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The Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption on Unemployment: An Empirical Investigation on BRICS-T Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 633 - 653, 26.04.2024

Muhammet Daştan

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1412409

Abstract

Unemployment and environmental pollution are two significant obstacles to achieving long-term development goals in most countries. The literature generally agrees that shifting the basic dynamic of economic activity from fossil energy to renewable energy sources is necessary to solve these two problems simultaneously. This paper examines the dynamic influences of renewable energy (REN) consumption on unemployment in BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, South Africa, and Türkiye) countries using annual data spanning from 1991 to 2021. To this end, the bootstrap LM test is first used to evaluate the cointegration relationship between REN consumption, fossil fuel utilization, economic growth, and unemployment variables included in the econometric model to be estimated in the study. Then, the short and long-term connections between the analyzed variables are explored using the cross-sectionally augmented ARDL (CS-ARDL) model, which can produce consistent results when there is cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity and when the variables exhibit different stationarity properties. Findings from the bootstrap LM test provide evidence of a long run cointegration association between the variables. Moreover, the CS-ARDL model estimation results demonstrate a negative but statistically insignificant connection between REN consumption and unemployment and that economic growth and fossil fuel usage significantly reduce unemployment in the short and long run. These outcomes suggest that the proportion of REN in total energy consumption in BRICS-T nations has yet to reach a sufficient level to realize its potential to reduce unemployment and/or that the economies of these countries depend on traditional energy. The findings also confirm the validity of Okun's Law in the sample nations.

Keywords

Renewable energy consumption Unemployment Nonrenewable energy consumption Economic Growth BRICS-T countries

References

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Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme

Year 2024, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 633 - 653, 26.04.2024

Muhammet Daştan

https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1412409

Abstract

İşsizlik ve çevre kirliliği, çoğu ülke için uzun vadeli kalkınma hedeflerinin önündeki en büyük engellerden ikisini teşkil etmektedir. Literatürde bu iki sorunun aynı anda çözülebilmesi için ekonomik aktivitenin temel dinamiğinin fosil enerji kaynaklarından yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına evrilmesinin gerekliliği hususunda genel bir uzlaşı bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 1991-2021 dönemini kapsayan yıllık veriler kullanılarak BRICS-T (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Güney Afrika ve Türkiye’de) ülkelerinde yenilenebilir enerji (YEN) tüketiminin işsizlik üzerindeki dinamik etkileri incelenmektedir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, öncelikle çalışmada tahmin edilecek ekonometrik modele dahil edilen YEN tüketimi, fosil yakıt tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme ve işsizlik değişkenleri arasındaki eş bütünleşme ilişkisi, bootstrap LM testine dayalı olarak araştırılmaktadır. Ardından, değişkenler arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönemli etkileşimler, yatay kesit bağımlılığının ve eğim heterojenliğinin söz konusu olduğu ve değişkenlerin farklı durağanlık özellikleri sergilediği durumlarda tutarlı sonuçlar üretebilen kesitsel olarak genişletilmiş ARDL (CS-ARDL) modelinden faydalanılarak analiz edilmektedir. Bootstrap LM test sonuçları, değişkenler arasında uzun dönemli eş-bütünleşme ilişkisinin bulunduğu yönünde kanıt sunmaktadır. CS-ARDL model tahmininden elde edilen sonuçlar ise YEN tüketimi ile işsizlik arasında negatif yönlü ancak istatistiki açıdan anlamsız bir ilişkinin bulunduğunu, buna karşılık ekonomik büyüme ile fosil yakıt tüketiminin işsizliği kısa ve uzun dönemde anlamlı bir şekilde azalttığını ortaya koymaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, BRICS-T ülkelerinde YEN tüketiminin işsizliği azaltacak potansiyelini gerçekleştirebilmesi için toplam enerji tüketimi içerisindeki payının henüz yeterli düzeye ulaşmadığını ve/veya söz konusu ülke ekonomilerinin geleneksel enerjiye bağlı olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuçlar ayrıca, BRICS-T ülkelerinde Okun Yasasının geçerli olduğunu doğrulamaktadır.

