratory selected strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 17(2), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(81)90016-3 Ozman-Sullivan, S.K., Ocal, H., Celik, N., & Sullivan, G.T. (2009). Insect pests of stored hazelnuts in Samsun province, Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 845, 515-520. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.845.79
  • Phillips, T. W., Bonjour, E. L., Payne, K., Noyes, R. T., Cuperus, G. W., Schmidt, C., & Mueller, D. K. (1999). Effects of exposure time, temperature and life stage on mortality of stored grain insects treated with cylinderized phosphine. Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection, 1, 320–325.
  • R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rajendran, S., Nayak, K. R., & Anjum, S. S. (2001). The action of phosphine against the eggs of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhyzopertha dominica F. Pest Management Science, 57(5), 422–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.283
  • Winks, R. G. (1984). The toxicity of phosphine to adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Time as a dosage factor. Journal of Stored Products Research, 20(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(84)90035-3
  • Winks, R. G. (1985). The toxicity of phosphine to adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Phosphine-induced narcosis. Journal of Stored Products Research, 21(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(85)90056-6
  • Winks, R. G., & Waterford, C. J. (1986). The relationship between concentration and time in the toxicity of phosphine to adults of a resistant strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Journal of Stored Products Research, 22(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(86)90024-X
  • Yasan, E., & Kiper, G. (1972). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi fındık depolarında ekonomik zararlara sebep olan Cadra cautella Walk. ve Plodia interpunctella Hbn. nın biyolojileri, zarar nisbetleri ve mücadeleleri üzerinde araştırmalar. T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı, Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Yıllığı, 6, 71-73.

