Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

BEYAZ YAKALI KADIN ÇALIŞANLARIN İŞYERLERİNDEKİ MOBBİNG DENEYİMLERİ: NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2023, Issue: 19, 43 - 82, 25.06.2023

Aslı Nur İnan Cenk Sözen Meral Kızrak

https://doi.org/10.58793/marusad.1302468

Abstract

Bu çalışmada beyaz yakalı kadın çalışanların maruz kaldıkları mobbing davranışları, gerçekleştiği örgütsel koşullar, faillerinin özellikleri ve mağdurun mobbing olayı sonucunda tecrübe ettiği etkiler tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır Ayrıca mobbing mağduru olan kadın çalışanların mobbing konusundaki görüşleri ve algıları betimlenmiş ve bu çerçevede cinsiyetleri ile yaşadıkları mobbing olayının herhangi bir bağlantısını kurup kurmadıkları saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma deseni benimsenmiş ve yarı yapılandırılmış mülakat tekniği ve kartopu örneklem yöntemiyle mobbinge maruz kalan beyaz yakalı 15 beyaz yakalı kadın çalışandan veri toplanmıştır. Veriler içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgularla Mobbing Deneyimine İlişkin Faktörler, Mobbingin Mağdurlar Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Mağdurların Mobbing Algıları 3 farklı tema belirlenmiş ve bu doğrultuda kategori ve kodlar saptanmıştır. Bu çalışma, işyerinde mobbing deneyimlerinin karmaşıklıklarını açığa çıkarmakta ve örgütler ve çalışanlar için mobbing davranışlarını anlamak ve azaltmak konusunda önemli bir perspektif sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Mobbing İş yeri zorbalığı Beyaz yakalı çalışanlar Kadın çalışanlar Cinsiyete dayalı önyargılar

