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Gender-Based Human Rights Violations Against Women in The Context of Natural Disasters

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 43, 931 - 952, 30.12.2022

Yunus Düger Murat Yaman

Abstract

Natural disasters and human rights are closely related. Natural disasters lead to violations of basic human rights of individuals such as the right to experience the right to benefit from qualified health services, the right to security and shelter. Natural disasters are also events that bring to light the already existing violations of human rights and inequalities in a society. Gender- based violence and discrimination, which is prevalent in some societies, especially against women and girls, increases with natural disasters. The most important factor underlying this increase is the social and cultural factors that support gender inequality and structure gender-based violence. In this study, the relationship between natural disasters and gender-based human rights violations against women and girls, which has been limited so far in local sources, is discussed. A literature review was conducted, mainly based on qualitative Research methods. On the other hand, foreign literature examining the relationship between natural disasters and gender-based violence and discrimination with quantitative methods was examined, and in these studies, a large amount of evidence was found that disasters affect women and girls disproportionately compared to men. In addition, alternative suggestions have been tried to be made regarding human rights violations against women within the scope of natural disasters.

Keywords

Human rights Natural disasters Disaster management Gender based violence

References

  • Ahmad, A. (2018). Conceptualizing Disasters from a Gender Perspective. D. P. O’Mathúna, V. Dranseika, B. Gordijn (Ed.), Advancing Global Bioethics - Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories içinde (ss. 105-117), Springer Nature.
  • Alston, M. ve diğ. (2014). Are Climate Challenges Reinforcing Child and Forced Marriage and Dowry as Adaptation Strategies in The Context of Bangladesh? Women’s Studies International Forum, 47(A), 137–144.
  • Asadullah, M. N., Islam, K. M. M. ve Wahhaj, Z. (2020). Child Marriage, Climate Vulnerability and Natural Disasters in Coastal Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(6), 948–967.
  • Atkinson, H. G. ve Bruce, J. (2015). Adolescent Girls, Human Rights and the Expanding Climate Emergency. Annals of Global Health, 81(3), 323-330. Doi: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.003
  • Begum, R. (1993). Women in Environmental Disasters: The 1991 Cyclone in Bangladesh. Focus on Gender, 1(1), 34–39.
  • Björkman-Nyqvist, M. (2013). Income Shocks and Gender Gaps in Education: Evidence from Uganda. Journal of Development Economics, 0(105), 237–253. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.07.013.
  • Bradley, T., Martin, Z., Upreti, B.R., Subedu, B. ve Shrestha, S. (2021). Gender and Disaster: The Impact of Natural Disasters on Violence Against Women in Nepal. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211062474
  • Bradshaw, S. ve Fordham, M. (2013). Women, Girls and Disasters, Project Report. London: Department for International Development.
  • CARE (2018). Women and Girls in Emergencies Report, CARE International, https://www.care.at/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CARE_Women-and-girls-in-emergencies_20181.pdf (11.07.2022).
  • Costa, K. D. (2014). Can The Observance of Human Rights Of İndividuals Enhance Their Resilience to Cope with Natural Disasters?. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 62-70.
  • De Stefani, P. (2017). Using Social Media in Natural Disaster Management: A Human-Rights Based Approach. Peace Human Rights Governance, 1(2), 195- 221.
  • Düger, Y. (2020). Demokrasi ve İnsan Hakları İkilemi. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Enarson, E. (1999). Violence Against Women in Disasters. Violence Against Women, 5(7), 742-768. Doi:10.1177/10778019922181464
