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TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 67 - 86, 27.06.2018

Abstract

Günümüzde
ileri görüntüleme teknolojisi tıbbi teşhis ve gelişmiş hasta bakımı için yeni
ufuklar açmıştır. Sağlık sektöründe önemli ölçüde kullanılan tıbbi görüntüleme
analizleriyle tıbbi müdahale yapmaksızın insan bedeninin işleyiş ve yapısının
resmi çekilerek görüntülenebilmesi olanaklı hale gelmekte ve bu sayede insan
bedeni, organı ve hücreleri hakkında genel bilgi edinilebilmektedir. Bu
sistemler, iyi tıbbi uygulamaları destekler, sağlık hizmetlerinin sunumunu
iyileştirebilir ve daha güvenli, daha verimli, adil, düşük maliyetli bakımı
teşvik edebilir. Sağlık endüstrisinde görüntüleme teknolojilerin sayısındaki
artış, toplumun tıbbi görüntüleme teknolojilerine artan eğilimi, nüfus artışı
ve yaşlanması gibi nedenler tüm dünyada tıbbi görüntüleme hizmetlerinin
maliyetlerini arttırmaktadır. Hastanelerde tıbbi görüntüleme teknolojileri
maliyet ve kullanım açısından gittikçe önem kazanmaktadır. Günümüzde
hastanelerin toplam yatırım harcamalarının yaklaşık %50’lik kısmını tıbbi
görüntüleme cihazlarına yapılan yatırımlar oluşturmaktadır. Diğer taraftan
teşhis testlerinin masrafları genelde tüm sağlık masraflarının yaklaşık %10'unu
oluşturmaktadır. Tıbbi görüntüleme teknolojilerinin hem yüksek maliyetli oluşu
hem de insan sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz etkileri bu teknolojilere olan
bağımlılığın gözden geçirilmesini gerekli kılmaktadır. Özellikle tıbbi
görüntüleme teknolojilerinin maliyetli ve Türkiye’nin tıbbi cihazlar temini
konusunda önemli ölçüde dışa bağımlılığı nedeniyle tıbbi cihazlara yapılacak yatırımlar
ve bunların kullanımı konusunda model geliştirilmesi hem sağlık hizmeti
kullanıcıları hem sağlık kuruluşları hem de ülke ekonomisi açısından oldukça
önemlidir. Bu çalışma kapsamında öncelikle tıbbi görüntüleme teknolojileri
hakkında genel literatür bilgisi sunulmuştur. Sonrasında bu teknolojilerin
maddi ve insan sağlığı üzerindeki etkileri ele alınmış ve aşırı kullanımını düşürmek için
yapılabilecekler ortaya konulmuştur.

References

  • America’s Health Insurance Plans, (2008) Ensuring Quality through Appropriate Use of Diagnostic Imaging Mart 2017, http://www.medsolutions.com/clinical _quality/facts/AHIP%20200 8%20Imaging%20Stats.pdf.
  • American College of Radiology, (2009) ACR appropriateness criteria Mart 2017, https://www.acr.org/ Quality-Safety/Appropriateness-Criteria.
  • American Nuclear Society, (2014). Medical Use of Radioisotopes. Mart 2017, http://www.nuclearconnect.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/Medical_Use_of_Radioiso topes web.pdf.
  • Azpiroz-Leehan, J., Mendez, M. C. ve Licona, F. M. (2007). Analysis of the medical imaging services at three hospitals of the Mexican national health system. Journal of Medical Systems, 31: 288-294.
  • Canadian Association of Radiologists, (2012) CAR diagnostic imaging referral guidelines Mart 2017, www.car.ca/en/standards-guidelines/guidelines.aspx.
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2008). Medical imaging in Canada Ottawa. Ontario:CIHI.
  • Chou, R., Deyo, R. A. ve Jarvik, J. G. (2012). Appropriate use of lumbar imaging for evaluation of low back pain. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 50(4): 569-585.