References

  • Afşaroğlu, H. 2016. Eylül Üniversitesi Hastanesinde Doktor, Hemşire ve Taşeron Personel Olarak Çalışan Kadınlarda Eş/Partner Şiddeti ve Yıldırma Yaygınlığının Ve Psikiyatrik Belirtilere Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.
  • Ağcakaya, A. (2017). Çalişma Hayatinda Kadin Akademisyenlerin Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing) Algisi: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çalişma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Aktaş, A. (2014). “Çalişma Hayatinda Kadinlara Karşi Psikolojik Taciz: Türkiye’deki Durum Ve İşyerinde Sosyal Hizmet Odağinda Önerilen Çözüm Mekanizmalari”, UHBAB - Uluslararası Hakemli Beşeri ve Akademik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(10), 1-23.
  • Amreen, S., Kumar, P., Gupta, P., Rao, P. (2019). “Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Severity of Endometriosis”, Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences”, 12(1), 40-46.
  • Aquino, K. (2000). “Structural and Individual Determinants of Workplace Victimization: The Effects of Hierarchical Status and Conflict Management Style”, Journal of Management, 26(2), 171-193.
  • Aquino, K., Grover, S. L., Bradfield, M., Allen, D. G. (1999). “The Effects of Negative Affectivity, Hierarchical Status, and Self-Determination on Workplace Victimization”, The Academy of Management Journal, 42(3), 260-272.
  • Attell, B. K., Brown, K. K., Treiber, L. A. (2017). “Workplace Bullying, Perceived Job Stressors, and Psychological Distress: Gender and Race Differences in The Stress Process”, Social Science Research, 65, 210-221.
  • Ayakdaş, D. (2014). Hemşireler Arası Psikolojik Şiddet ve İlişkili Faktörler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği.
  • Aydın, F. A. (2018). Ameliyathane Hemşirelerinde Mobbing ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Haliç Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Cerrahi Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı.
  • Aydın, O., Öcel, H. (2009). “İşyeri Zorbalığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 94-103.
  • Baillien, E., De Witte, H. (2009). “Why Is Organizational Change Related to Workplace Bullying? Role Conflict and Job Insecurity as Mediators”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 30(3), 348-371.
  • Baillien, E., Escartín, J., Gross, C., Zapf, D. (2017). Towards A Conceptual and Empirical Differentiation between Workplace Bullying and Interpersonal Conflict”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 870-881.
  • Barron, O. (2000). “Why Workplace Bullying and Violence are Different: Protecting Employees from Both”, Security Journal, 63-72.
  • Bilgel, N., Aytaç, S., Bayram, N. (2006). “Bullying in Turkish White-Collar Workers”, Occupational Medicine, 56(4), 226-231.
  • Birknerová, Z., Zbihlejová, L., Droppa, M. (2021). “Assessment of Abusive Supervision – BOSS Methodology”, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(1), 197-216.
  • Björklund, C., Hellman, T., Jensen, I., Åkerblom, C., Björk Brämberg, E. (2019). “Workplace Bullying as Experienced by Managers and How They Cope: A Qualitative Study of Swedish Managers”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23).
  • Bowling, N. A., Beehr, T. A. (2006). “Workplace Harassment from the Victim’s Perspective: A Theoretical Model and Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 998-1012.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2007). “Managers in the Firing Line: Contributing Factors to Workplace Bullying by Staff - An Interview Study”, Journal of Management and Organization, 13(3), 264-281.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2012). “Workplace Bullying, Mobbing and General Harassment: A Review”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 280-299.
  • Brees, J., Martinko, M., Harvey, P. (2016). “Abusive Supervision: Subordinate Personality or Supervisor Behavior?”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 405-419.
  • Brodsky, C. M. (1976). The Harassed Worker. Washington D.C.: Lexington Books.
  • Burns, S. T. (2022). “Workplace Mistreatment for US Women: Best Practices for Counselors”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(131).
  • Burton, J. P., Hoobler, J. M. (2006). “Subordinate Self-esteem and Abusive Supervision”, Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(3), 340-355.
  • Cibik, M. (2019). Hemşirelerin mobbinge maruz kalması ve bunu etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Şanlıurfa: Harran Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı.
  • Cortina, L. M., Magler, V. J., Hunter Williams, J., Day Langhout, R. (2001). “Incivility in the Workplace: Incidence and Impact”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64-80.
  • Çetin, A. (2016). Sağlık Çalışanlarında Yıldırıcı Davranışa Maruz Kalma (Mobbing) ve Mesleki Adanmışlık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması: Bir Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
  • Davenport, N., Schwartz, R. D., Elliott, G. P. (1999). Mobbing – Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace. Civil Society Publishing.