  • Enarson, E. (2010). A Gendered Human Rights Approach to Rebuilding After Disaster. A. Awatona (Ed.), Rebuilding Sustainable Communities for Children and Their Families After Disaster: A Global Survey içinde (ss. 13-28), Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Enarson, E., & Fordham, M. (2001). From Women’s Needs to Women’s Rights in Disasters. Environmental Hazards, 3(3), 133–136.
  • Erman, A. Ve diğ. (2021). Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience. 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disasterriskmanagement/publication/gender-dynamics-of-disaster-risk-and-resilience (08.08.2022).
  • Fisher, S. (2010). Violence Against Women and Natural Disasters: Findings from Post-Tsunami Sri Lanka. Violence Against Women, 16(8), 902–918.
  • Freccero, J. ve Taylor, A. (2021). Child Marriage in Humanitarian Crises: Girls and Parents Speak Out on Risk and Protective Factors, Decision-Making, and Solutions. Berkeley: Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, Information and Research Center King Hussein Foundation, Plan International UK, Save the Children.
  • Gaillard J.C., Sanz K., Balgos, B.C., Dalisay, S.N.M., Gorman-Murray, A., Smith, F., Toelupe, V. (2016). Beyond Men and Women: A Critical Perspective on Gender and Disaster. Disasters, 41(3), 429–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12209
  • Gearhart, S., Perez-Patron, M., Hammond, T.A. (2018). The Impact of Natural Disasters on Domestic Violence: An Analysis of Reports of Simple Assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence and Gender, 5(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077
  • Horton, L. (2012). After The Earthquake: Gender Inequality and Transformation in Post-Disaster Haiti. Gender& Development, 20(2), 295-308.
  • Hyndman, J. (2008). Feminism, Conflict and Disasters in Post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Gender, Technology and Development, 12(1), 101–121.
  • IASC (2006). Protecting Persons Affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters. Washington: Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).
  • IASC (2011). IASC Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters. Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, Washington: Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).
  • IFRC (2015). Unseen, Unheard: Gender-based Violence in Disasters, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
  • Ikeda, K. (1995). Gender Differences in Human Loss and Vulnerability in Natural Disasters: A Case Study from Bangladesh, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2(2), 171-193.
  • International Disaster Law Project (2018). Gender Based Violence in Disasters Information Sheet. Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies.
  • Izquierdo, E. (2015). A Gender Approach to Vulnerability and Natural Disasters. City University of New York ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Izumi, K. (2007). Gender-Based Violence and Property Grabbing in Africa: A Denial of Women’s Liberty and Security, Gender & Development, 15(1), 11-23.
  • Kuçuradi, İ. (2007a). İnsan Hakları Kavramları ve Sorunları. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumları Yayınları.
  • Kuçuradi, İ. (2007b). İnsan Hakları: Kavramı ve Çeşitleri. İnsan Hakları Konferans, Panel ve Sempozyumlar içinde (27-45), Ankara: Ankara Barosu İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Kumala Dewi, L. P. R. ve Dartanto, T. (2018). Natural Disasters and Girls Vulnerability: Is Child Marriage a Coping Strategy of Economic Shocks in Indonesia? Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14 (1), 1–12.
  • Lemmon, G.T. (2014). Fragile States, Fragile Lives: Child Marriage Amid Disaster and Conflict. Working Paper. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Munesue T. (2016). Nuclear Disaster Management and Human Rights: Lessons from the Fukushima Accident. Journal Of Law and Politics, 64(1), 361-311.