  • Clendenin, B. R., Conlon, H. A., ve Burns, C. (2017). Overuse of diagnostic imaging for work-related injuries. Workplace health & safety, 65(2): 54-56.
  • Cruz, C.O. ve Marques, R.C. (2013). Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships: Decision, Management and Development, Verlag Berlin: Springer.
  • Çilek, S., ve Dirican, S. (2008). Koyun Karkaslarının Derecelendirilmesinde Ultrasonografik Yöntemlerin Kullanımı. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
  • Del Rosario Pérez, M. (2015). Referral criteria and clinical decision support: radiological protection aspects for justification. Annals of the ICRP, 44(1), 276-287.
  • Doi, K. (2006). Diagnostic imaging over the last 50 years: research and development in medical imaging science and technology. Physics In Medicine and Biology, 51(13): 5-27.
  • Duncan J.R., Swensen S., DeMers B., Wagner C. ve Theel A. (2015). Campaign to Improve Medical Imaging for Our Nation’s Children. Mart2017,https://www.childrenshospitals.org//media/Files/CHA/Main/Events/2015/Conferences/Quality/Posters/quality2015_poster174_100K_Children_A_Campaign_to_Improve_Medical_Imaging_for_Our_Nations_Children_ePoster.pdf.
  • Duszak, R. (2012). Medical imaging: is the growth boom over?. The Neiman Report, 1: 1-7.
  • Editorial G. ve Sollicit E. (2013). Appropriateness of imaging in Canada. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, 64: 82-84.
  • European Science Foundation (ESF). (2007). Medical imaging for improved patient care. Science Policy Briefıng, 28(September), 1-8.
  • Fabricant, P. D., Berkes, M. B., Dy, C. J., ve Bogner, E. A. (2012). Diagnostic medical imaging radiation exposure and risk of development of solid and hematologic malignancy. Orthopedics, 35(5): 415-420.
  • Fine, B. ve Dhanoa, D. (2014). Imaging appropriateness criteria Why Canadian family physicians should care. Canadian Family Physician, 60(3): 217-218.
  • Hendee, W. R., Becker, G. J., Borgstede, J. P., Bosma, J., Casarella, W. J., Erickson, B. A., ... & Wallner, P. E. (2010). Addressing overutilization in medical imaging. Radiology, 257(1): 240-245.
  • Hricak, H., Brenner, D. J., Adelstein, S. J., Frush, D. P., Hall, E. J., Howell, R. W., ... ve Thrall, J. H. (2011). Managing radiation use in medical imaging: a multifaceted challenge. Radiology, 258(3): 889-905.
  • Iglehart JK. (2009). Health insurers and medical-imaging policy—a work in progress. N Engl J Med, 360:1030-1037.
  • Jabali, A. K., Farid, K. Y., Matani, A. A. ve Al Mulhim, F. (2015). Key factors influencing the usage of MRG in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Computer Science, 65: 562-571.
  • Jame, S. Z. B., Majdzadeh, R., Sari, A. A., Rashidian, A., Arab, M. ve Rahmani, H. (2014). Indications and overuse of computed tomography in minor head trauma. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(5): 1-6.
  • James, A. P. ve Dasarathy, B. V. (2014). Medical image fusion: a survey of the state of the art. Information Fusion, 19: 4-11.
  • Keshtkaran, A., Bagheri, M., Ostovar, R., Salari, H., Farrokhi, M. R., Esfandiari, A. ve Yousefimanesh, H. (2012). Developing criteria for lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRG) using RAND appropriateness method (RAM). Iranian Journal of Radiology, 9(3): 130-138.
  • Krupinski, E. A. ve Jiang, Y. (2008). Anniversary paper: evaluation of medical imaging systems. Medical Physics, 35(2): 645-659.
  • Kuijpers, F. A. (1995). The role of technology in future medical imaging. Medicamundi, 40: 181-189.