  • D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E. (2013). “Navigating the Extended Reach: Target Experiences of Cyberbullying at Work”, Information and Organization, 23(4), 324.
  • Di Martino, V., Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L. (2003). Preventing Violence and Harassment in The Workplace (Report). Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Djurkovic, N. (2021). “Workplace Bullying in Precarious Employment”, Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors, 4, 587–613.
  • Edwards, A. M. (1934). “The ‘White-Collar Workers’”. Monthly Labor Review, 38(3), 501-505. Einarsen, S. (2000). “Harassment and Bullying at Work: A Review of the Scandinavian Approach”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4), 379-401.
  • Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I. (1997). “Harassment in the Workplace and the Victimization of Men”, Violence and Victims, 12(3), 247-263.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Notelaers, G. (2009). “Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised”, Work ve Stress, 23(1), 24-44.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. (2003). Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. (2010). “The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition”, Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, 3-39.
  • Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). “Bullying and Harassment at Work and Their Relationships to Work Environment Quality: An Exploratory Study”, European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4(4), 381-401.
  • Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Gómez-Benito, J., Zapf, D. (2010). “Development and validation of the workplace bullying scale EAPA-T”, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(3), 519-539.
  • Fevre, R., Robinson, A. L., Jones, T., Lewis, D. (2010). “Researching Workplace Bullying: The Benefits of Taking an Integrated Approach”, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(1), 71-85.
  • Fidalgo, A. M., Piñuel, I. (2004). “Cisneros Scale to Assess Psychological Harassment or Mobbing at Work”, Psicothema, 16(4), 615-624.
  • Frankovský, M., Birknerová, Z., Droppa, M. (2019). Assessment of Bossing and Mobbing Manifestations in the Context of Personality Traits of Employees. Proceedings from 18th International Conference (s. 101-110). Brno: Masaryk University.
  • Giorgi, G., Leon-Perez, J. M., Arenas, A. (2015). “Are Bullying Behaviors Tolerated in Some Cultures? Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Workplace Bullying and Job Satisfaction Among Italian Workers”, Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), 227-237.
  • Glambek, M., Einarsen, S. V., Notelaers, G. (2020). “Workplace Bullying as Predicted by Non-Prototypicality, Group Identification and Norms: A Self-Categorisation Perspective”, Work and Stress, 34(3), 279-299. Glasø, L., Notelaers, G. (2012). “Workplace Bullying, Emotions, and Outcomes”, Violence and Victims, 27(3), 360-377. Glesne, C. (2020). Nitel Araştırmaya Giriş. Çeviri Editörleri: Ersoy, A., Yalçınoğlu, P. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. Gökçe, A. T. (2006). İş Yerinde Yıldırma: Özel ve İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmen ve Yöneticileri Üzerinde Yapılan Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Görgülü, N. (2013). Mobbing'in (Bezdiri) Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Okan Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
  • Gregersen, J. (2016). “Is Workplace Bullying a Conflict? Examples from Norwegian Lawsuits”, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 428-439.
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hall, W., Schmader, T., Aday, A., Croft, E. (2018). “Decoding the Dynamics of Social Identity Threat in the Workplace: A Within-Person Analysis of Women’s and Men’s Interactions in STEM”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(4), 542-552.
  • Hambrick, D. C., Mason, P. A. (1984). “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers”, Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.
  • Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Persson, R., Karlson, B., Garde, A. H., Ørbæk, P. (2006). “Bullying at Work, Health Outcomes, and Physiological Stress Response”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(1), 63-72. Hirigoyen, M. F. (1999). El acoso Moral, el Maltrato Psicológico en la Vida Cotidiana. Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós.
  • Hoel, H., Cooper, C. (2000). Destructive Conflict and Bullying at Work. Manchester: University of Manchester Institute Science and Technology (UMIST).
  • Hornstein, H. A. (2016). “Boss Abuse and Subordinate Payback”, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(2), 231-239.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. M., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., Gupta, V. (2004). “Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • ILO. (2019). Sözleşme 190 - Çalişma Yaşaminda Şiddet Ve Tacizin Ortadan Kaldirilmasina İlişkin Sözleşme. Uluslararasi Çalişma Konferansi. Cenevre: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo ankara/documents/genericdocument/wcms_719975.pdf adresinden alındı