  • Klein, A. (2009). Sexual Violence in Disasters. A Planning Guide for Prevention and Response. Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual Assault (LaFASA) ve National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC) raporu. https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/2012-04/Publications_NSVRC_Guides_Sexual-Violence-in-Disasters_A-planning-guide-for-prevention-and-response_0.pdf
  • Neumayer, E. ve Thomas, P. (2007). The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy 1981–2002. Annals of the association of American Geographers, 97(3), 551-566.
  • Noy, I. (2018). The Ethical Content of the Economic Analysis of Disasters: Price Gouging and Post-Disaster Recovery. D. P. O’Mathúna, V. Dranseika, B. Gordijn (Ed.), Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories içinde (ss. 55-68), Switzerland: Springer
  • Oxfam International (2005). The Tsunami’s Impact on Women, Oxfam Briefing Note, https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/115038/bn-tsunami-impact-on-women-250305-en.pdf. (06.06.2022).
  • Parkinson D. ve Zara C. (2013). The Hidden Disaster: Domestic Violence in The Aftermath of Natural Disaster. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 28, 28-35.
  • Puspita, N.Y. (2010). Legal Analysis of Human Rights Protection in Times of Natural Disaster and Its Implementation in Indonesia. Asian Law Institute, National University of Singaporec, Working Paper Series No. 013.
  • Schlecht, J., Rowley, E. ve Babirye, J. (2013). Early Relationships and Marriage in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings: Vulnerability of Youth in Uganda. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 234-242.
  • Sommario, E. ve Venier, S. (2018). Human Rights Law and Disaster Risk Reduction. Questions of International Law, 1(2), 29-47.
  • Storrier-Aronsson M. (2017) Sanitation, Human Rights and Disaster Management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(5), 514-525.
  • Tepe, H. (2009). Sosyal Haklar ve İnsan Hakları: Sosyal ve Ekonomik Haklar Olmadan İnsan Hakları Korunabilir Mi?. Nergis M., Mehmet Z. ve diğ. (Ed.), Akdeniz Üniversitesi I. Sosyal Haklar Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildiriler içinde (ss. 97-104), Ankara: Belediye İş Sendikası Yayınları.
  • Terry, G. (2007). Gender-Based Violence. Oxfam GB Practical Action Publishing.
  • UNFPA/UNICEF (2020). Child Marriage in Humanitarian Settings in South Asia: Study Results from Bangladesh and Nepal. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Asia Pacific Regional Office, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Regional Office.
  • UNHCR (2011). Action against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: An Updated Strategy. UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).
  • UNISDR (2015). Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçevesi (2015-2030). Birleşmiş Milletler, Afet Risk Azaltma Uluslararası Ofisi (UNISDR). https://uclg-mewa.org/sendai-afet-risk-azaltma-cercevesi-2015-2030/ (08.07.2022).
  • USAID (2014). Guide to Education in Natural Disasters: How Usaid Supports Education in Crises. United States Agency for International Development (USAID). https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2020_USAID_Guide-to-Education-In-Natural-Disasters.pdf (10.07.2022).
  • Varol, N. ve Gültekin, T. (2016). Afet Antropolojisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (59), 0-0. DOI: 10.17755/esosder.263244
  • Vision World (2013). Untying the Knot: Exploring Early Marriage in Fragile States, Research Report. London: World Vision UK.
  • Walby, S. (2004). The Costs of Domestic Violence. Leeds: Women and Equality Unit, University of Leeds.
  • WHO (2002). Gender and Health in Disasters. World Health Organization (WHO), www.who.int/gender/other_health/genderdisasters.pdf (01.08.2022).
  • World Disasters Report (2020). Come Heat or High Water. The İnternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. https://www.ifrc.org/document/world-disasters-report-2020 (15.07.2022).