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 540 - 549, 30.09.2023

Ali Güncan Yunus Emre Altunç Şaziye Karayar Tuğba Nisa Bahat Ekim Yüksel Sezer

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8

Abstract

References

  • Agrafioti, P., Sotiroudas, V., Kaloudis, E., Bantas, S., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2020). Real time monitoring of phosphine and insect mortality in different storage facilities. Journal of Stored Products Research, 89, 101726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2020.101726
  • Ahmedani, M. S., Shaheen, N., Ahmedani, M. Y., & Aslam, M. (2007). Status of phosphine resistance in khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) strains collected from remote villages of Rawalpindi District. Pakistan Entomologist, 29(2), 95–102.
  • Alkan, B. 1959. Haselnußschädlinge in der Türkei. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie, 44(2), 187-202. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1959.tb00921.x
  • Athanassiou, C. G., Rumbos, C. I., Sakka, M., & Sotiroudas, V. (2016). Insecticidal efficacy of phosphine fumigation at low pressure against major stored-product insect species in a commercial dried fig processing facility. Crop Protection, 90, 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2016.08.017
  • Aulicky, R., Stejskal, V., Frydova, B., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2015). Susceptibility of two strains of the confused flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) following phosphine structural mill fumigation: Effects of concentration, temperature, and flour deposits. Journal of Economic Entomology, 108(6), 2823–2830. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/tov257
  • Bell, C. H. (1976). The tolerance of developmental stages of four stored product moths to phosphine. Journal of Stored Products Research, 12(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(76)90027-8
  • Bell, C. H. (1979). The efficiency of phosphine against diapausing larvae of Ephestia elutella (Lepidoptera) over a wide range of concentrations and exposure times. Journal of Stored Products Research, 15(2), 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(79)90012-2
  • Bell, C. H., Wilson, S. M., & Banks, H. J. (1984). Studies on the toxicity of phosphine to tolerant stages of Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 20(2), 111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(84)90017-1
  • Chadda, I. C. (2016). Fumigation with phosphine - a perspective. Indian Journal of Entomology, 78 (Special), 39-44. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2016.00023.7
  • Chaudhry, M. Q. (1997). A review of the mechanisms involved in the action of phosphine as an insecticide and phosphine resistance in stored-product insects. Pesticide Science, 49(3), 213–228. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199703)49:3%3C213::AID-PS516%3E3.0.CO;2-%23
  • Chaudhry, M. Q. (2000). Phosphine resistance. Pesticide Outlook, 11(3), 88–91. https://doi.org/10.1039/b006348g
  • Collins, P. J., Daglish, G. J., Pavic, H., & Kopittke, R. A. (2005). Response of mixed-age cultures of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica, to phosphine at a range of concentrations and exposure periods. Journal of Stored Products Research, 41(4), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2004.05.002
  • Daglish, G. J. (2004). Effect of exposure period on degree of dominance of phosphine resistance in adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Pest Management Science, 60(8), 822–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.866
  • Daglish, G. J., Collins, P. J., Pavic, H., & Kopittke, R. A. (2002). Effects of time and concentration on mortality of phosphine-resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) fumigated with phosphine. Pest Management Science, 58(10), 1015–1021. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.532
  • Ferizli, A. G., Emekci, M., Tütüncü, Ş., & Navarro, S. (2007). Studies of phosphine as a fumigant for dried fruit under tarpaulin cover. In E. J. Donahaye, S. Navarro, C. H. Bell, D. S. Jayas, R. T. Noyes, & T. W. Phillips (Eds.), Proc. Int. Conf. Controlled Atmosphere and Fumigation in Stored Products (Issue August, pp. 477–484). FTIC Ltd. Publishing.
  • Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, third ed. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion
  • Fukazawa, N., & Takahashi, R. (2017). Effect of time and concentration on mortality of the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F.), fumigated with phosphine. Beitrage Zur Tabakforschung International/ Contributions to Tobacco Research, 27(6), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1515/cttr-2017-0010
  • Guiné, R. P. F., Almeida, C. F. F., & Correia, P. M. R. (2015). Influence of packaging and storage on some properties of hazelnuts. Food Measure, 9, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-014-9206-3
  • Hagstrum, D.W., Klejdysz, T., Subramanyam, B., & Nawrot, J. (2013). Atlas of Stored-product Insects and Mites. 1st Edition, AACC International, Inc.
  • Hole, B. D., Bell, C. H., Mills, K. A., & Goodship, G. (1976). The toxicity of phosphine to all developmental stages of thirteen species of stored product beetles. Journal of Stored Products Research, 12(4), 235–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(76)90039-4
  • Kosmidis, I., Kenne Pagui, E.C., & Sartori, N. (2020). Mean and median bias reduction in generalized linear models. Statistics and Computing, 30, 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11222-019-09860-6
  • Lampiri, E., Agrafioti, P., & Athanassiou, C. G. (2021). Delayed mortality, resistance and the sweet spot, as the good, the bad and the ugly in phosphine use. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83463-y
  • Lenth, R.V. (2022). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means. R Package Version 1.8.1-1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans
  • Mbata, G. N., & Osuji, F. N. C. (1983). Some aspects of the biology of Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a pest of stored groundnuts in Nigeria. Journal of Stored Products Research, 19(3), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(83)90046-2
  • Mbata, G. N., Phillips, T. W., & Payton, M. (2004). Mortality of eggs of stored-product insects held under vacuum: Effects of pressure, temperature, and exposure time. Journal of Economic Entomology, 97(2), 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/97.2.695
  • Moraglio, S.T., Bosco, L., Pogolotti, C., & Tavella, L. (2018). Effect of ozone gas against life stages of Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in laboratory and a storehouse. Journal of Stored Products Research, 79, 132-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jspr.2018.10.006
  • Nakakita, H., & Winks, R. G. (1981). Phosphine resistance in immature stages of a laboratory selected strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 17(2), 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(81)90016-3 Ozman-Sullivan, S.K., Ocal, H., Celik, N., & Sullivan, G.T. (2009). Insect pests of stored hazelnuts in Samsun province, Turkey. Acta Horticulturae, 845, 515-520. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.845.79
  • Phillips, T. W., Bonjour, E. L., Payne, K., Noyes, R. T., Cuperus, G. W., Schmidt, C., & Mueller, D. K. (1999). Effects of exposure time, temperature and life stage on mortality of stored grain insects treated with cylinderized phosphine. Proceedings of the 7th International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection, 1, 320–325.
  • R Core Team (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
  • Rajendran, S., Nayak, K. R., & Anjum, S. S. (2001). The action of phosphine against the eggs of phosphine-resistant and susceptible strains of Rhyzopertha dominica F. Pest Management Science, 57(5), 422–426. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.283
  • Winks, R. G. (1984). The toxicity of phosphine to adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Time as a dosage factor. Journal of Stored Products Research, 20(1), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(84)90035-3
  • Winks, R. G. (1985). The toxicity of phosphine to adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst): Phosphine-induced narcosis. Journal of Stored Products Research, 21(1), 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(85)90056-6
  • Winks, R. G., & Waterford, C. J. (1986). The relationship between concentration and time in the toxicity of phosphine to adults of a resistant strain of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst). Journal of Stored Products Research, 22(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-474X(86)90024-X
  • Yasan, E., & Kiper, G. (1972). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi fındık depolarında ekonomik zararlara sebep olan Cadra cautella Walk. ve Plodia interpunctella Hbn. nın biyolojileri, zarar nisbetleri ve mücadeleleri üzerinde araştırmalar. T.C. Tarım Bakanlığı, Zirai Mücadele ve Zirai Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü, Zirai Mücadele Araştırma Yıllığı, 6, 71-73.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Entomology in Agriculture
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Güncan 0000-0003-1765-648X