  • Mayor, S. (2010). US Report Calls for National Strategy to Reduce Overuse of Medical İmaging. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 341: 46-58.
  • Medical Imaging (NEMA). (2006). How medical imaging has transformed health care in the U.S.. Temmuz 2017, www.medicalimaging.org.
  • Medical Imaging Team. (2012). Appropriate use of medical imaging in Canada.Medical Imaging Team Day, 17: 1-8.
  • Meme Vakfı (Meva) (2017). Mamografi Mart 2017, http://www.memekanseri.org.tr/mamografi/.
  • Mills, A. M., Raja, A. S., & Marin, J. R. (2015). Optimizing diagnostic imaging in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 22(5): 625-631.
  • Morrison A. Appropriate Utilization of Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Procedures: CT, MRI, and PET/CT [Environmental Scan Issue 39]. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.
  • Mumcu, A. (2017). Ultrason nedir?, Mart 2017, http://www.mumcu.com/ultrason-nedir/.
  • National Partnership for Women & Families, (2009) Overuse, Underuse and Misuse of Medical Care Mart 2017, http://go.nationalpartnership.org/site/ DocServer/Three_Categories_of_Quality.pdf.
  • Newman-Toker, D. E., McDonald, K. M., Meltzer, D. O., Newman-Toker, D. E., Butchy, G. T., Lehmann, H. P., ... ve Frick, K. D. (2013). How much diagnostic safety can we afford, and how should we decide? A health economics perspective. BMJ quality & safety, 22(2): 11-20.
  • OECD (2017A), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRG) units (indicator). Nisan 2017, doi: 10.1787/1a72e7d1-en.
  • OECD (2017B), Computed tomography (CT) scanners (indicator). Nisan 2017, doi: 10.1787/bedece12-en.
  • Oikarinen, H., Meriläinen, S., Pääkkö, E., Karttunen, A., Nieminen, M. T., ve Tervonen, O. (2009). Unjustified CT examinations in young patients. European radiology, 19(5): 1161-1165.
  • Orhan, O. (2008). Magnetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG)’nin Klinik Uygulamaları ve Endikasyonları. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2):31-40
  • Pan, M., Yang, X., ve Tang, J. (2012). Research on interpolation methods in medical image processing. Journal of Medical Systems, 36: 777-807.
  • Pavli, A. (2010). Nem medical technology and Greek society: A history of issue in the scientific, technical and daily press. Master dissertation, National and Technical
  • Radsite, (2011). Consumer Guide to Imaging Modalities Benefits and Risks of Common Medical Imaging Procedures, Mart 2017, http://schoonerstrategies.com/sites/default/files/Modality. pdf.
  • Rao, V. M. ve Levin, D. C. (2012). The overuse of diagnostic imaging and the Choosing Wisely initiative. Annals of internal medicine, 157(8): 574-576.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2015). Sağlık İstatistik Yıllığı, Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı.
  • Smith-Bindman, R., Miglioretti, D. L., Johnson, E., Lee, C., Feigelson, H. S., Flynn, M., ... ve Solberg, L. I. (2012). Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010. Jama, 307(22): 2400-2409.
  • Sonğur, C., ve Top, M. (2016). Regional clustering of medical imaging technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 61: 333-343.
  • Strzelecki, M. (2013). Medical imaging introduction to medical imaging. Kasım 2017, http://mstrzel.eletel.p.lodz.pl/mstrzel/mi_ife/pdf/mi_1.pdf.
  • Student, D. (2013). Hospital Switching and Duplicate Tests: Can Health Information Exchange Reduce Redundant Testing? Mart 2017, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hospital-Switching-and-Duplicate-Tests-Can-Health STUDENT/d620668618cf7f4a882c31e2f9e b448f3e8a8c5c.
  • Trabzon Kamu Hastaneler Birliği Genel Sekreterliği, (2017) MR (Emar) Nedir? Hangi Amaçla Yapılır?Mart 2017, http://www.akcaabatdh.gov.tr/detay.php?id =598&cid=156.