  • İnan, H. (2020). İş Yerinde Psikolojik Taciz/Mobbing: Gemlik İlçesindeki Küçük Ve Orta Büyüklükteki Zeytin İmalat İş Yerlerinde Çalişan Kadinlar Üzerine Araştirma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Işık, E. (2007). İşletmelerde Mobbing Uygulamaları ile İş Stresi İlişkisine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • İŞKUR. (2021). İşgücü Piyasası Araştırması: Ankara İli 2021 Yılı Sonuç Raporu. Ankara: Türkiye İş Kurumu (İşkur). https://media.iskur.gov.tr/52046/ankara.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Jacobson, K. J., Hood, J. H., Van Buren, H. J. (2014). “Workplace bullying across cultures: A research agenda”, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(1), 47-65.
  • Jóhannsdóttir, H. L., Ólafsson, R. F. (2004). “Coping with Bullying in The Workplace: The Effect of Gender, Age and Type of Bullying”. British Journal of Guidance ve Counselling, 32, 319-333.
  • Karatuna, I. (2015). “Targets’ Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Qualitative Study”, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 10(1), 21-37.
  • Kelly, D. (2005). “Review of Workplace Bullying: Strengthening Approaches to A Complex Phenomenon”, Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, 21(6).
  • Köprü, İ. (2022). Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği Bağlaminda Çalişan Sorunlari Ve Mobbing: Kayseri Medyasi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Gazetecilik Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Kutlu, F. E. (2006). İşyerinde Duygusal Tacizin (Mobbing) Çalışanın Tükenmişliği Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir, Türkiye: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Leach, L. S., Poyser, C., Butterworth, P. (2017). “Workplace Bullying and the Association with Suicidal Ideation/Thoughts and Behaviour: A Systematic Review”, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 74, 72-79.
  • Lederer, E. (1912). Die Privatangestellten in der modernen Wirtschaftsentwicklung. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr P. Siebeck.
  • Leymann, H. P. (1990). “Mobbing and Psychological Terror at Workplaces”, Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126.
  • Leymann, H. (1992). From Bullying to Exclusion from Working Life. Stockholm: Publica.
  • Leymann, H. (1996). “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.
  • Magnavita, N., Di Stasio, E., Capitanelli, I., Lops, E. A., Chirico, F., Garbarino, S. (2019). “Sleep Problems and Workplace Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13(997).
  • Matthiesen, S. B., Einarsen, S. (2007). “Perpetrators and Targets of Bullying at Work: Role Stress and Individual Differences”, Violence and Victims, 22(6), 735-753.
  • Menteş, K. (2019). Sağlık İşletmelerinde Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing): Devlet Hastaneleri Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
  • Mitsopoulou, E., Giovazolias, T. (2015). “Personality Traits, Empathy and Bullying Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Approach”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 61-72.
  • Novák, T., Capponi, V. (1996). Sám proti agresi [Alone against aggression]. Grada Publishing.
  • OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). (2022, Kasım 09). Violence Against Women: Prevalence in The Lifetime, Percentage, 2019 or Latest Available.
  • Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the Schools: Bullies and Whipping Boys. Washington DC: Hemisphere Press.
  • Olweus, D. (1990). Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Özkaraca, Z. (2017). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Mobbing (Yıldırma) Yaşama Düzeylerinin İş Doyumuna Etkisi: Muğla İli Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Muğla: Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
  • Özten, E. (2016). Mobbing Experiences in Turkey: Actors, Practices and Social Policy Recommendations. Middle East Technical University, The Graduate School of Social Sciences. Ankara: METU).
  • Perez-Larazzabal, J., Lopezdelallave, A., Topa, G. (2019). Organizational Tolerance for Workplace Harassment: Development and Validation of the POT Scale”, Sustainability, 11(4078).
  • Rai, A., Agarwal, U. (2016). “Workplace Bullying: A Review and Future Research Directions”, South Asian Journal of Management, 23(3), 28-56.
  • Rayner, C., ve Hoel, H. (1997). “A Summary Review of Literature Relating to Workplace Bullying”, Journal of community ve Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 181-191.
  • Reis, F. M., Coutinho, L. M., Vannuccini, S., Luisi, S., Petraglia, F. (2020). “Is Stress a Cause or a Consequence of Endometriosis?”, Reproductive Sciences, 27, 39-45.
  • Reknes, I., Notelaers, G., Iliescu, D., Einarsen, S. V. (2021). “The Influence of Target Personality in the Development of Workplace Bullying”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.
  • Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Notelaers, G., Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2011). “Workplace Bullying and Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Worry and Need for Recovery”, Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 19(2), 453-468.
  • Salin, D. (2018). “Workplace Bullying and Culture: Diverse Conceptualizations and Interpretations. Editörler: D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Caponecchia, C., Escartín, J., Salin, D., Tuckey, M. Dignity and Inclusion at Work. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment (Cilt 3, s. 1-26). Singapore: Springer.
  • Samnani, A., Singh, P. (2012). “20 Years of Workplace Bullying Research: A Review of the Antecedents and Consequences of Bullying in The Workplace”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 581-589.
  • Seçgin, L., Arslan, T., Tarı Selçuk, K. (2022). “Türkiye’de Son Beş Yılda Kadına Yönelik Şiddet: COVID-19 Pandemisinin Etkisi. Humanistic Perspective”, Journal of International Psychological Counseling and Guidance Researches, 4(1), 28-43.
  • Sidle, S. D. (2010). “Eye of the Beholder: Does Culture Shape Perceptions of Workplace Bullying?”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 24, 100-101.
  • Siedentopf, F., Tariverdian, N., Rücke, M., Kentenich, H., Arck, P. C. (2008). “Immune Status, Psychosocial Distress and Reduced Quality of Life in Infertile Patients with Endometriosis”, American journal of Reproductive Immunology, 60(5), 449-461.
  • Sığrı, Ü. (2021). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Sondaitė, J., Vinciūnaitė, G. (2017). “Experience of Workplace Psychological Harassment”, International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 20, 83-103.
  • Sygit-Kowalkowska, E., Ziółkowski, M. (2019). “Workplace Stress and Alcohol Consumption. Research State-Of-Art Review and Further Development”, Alcoholism and Drug Addiction/Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 32(2), 109-130.
  • Tamirazova, N. (2021). Mobbing Mağdurlarının ve Mobbing Uygulayanların Kişilik Özelliklerinin Sosyo Demografik Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Hastane ve Sağlık Kuruluşlarında Yönetim Anabilim Dalı.
  • Tanoğlu, Ş. Ç. (2006). İşletmelerde Yıldırmanın (Mobbing) Değerlendirilmesi ve Bir Yüksek Öğrenim Kurumunda Uygulama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Tepper, B. J. (2000). “Consequences of Abusive Supervision”, Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190.
  • Thomas, B. J., Harris, S. (2021). “A New, Established Approach to Managing Misbehavior: System Justification Theory”, Personnel Review, 50(7), 1582-1598.
  • Topkaya, S. E. (2011). Mobbing with a Gender Perspective: How Women Perceive, Experience and Are Affected from It? The Graduate School of Social Sciences. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Vveinhardt, J., Sroka, W. (2020). “Workplace Mobbing in Polish and Lithuanian Organisations with Regard to Corporate Social Responsibility”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8).
  • Wu, T.-Y., Hu, C. (2009). “Abusive Supervision and Employee Emotional Exhaustion: Dispositional Antecedents and Boundaries”, Group ve Organization Management, 34(2), 143-169.
  • Yıldırım, D., Yıldırım, A. (2008). “Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Workplace Psychologically Violent Behaviours Instrument”, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(10), 1361-1370.
  • Yılmaz, A., Ergun Özler, D., Mercan, N. (2008). “Mobbing ve Örgüt İklimi ile İlişkisine Yönelik Ampirik Bir Araştirma”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(26), 334-357.
  • Yücetürk, E. (2005). “Türkiye’de İş Yaşam Kalitesini ve Verimliliği Azaltan Gizli Bir Sendrom: Yıldırma (Mobbing)”, İktisat, İşletme, Finans Dergisi, 20(231), 97-108.
  • Zafar, R., Abid, G., Rehmat, M., Ali, M., Hassan, Q., Asif, M. F. (2021). “So Hard to Say Goodbye: Impact of Punitive Supervision on Turnover Intention”, Total Quality Management ve Business Excellence. doi:10.1080/14783363.2021.1882844
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organisational, Work Group Related and Personal Causes of Mobbing/Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, 20(1-2), 70-85.
  • Zapf, D., Einarsen, S. (2003). “Individual Antecedents of Bullying: Victims and Perpetrators”. Editörler: Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper C. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice (s. 165-184). London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Zapf, D., Gross, C. (2001). “Conflict Escalation and Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Replication and Extension”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497-522.
  • Zapf, D., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Vartia, M. (2003). “Empirical Findings on Bullying in The Workplace”. Editörler: Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper C. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice (s. 103-126). London: Taylor and Francis.