Keywords

Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi İşsizlik Fosil yakıt tüketimi Ekonomik büyüme BRICS-T ülkeleri

References

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  • Alabed, Q. M. Q., Said, F. F., Karim, Z. A., Zaidi, M. A. S. and Mansour, M. (2022). Determinants of Unemployment in the MENA Region: New Evidence Using Dynamic Heterogeneous Panel Analysis. In International Conference on Advanced Machine Learning Technologies and Applications (s. 401-411). Cham: Springer International Publishing.
  • Álvarez, G. C., Jara, R. M., Julián, J. R. R. and Bielsa, J. I. G. (2010). Study of the effects on employment of public aid to renewable energy sources. Procesos de Mercado: Revista Europea de Economía Política, 7(1), 13-70.
  • Aminu, U., Abel, A. and Garba, A. R. (2022). Does the Okun's Law Hold in the BRICS Countries and Nigeria?. Economic and Financial Review, 60(2), 71-91.
  • Apergis, N. and Salim, R. (2015). Renewable energy consumption and unemployment: Evidence from a sample of 80 countries and nonlinear estimates. Applied Economics, 47(52), 5614-5633.
  • Arango, L. E. and Flórez, L. A. (2020). Determinants of structural unemployment in Colombia: A search approach. Empirical Economics, 58(5), 2431-2464.
  • Arvanitopoulos, T. and Agnolucci, P. (2020). The long-term effect of renewable electricity on employment in the United Kingdom. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134, 110322.
  • Aslani, A., Helo, P. and Naaranoja, M. (2014). Role of renewable energy policies in energy dependency in Finland: System dynamics approach. Applied Energy, 113, 758-765.
  • Azretbergenova, G. Ž., Syzdykov, B., Niyazov, T., Gulzhan, T. and Yskak, N. (2021). The relationship between renewable energy production and employment in European union countries: Panel data analysis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 20-26.
  • Barros, J. J. C., Coira, M. L., de la Cruz López, M. P. and del Caño Gochi, A. (2017). Comparative analysis of direct employment generated by renewable and non-renewable power plants. Energy, 139, 542-554.
  • Biagi, F. and Lucifora, C. (2008). Demographic and education effects on unemployment in Europe. Labour Economics, 15(5), 1076-1101.
  • Böhringer, C., Keller, A. and Van der Werf, E. (2013). Are green hopes too rosy? Employment and welfare impacts of renewable energy promotion. Energy Economics, 36, 277-285.
  • Breitung, J. (2005). A parametric approach to the estimation of cointegration vectors in panel data. Econometric Reviews, 24(2), 151-173.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Briggs, C., Atherton, A., Gill, J., Langdon, R., Rutovitz, J. and Nagrath, K. (2022). Building a ‘Fair and Fast’energy transition? Renewable energy employment, skill shortages and social licence in regional areas. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Transition, 2, 100039.
  • Cameron, L. and Van Der Zwaan, B. (2015). Employment factors for wind and solar energy technologies: A literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 45, 160-172.
  • Cheema, A. R. and Atta, A. (2014). Economic determinants of unemployment in Pakistan: Co-integration analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5(3), 209-221.
  • Chudik, A. and Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Common correlated effects estimation of heterogeneous dynamic panel data models with weakly exogenous regressors. Journal of Econometrics, 188(2), 393-420.
  • Çağlar, A. E. (2021). Çevresel bozulmaların bir göstergesi olarak karbon emisyonlarının durağanlığı: Karbon Histeri Hipotezi. (Doktora tezi). YÖK Tez Merkezi veri tabanından erişildi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
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  • Çaglar, A. E. and Yavuz, E. (2023). The role of environmental protection expenditures and renewable energy consumption in the context of ecological challenges: Insights from the European Union with the novel panel econometric approach. Journal of Environmental Management, 331, 117317.
  • Çaglar, A. E., Daştan, M., Bulut, E. and Marangoz, C. (2023a). Evaluating a pathway for environmental sustainability: The role of competitive industrial performance and renewable energy consumption in European countries. Sustainable Development.
  • Çaglar, A. E., Daştan, M., Mehmood, U. and Avci, S. B. (2023b). Assessing the connection between competitive industrial performance on load capacity factor within the LCC framework: Implications for sustainable policy in BRICS economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-18.
  • Çelik, O. (2021). Assessment of the relationship between renewable energy and employment of the United States of America: Empirical evidence from spectral Granger causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(11), 13047-13054.
  • Çoban, M. N. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve işsizlik arasındaki ilişki: ASEAN-5 ülkeleri için ekonometrik bir uygulama. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimleri Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(14), 1-10.
  • Destek, M. A., Ozsoy, F. N. and Ozpolat, A. (2020). Investigation on the job creation effect of green energy in OECD countries. Shahbaz, M. ve Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (Ed.) Econometrics of Green Energy Handbook: Economic and Technological Development, 131-149. Springer Nature, Switzerland.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Applied Macroeconometrics
Journal Section Economics
Authors

Muhammet Daştan 0000-0001-6067-8946

Publication Date April 26, 2024
Submission Date December 30, 2023
Acceptance Date March 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 23 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Daştan, M. (2024). Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin İşsizlik Üzerindeki Etkileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2), 633-653. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1412409
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