  • University of Athens (2015) Kasım 2015, http://www.hpst.phs.uoa.gr/ESST/files/thesis/Pavli_ESST_Thesis.pdf.
  • Wagner C., Theel A., DeMers B. ve Wilson D. (2014). 100K Children Campaign: Safe Imaging for Children. Washington State Hospital Association: USA.
  • Watson, L. ve Odle, T. G. (2013). Patient safety and quality in medical imaging: The radiologic Technologist's role. Albuquerque, NM: American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 67 - 86, 27.06.2018

Abstract

References

  • America’s Health Insurance Plans, (2008) Ensuring Quality through Appropriate Use of Diagnostic Imaging Mart 2017, http://www.medsolutions.com/clinical _quality/facts/AHIP%20200 8%20Imaging%20Stats.pdf.
  • American College of Radiology, (2009) ACR appropriateness criteria Mart 2017, https://www.acr.org/ Quality-Safety/Appropriateness-Criteria.
  • American Nuclear Society, (2014). Medical Use of Radioisotopes. Mart 2017, http://www.nuclearconnect.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/09/Medical_Use_of_Radioiso topes web.pdf.
  • Azpiroz-Leehan, J., Mendez, M. C. ve Licona, F. M. (2007). Analysis of the medical imaging services at three hospitals of the Mexican national health system. Journal of Medical Systems, 31: 288-294.
  • Canadian Association of Radiologists, (2012) CAR diagnostic imaging referral guidelines Mart 2017, www.car.ca/en/standards-guidelines/guidelines.aspx.
  • Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI). (2008). Medical imaging in Canada Ottawa. Ontario:CIHI.
  • Chou, R., Deyo, R. A. ve Jarvik, J. G. (2012). Appropriate use of lumbar imaging for evaluation of low back pain. Radiologic Clinics of North America, 50(4): 569-585.
  • Clendenin, B. R., Conlon, H. A., ve Burns, C. (2017). Overuse of diagnostic imaging for work-related injuries. Workplace health & safety, 65(2): 54-56.
  • Cruz, C.O. ve Marques, R.C. (2013). Infrastructure Public-Private Partnerships: Decision, Management and Development, Verlag Berlin: Springer.
  • Çilek, S., ve Dirican, S. (2008). Koyun Karkaslarının Derecelendirilmesinde Ultrasonografik Yöntemlerin Kullanımı. Türkiye 10. Gıda Kongresi; 21-23 Mayıs 2008, Erzurum.
  • Del Rosario Pérez, M. (2015). Referral criteria and clinical decision support: radiological protection aspects for justification. Annals of the ICRP, 44(1), 276-287.
  • Doi, K. (2006). Diagnostic imaging over the last 50 years: research and development in medical imaging science and technology. Physics In Medicine and Biology, 51(13): 5-27.
  • Duncan J.R., Swensen S., DeMers B., Wagner C. ve Theel A. (2015). Campaign to Improve Medical Imaging for Our Nation’s Children. Mart2017,https://www.childrenshospitals.org//media/Files/CHA/Main/Events/2015/Conferences/Quality/Posters/quality2015_poster174_100K_Children_A_Campaign_to_Improve_Medical_Imaging_for_Our_Nations_Children_ePoster.pdf.
  • Duszak, R. (2012). Medical imaging: is the growth boom over?. The Neiman Report, 1: 1-7.
  • Editorial G. ve Sollicit E. (2013). Appropriateness of imaging in Canada. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, 64: 82-84.
  • European Science Foundation (ESF). (2007). Medical imaging for improved patient care. Science Policy Briefıng, 28(September), 1-8.
  • Fabricant, P. D., Berkes, M. B., Dy, C. J., ve Bogner, E. A. (2012). Diagnostic medical imaging radiation exposure and risk of development of solid and hematologic malignancy. Orthopedics, 35(5): 415-420.