Yunus Emre Altunç 0000-0001-5539-552X

Şaziye Karayar 0000-0002-8760-221X

Tuğba Nisa Bahat 0000-0002-8426-4542

Ekim Yüksel Sezer 0009-0001-8719-069X

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date July 17, 2023
Acceptance Date August 9, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Güncan, A., Altunç, Y. E., Karayar, Ş., Bahat, T. N., et al. (2023). Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 7(3), 540-549. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8
AMA Güncan A, Altunç YE, Karayar Ş, Bahat TN, Yüksel Sezer E. Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. September 2023;7(3):540-549. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8
Chicago Güncan, Ali, Yunus Emre Altunç, Şaziye Karayar, Tuğba Nisa Bahat, and Ekim Yüksel Sezer. “Optimizing Phosphine Fumigation Efficiency in Hazelnut Industry: Determining Optimal Exposure Time for Stored Product Pest Control”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 7, no. 3 (September 2023): 540-49. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8.
EndNote Güncan A, Altunç YE, Karayar Ş, Bahat TN, Yüksel Sezer E (September 1, 2023) Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 7 3 540–549.
IEEE A. Güncan, Y. E. Altunç, Ş. Karayar, T. N. Bahat, and E. Yüksel Sezer, “Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 540–549, 2023, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8.
ISNAD Güncan, Ali et al. “Optimizing Phosphine Fumigation Efficiency in Hazelnut Industry: Determining Optimal Exposure Time for Stored Product Pest Control”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 7/3 (September 2023), 540-549. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8.
JAMA Güncan A, Altunç YE, Karayar Ş, Bahat TN, Yüksel Sezer E. Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2023;7:540–549.
MLA Güncan, Ali et al. “Optimizing Phosphine Fumigation Efficiency in Hazelnut Industry: Determining Optimal Exposure Time for Stored Product Pest Control”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 7, no. 3, 2023, pp. 540-9, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2023.3.8.
Vancouver Güncan A, Altunç YE, Karayar Ş, Bahat TN, Yüksel Sezer E. Optimizing phosphine fumigation efficiency in hazelnut industry: Determining optimal exposure time for stored product pest control. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2023;7(3):540-9.
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