Doğal Afetler Bağlamında Kadına Yönelik Cinsiyet Temelli İnsan Hakları İhlalleri

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 43, 931 - 952, 30.12.2022

Yunus Düger Murat Yaman

Abstract

Doğal afetler ve insan hakları karşılıklı yakın ilişki içerisindedir. Doğal afetler yaşama hakkı, nitelikli sağlık hizmetlerin yararlanma hakkı, güvenlik ve barınma hakkı gibi, kişilerin temel insan haklarına yönelik ihlallere yol açmaktadır. Doğal afetler aynı zamanda bir toplumda zaten daha önceden mevcut olan insan haklarına yönelik aykırılıkları ve eşitsizlikleri gün yüzüne çıkaran olaylardır. Bazı toplumlarda özellikle kadınlara ve kız çocuklarına yönelik yaygınlık gösteren cinsiyete dayalı şiddet ve ayrımcılık doğal afetlerle birlikte daha fazla artış göstermektedir. Bu artışın temelinde yatan en önemli unsur, cinsiyet eşitsizliğini destekleyen ve cinsiyete dayalı şiddeti yapılandıran sosyal ve kültürel faktörlerdir. Bu çalışmada yerel kaynaklarda şimdiye kadar sınırlı ele alınan doğal afetler ile cinsiyet temelli kadınlara ve kız çocuklarına yönelik insan hakları ihlalleri arasındaki ilişki ele alınmıştır. Ağırlıklı olarak nitel araştırma yöntemlerine dayalı bir literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Diğer yandan doğal afetler ile cinsiyete dayalı şiddet ve ayrımcılık arasındaki ilişkiyi nicel yöntemlerle inceleyen yabancı literatüre bakılmış ve bu çalışmalarda afetlerin, kadınları ve kız çocukları erkeklere kıyasla orantısız bir şekilde etkilediğine yönelik çok sayıda kanıtlara rastlanmıştır. Ayrıca doğal afetler kapsamında kadınlara yönelik insan hakları ihlalleri ile ilgili alternatif öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

İnsan Hakları Doğal afetler Afet Yönetimi Cinsiyete Dayalı Şiddet. Human rights Natural disasters Disaster management Gender based violence