  • Fine, B. ve Dhanoa, D. (2014). Imaging appropriateness criteria Why Canadian family physicians should care. Canadian Family Physician, 60(3): 217-218.
  • Hendee, W. R., Becker, G. J., Borgstede, J. P., Bosma, J., Casarella, W. J., Erickson, B. A., ... & Wallner, P. E. (2010). Addressing overutilization in medical imaging. Radiology, 257(1): 240-245.
  • Hricak, H., Brenner, D. J., Adelstein, S. J., Frush, D. P., Hall, E. J., Howell, R. W., ... ve Thrall, J. H. (2011). Managing radiation use in medical imaging: a multifaceted challenge. Radiology, 258(3): 889-905.
  • Iglehart JK. (2009). Health insurers and medical-imaging policy—a work in progress. N Engl J Med, 360:1030-1037.
  • Jabali, A. K., Farid, K. Y., Matani, A. A. ve Al Mulhim, F. (2015). Key factors influencing the usage of MRG in Saudi Arabia. Procedia Computer Science, 65: 562-571.
  • Jame, S. Z. B., Majdzadeh, R., Sari, A. A., Rashidian, A., Arab, M. ve Rahmani, H. (2014). Indications and overuse of computed tomography in minor head trauma. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(5): 1-6.
  • James, A. P. ve Dasarathy, B. V. (2014). Medical image fusion: a survey of the state of the art. Information Fusion, 19: 4-11.
  • Keshtkaran, A., Bagheri, M., Ostovar, R., Salari, H., Farrokhi, M. R., Esfandiari, A. ve Yousefimanesh, H. (2012). Developing criteria for lumbar spine magnetic resonance imaging (MRG) using RAND appropriateness method (RAM). Iranian Journal of Radiology, 9(3): 130-138.
  • Krupinski, E. A. ve Jiang, Y. (2008). Anniversary paper: evaluation of medical imaging systems. Medical Physics, 35(2): 645-659.
  • Kuijpers, F. A. (1995). The role of technology in future medical imaging. Medicamundi, 40: 181-189.
  • Mayor, S. (2010). US Report Calls for National Strategy to Reduce Overuse of Medical İmaging. BMJ: British Medical Journal, 341: 46-58.
  • Medical Imaging (NEMA). (2006). How medical imaging has transformed health care in the U.S.. Temmuz 2017, www.medicalimaging.org.
  • Medical Imaging Team. (2012). Appropriate use of medical imaging in Canada.Medical Imaging Team Day, 17: 1-8.
  • Meme Vakfı (Meva) (2017). Mamografi Mart 2017, http://www.memekanseri.org.tr/mamografi/.
  • Mills, A. M., Raja, A. S., & Marin, J. R. (2015). Optimizing diagnostic imaging in the emergency department. Academic Emergency Medicine, 22(5): 625-631.
  • Morrison A. Appropriate Utilization of Advanced Diagnostic Imaging Procedures: CT, MRI, and PET/CT [Environmental Scan Issue 39]. Ottawa: Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health.
  • Mumcu, A. (2017). Ultrason nedir?, Mart 2017, http://www.mumcu.com/ultrason-nedir/.
  • National Partnership for Women & Families, (2009) Overuse, Underuse and Misuse of Medical Care Mart 2017, http://go.nationalpartnership.org/site/ DocServer/Three_Categories_of_Quality.pdf.
  • Newman-Toker, D. E., McDonald, K. M., Meltzer, D. O., Newman-Toker, D. E., Butchy, G. T., Lehmann, H. P., ... ve Frick, K. D. (2013). How much diagnostic safety can we afford, and how should we decide? A health economics perspective. BMJ quality & safety, 22(2): 11-20.
  • OECD (2017A), Magnetic resonance imaging (MRG) units (indicator). Nisan 2017, doi: 10.1787/1a72e7d1-en.
  • OECD (2017B), Computed tomography (CT) scanners (indicator). Nisan 2017, doi: 10.1787/bedece12-en.
  • Oikarinen, H., Meriläinen, S., Pääkkö, E., Karttunen, A., Nieminen, M. T., ve Tervonen, O. (2009). Unjustified CT examinations in young patients. European radiology, 19(5): 1161-1165.
  • Orhan, O. (2008). Magnetik Rezonans Görüntüleme (MRG)’nin Klinik Uygulamaları ve Endikasyonları. Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2):31-40
  • Pan, M., Yang, X., ve Tang, J. (2012). Research on interpolation methods in medical image processing. Journal of Medical Systems, 36: 777-807.
  • Pavli, A. (2010). Nem medical technology and Greek society: A history of issue in the scientific, technical and daily press. Master dissertation, National and Technical
  • Radsite, (2011). Consumer Guide to Imaging Modalities Benefits and Risks of Common Medical Imaging Procedures, Mart 2017, http://schoonerstrategies.com/sites/default/files/Modality. pdf.
  • Rao, V. M. ve Levin, D. C. (2012). The overuse of diagnostic imaging and the Choosing Wisely initiative. Annals of internal medicine, 157(8): 574-576.
  • Sağlık Bakanlığı (2015). Sağlık İstatistik Yıllığı, Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı.
  • Smith-Bindman, R., Miglioretti, D. L., Johnson, E., Lee, C., Feigelson, H. S., Flynn, M., ... ve Solberg, L. I. (2012). Use of diagnostic imaging studies and associated radiation exposure for patients enrolled in large integrated health care systems, 1996-2010. Jama, 307(22): 2400-2409.
  • Sonğur, C., ve Top, M. (2016). Regional clustering of medical imaging technologies. Computers in Human Behavior, 61: 333-343.
  • Strzelecki, M. (2013). Medical imaging introduction to medical imaging. Kasım 2017, http://mstrzel.eletel.p.lodz.pl/mstrzel/mi_ife/pdf/mi_1.pdf.
  • Student, D. (2013). Hospital Switching and Duplicate Tests: Can Health Information Exchange Reduce Redundant Testing? Mart 2017, https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Hospital-Switching-and-Duplicate-Tests-Can-Health STUDENT/d620668618cf7f4a882c31e2f9e b448f3e8a8c5c.
  • Trabzon Kamu Hastaneler Birliği Genel Sekreterliği, (2017) MR (Emar) Nedir? Hangi Amaçla Yapılır?Mart 2017, http://www.akcaabatdh.gov.tr/detay.php?id =598&cid=156.
  • University of Athens (2015) Kasım 2015, http://www.hpst.phs.uoa.gr/ESST/files/thesis/Pavli_ESST_Thesis.pdf.
  • Wagner C., Theel A., DeMers B. ve Wilson D. (2014). 100K Children Campaign: Safe Imaging for Children. Washington State Hospital Association: USA.
  • Watson, L. ve Odle, T. G. (2013). Patient safety and quality in medical imaging: The radiologic Technologist's role. Albuquerque, NM: American Society of Radiologic Technologists.
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Cuma Sungur

Publication Date June 27, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sungur, C. (2018). TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(1), 67-86.
AMA Sungur C. TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. June 2018;8(1):67-86.
Chicago Sungur, Cuma. “TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 8, no. 1 (June 2018): 67-86.
EndNote Sungur C (June 1, 2018) TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 8 1 67–86.
IEEE C. Sungur, “TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 67–86, 2018.
ISNAD Sungur, Cuma. “TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 8/1 (June 2018), 67-86.
JAMA Sungur C. TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;8:67–86.
MLA Sungur, Cuma. “TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ”. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2018, pp. 67-86.
Vancouver Sungur C. TIBBİ GÖRÜNTÜLEME HİZMETLERİNİN GEREKSİZ KULLANIMI VE BUNA KARŞI ÇÖZÜM ÖNERİLERİ. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2018;8(1):67-86.