References

  • Ahmad, A. (2018). Conceptualizing Disasters from a Gender Perspective. D. P. O’Mathúna, V. Dranseika, B. Gordijn (Ed.), Advancing Global Bioethics - Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories içinde (ss. 105-117), Springer Nature.
  • Alston, M. ve diğ. (2014). Are Climate Challenges Reinforcing Child and Forced Marriage and Dowry as Adaptation Strategies in The Context of Bangladesh? Women’s Studies International Forum, 47(A), 137–144.
  • Asadullah, M. N., Islam, K. M. M. ve Wahhaj, Z. (2020). Child Marriage, Climate Vulnerability and Natural Disasters in Coastal Bangladesh. Journal of Biosocial Science, 53(6), 948–967.
  • Atkinson, H. G. ve Bruce, J. (2015). Adolescent Girls, Human Rights and the Expanding Climate Emergency. Annals of Global Health, 81(3), 323-330. Doi: 10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.003
  • Begum, R. (1993). Women in Environmental Disasters: The 1991 Cyclone in Bangladesh. Focus on Gender, 1(1), 34–39.
  • Björkman-Nyqvist, M. (2013). Income Shocks and Gender Gaps in Education: Evidence from Uganda. Journal of Development Economics, 0(105), 237–253. Doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2013.07.013.
  • Bradley, T., Martin, Z., Upreti, B.R., Subedu, B. ve Shrestha, S. (2021). Gender and Disaster: The Impact of Natural Disasters on Violence Against Women in Nepal. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00219096211062474
  • Bradshaw, S. ve Fordham, M. (2013). Women, Girls and Disasters, Project Report. London: Department for International Development.
  • CARE (2018). Women and Girls in Emergencies Report, CARE International, https://www.care.at/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CARE_Women-and-girls-in-emergencies_20181.pdf (11.07.2022).
  • Costa, K. D. (2014). Can The Observance of Human Rights Of İndividuals Enhance Their Resilience to Cope with Natural Disasters?. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18, 62-70.
  • De Stefani, P. (2017). Using Social Media in Natural Disaster Management: A Human-Rights Based Approach. Peace Human Rights Governance, 1(2), 195- 221.
  • Düger, Y. (2020). Demokrasi ve İnsan Hakları İkilemi. İstanbul: Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Enarson, E. (1999). Violence Against Women in Disasters. Violence Against Women, 5(7), 742-768. Doi:10.1177/10778019922181464
  • Enarson, E. (2010). A Gendered Human Rights Approach to Rebuilding After Disaster. A. Awatona (Ed.), Rebuilding Sustainable Communities for Children and Their Families After Disaster: A Global Survey içinde (ss. 13-28), Newcastle, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Enarson, E., & Fordham, M. (2001). From Women’s Needs to Women’s Rights in Disasters. Environmental Hazards, 3(3), 133–136.
  • Erman, A. Ve diğ. (2021). Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience. 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disasterriskmanagement/publication/gender-dynamics-of-disaster-risk-and-resilience (08.08.2022).
  • Fisher, S. (2010). Violence Against Women and Natural Disasters: Findings from Post-Tsunami Sri Lanka. Violence Against Women, 16(8), 902–918.
  • Freccero, J. ve Taylor, A. (2021). Child Marriage in Humanitarian Crises: Girls and Parents Speak Out on Risk and Protective Factors, Decision-Making, and Solutions. Berkeley: Human Rights Center at the University of California, Berkeley, Information and Research Center King Hussein Foundation, Plan International UK, Save the Children.
  • Gaillard J.C., Sanz K., Balgos, B.C., Dalisay, S.N.M., Gorman-Murray, A., Smith, F., Toelupe, V. (2016). Beyond Men and Women: A Critical Perspective on Gender and Disaster. Disasters, 41(3), 429–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12209
  • Gearhart, S., Perez-Patron, M., Hammond, T.A. (2018). The Impact of Natural Disasters on Domestic Violence: An Analysis of Reports of Simple Assault in Florida (1999–2007). Violence and Gender, 5(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0077
  • Horton, L. (2012). After The Earthquake: Gender Inequality and Transformation in Post-Disaster Haiti. Gender& Development, 20(2), 295-308.
  • Hyndman, J. (2008). Feminism, Conflict and Disasters in Post-tsunami Sri Lanka. Gender, Technology and Development, 12(1), 101–121.
  • IASC (2006). Protecting Persons Affected by Natural Disasters: IASC Operational Guidelines on Human Rights and Natural Disasters. Washington: Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).
  • IASC (2011). IASC Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters. Brookings-Bern Project on Internal Displacement, Washington: Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC).
  • IFRC (2015). Unseen, Unheard: Gender-based Violence in Disasters, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC).
  • Ikeda, K. (1995). Gender Differences in Human Loss and Vulnerability in Natural Disasters: A Case Study from Bangladesh, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 2(2), 171-193.
  • International Disaster Law Project (2018). Gender Based Violence in Disasters Information Sheet. Red Cross and Red Crescent National Societies.
  • Izquierdo, E. (2015). A Gender Approach to Vulnerability and Natural Disasters. City University of New York ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
  • Izumi, K. (2007). Gender-Based Violence and Property Grabbing in Africa: A Denial of Women’s Liberty and Security, Gender & Development, 15(1), 11-23.
  • Kuçuradi, İ. (2007a). İnsan Hakları Kavramları ve Sorunları. Ankara: Türkiye Felsefe Kurumları Yayınları.
  • Kuçuradi, İ. (2007b). İnsan Hakları: Kavramı ve Çeşitleri. İnsan Hakları Konferans, Panel ve Sempozyumlar içinde (27-45), Ankara: Ankara Barosu İnsan Hakları Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Kumala Dewi, L. P. R. ve Dartanto, T. (2018). Natural Disasters and Girls Vulnerability: Is Child Marriage a Coping Strategy of Economic Shocks in Indonesia? Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 14 (1), 1–12.
  • Lemmon, G.T. (2014). Fragile States, Fragile Lives: Child Marriage Amid Disaster and Conflict. Working Paper. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
  • Munesue T. (2016). Nuclear Disaster Management and Human Rights: Lessons from the Fukushima Accident. Journal Of Law and Politics, 64(1), 361-311.
  • Klein, A. (2009). Sexual Violence in Disasters. A Planning Guide for Prevention and Response. Louisiana Foundation Against Sexual Assault (LaFASA) ve National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC) raporu. https://www.nsvrc.org/sites/default/files/2012-04/Publications_NSVRC_Guides_Sexual-Violence-in-Disasters_A-planning-guide-for-prevention-and-response_0.pdf
  • Neumayer, E. ve Thomas, P. (2007). The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy 1981–2002. Annals of the association of American Geographers, 97(3), 551-566.
  • Noy, I. (2018). The Ethical Content of the Economic Analysis of Disasters: Price Gouging and Post-Disaster Recovery. D. P. O’Mathúna, V. Dranseika, B. Gordijn (Ed.), Disasters: Core Concepts and Ethical Theories içinde (ss. 55-68), Switzerland: Springer
  • Oxfam International (2005). The Tsunami’s Impact on Women, Oxfam Briefing Note, https://oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10546/115038/bn-tsunami-impact-on-women-250305-en.pdf. (06.06.2022).
  • Parkinson D. ve Zara C. (2013). The Hidden Disaster: Domestic Violence in The Aftermath of Natural Disaster. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, 28, 28-35.
  • Puspita, N.Y. (2010). Legal Analysis of Human Rights Protection in Times of Natural Disaster and Its Implementation in Indonesia. Asian Law Institute, National University of Singaporec, Working Paper Series No. 013.
  • Schlecht, J., Rowley, E. ve Babirye, J. (2013). Early Relationships and Marriage in Conflict and Post-Conflict Settings: Vulnerability of Youth in Uganda. Reproductive Health Matters, 21(41), 234-242.
  • Sommario, E. ve Venier, S. (2018). Human Rights Law and Disaster Risk Reduction. Questions of International Law, 1(2), 29-47.
  • Storrier-Aronsson M. (2017) Sanitation, Human Rights and Disaster Management. Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(5), 514-525.
  • Tepe, H. (2009). Sosyal Haklar ve İnsan Hakları: Sosyal ve Ekonomik Haklar Olmadan İnsan Hakları Korunabilir Mi?. Nergis M., Mehmet Z. ve diğ. (Ed.), Akdeniz Üniversitesi I. Sosyal Haklar Uluslararası Sempozyumu Bildiriler içinde (ss. 97-104), Ankara: Belediye İş Sendikası Yayınları.
  • Terry, G. (2007). Gender-Based Violence. Oxfam GB Practical Action Publishing.
  • UNFPA/UNICEF (2020). Child Marriage in Humanitarian Settings in South Asia: Study Results from Bangladesh and Nepal. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Asia Pacific Regional Office, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Regional Office.
  • UNHCR (2011). Action against Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: An Updated Strategy. UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).
  • UNISDR (2015). Sendai Afet Risk Azaltma Çerçevesi (2015-2030). Birleşmiş Milletler, Afet Risk Azaltma Uluslararası Ofisi (UNISDR). https://uclg-mewa.org/sendai-afet-risk-azaltma-cercevesi-2015-2030/ (08.07.2022).
  • USAID (2014). Guide to Education in Natural Disasters: How Usaid Supports Education in Crises. United States Agency for International Development (USAID). https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2020_USAID_Guide-to-Education-In-Natural-Disasters.pdf (10.07.2022).
  • Varol, N. ve Gültekin, T. (2016). Afet Antropolojisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (59), 0-0. DOI: 10.17755/esosder.263244
  • Vision World (2013). Untying the Knot: Exploring Early Marriage in Fragile States, Research Report. London: World Vision UK.
  • Walby, S. (2004). The Costs of Domestic Violence. Leeds: Women and Equality Unit, University of Leeds.
  • WHO (2002). Gender and Health in Disasters. World Health Organization (WHO), www.who.int/gender/other_health/genderdisasters.pdf (01.08.2022).
  • World Disasters Report (2020). Come Heat or High Water. The İnternational Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. https://www.ifrc.org/document/world-disasters-report-2020 (15.07.2022).
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yunus Düger 0000-0003-3077-6793

Murat Yaman

Publication Date December 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 24 Issue: 43

Cite

APA Düger, Y., & Yaman, M. (2022). Doğal Afetler Bağlamında Kadına Yönelik Cinsiyet Temelli İnsan Hakları İhlalleri. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 24(43), 931-952.

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