MOBBING EXPERIENCES OF WHITE-COLLAR WOMEN IN THE WORKPLACE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY

Year 2023, Issue: 19, 43 - 82, 25.06.2023

Aslı Nur İnan Cenk Sözen Meral Kızrak

https://doi.org/10.58793/marusad.1302468

Abstract

This study aims to identify the mobbing behaviors experienced by white-collar female employees, the organizational conditions in which they occur, the characteristics of the perpetrators, and the effects experienced by the victims as a result of mobbing incidents. Additionally, the study seeks to describe the perceptions and beliefs of female employees who have been subjected to mobbing, examining whether there is any connection between their gender and the mobbing incidents they have encountered. Adopting a qualitative research design, data was collected from 15 white-collar female employees who had experienced mobbing using semi-structured interviews and snowball sampling method. The collected data was analyzed using content analysis. The findings revealed three distinct themes: Factors Related to Mobbing Experience, Effects of Mobbing on Victims, and Victims' Perceptions of Mobbing. Categories and codes were identified based on these themes. This study sheds light on the complexities of mobbing experiences in the workplace and provides valuable insights for organizations and individuals to address and mitigate mobbing behaviors.

Keywords

Mobbing Workplace bullying White-collar employees Women employees Gender-based biases

References

  • Afşaroğlu, H. 2016. Eylül Üniversitesi Hastanesinde Doktor, Hemşire ve Taşeron Personel Olarak Çalışan Kadınlarda Eş/Partner Şiddeti ve Yıldırma Yaygınlığının Ve Psikiyatrik Belirtilere Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Uzmanlık Tezi. İzmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Tıp Fakültesi, Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Anabilim Dalı.
  • Ağcakaya, A. (2017). Çalişma Hayatinda Kadin Akademisyenlerin Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing) Algisi: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Çalişma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi.
  • Aktaş, A. (2014). “Çalişma Hayatinda Kadinlara Karşi Psikolojik Taciz: Türkiye’deki Durum Ve İşyerinde Sosyal Hizmet Odağinda Önerilen Çözüm Mekanizmalari”, UHBAB - Uluslararası Hakemli Beşeri ve Akademik Bilimler Dergisi, 3(10), 1-23.
  • Amreen, S., Kumar, P., Gupta, P., Rao, P. (2019). “Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Severity of Endometriosis”, Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences”, 12(1), 40-46.
  • Aquino, K. (2000). “Structural and Individual Determinants of Workplace Victimization: The Effects of Hierarchical Status and Conflict Management Style”, Journal of Management, 26(2), 171-193.
  • Aquino, K., Grover, S. L., Bradfield, M., Allen, D. G. (1999). “The Effects of Negative Affectivity, Hierarchical Status, and Self-Determination on Workplace Victimization”, The Academy of Management Journal, 42(3), 260-272.
  • Attell, B. K., Brown, K. K., Treiber, L. A. (2017). “Workplace Bullying, Perceived Job Stressors, and Psychological Distress: Gender and Race Differences in The Stress Process”, Social Science Research, 65, 210-221.
  • Ayakdaş, D. (2014). Hemşireler Arası Psikolojik Şiddet ve İlişkili Faktörler. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Aydın: Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ruh Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Hemşireliği.
  • Aydın, F. A. (2018). Ameliyathane Hemşirelerinde Mobbing ve Tükenmişlik Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Haliç Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Cerrahi Hemşireliği Anabilim Dalı.
  • Aydın, O., Öcel, H. (2009). “İşyeri Zorbalığı Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 12(24), 94-103.
  • Baillien, E., De Witte, H. (2009). “Why Is Organizational Change Related to Workplace Bullying? Role Conflict and Job Insecurity as Mediators”, Economic and Industrial Democracy, 30(3), 348-371.
  • Baillien, E., Escartín, J., Gross, C., Zapf, D. (2017). Towards A Conceptual and Empirical Differentiation between Workplace Bullying and Interpersonal Conflict”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 26(6), 870-881.
  • Barron, O. (2000). “Why Workplace Bullying and Violence are Different: Protecting Employees from Both”, Security Journal, 63-72.
  • Bilgel, N., Aytaç, S., Bayram, N. (2006). “Bullying in Turkish White-Collar Workers”, Occupational Medicine, 56(4), 226-231.
  • Birknerová, Z., Zbihlejová, L., Droppa, M. (2021). “Assessment of Abusive Supervision – BOSS Methodology”, Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(1), 197-216.
  • Björklund, C., Hellman, T., Jensen, I., Åkerblom, C., Björk Brämberg, E. (2019). “Workplace Bullying as Experienced by Managers and How They Cope: A Qualitative Study of Swedish Managers”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23).
  • Bowling, N. A., Beehr, T. A. (2006). “Workplace Harassment from the Victim’s Perspective: A Theoretical Model and Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(5), 998-1012.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2007). “Managers in the Firing Line: Contributing Factors to Workplace Bullying by Staff - An Interview Study”, Journal of Management and Organization, 13(3), 264-281.
  • Branch, S., Ramsay, S., Barker, M. (2012). “Workplace Bullying, Mobbing and General Harassment: A Review”, International Journal of Management Reviews, 15(3), 280-299.
  • Brees, J., Martinko, M., Harvey, P. (2016). “Abusive Supervision: Subordinate Personality or Supervisor Behavior?”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(2), 405-419.
  • Brodsky, C. M. (1976). The Harassed Worker. Washington D.C.: Lexington Books.
  • Burns, S. T. (2022). “Workplace Mistreatment for US Women: Best Practices for Counselors”, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 9(131).
  • Burton, J. P., Hoobler, J. M. (2006). “Subordinate Self-esteem and Abusive Supervision”, Journal of Managerial Issues, 18(3), 340-355.
  • Cibik, M. (2019). Hemşirelerin mobbinge maruz kalması ve bunu etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Şanlıurfa: Harran Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi, Hemşirelik Anabilim Dalı.
  • Cortina, L. M., Magler, V. J., Hunter Williams, J., Day Langhout, R. (2001). “Incivility in the Workplace: Incidence and Impact”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64-80.
  • Çetin, A. (2016). Sağlık Çalışanlarında Yıldırıcı Davranışa Maruz Kalma (Mobbing) ve Mesleki Adanmışlık Düzeylerinin Araştırılması: Bir Araştırma ve Uygulama Hastanesi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Isparta: Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
  • Davenport, N., Schwartz, R. D., Elliott, G. P. (1999). Mobbing – Emotional Abuse in the American Workplace. Civil Society Publishing.
  • D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E. (2013). “Navigating the Extended Reach: Target Experiences of Cyberbullying at Work”, Information and Organization, 23(4), 324.
  • Di Martino, V., Hoel, H., Cooper, C. L. (2003). Preventing Violence and Harassment in The Workplace (Report). Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Djurkovic, N. (2021). “Workplace Bullying in Precarious Employment”, Special Topics and Particular Occupations, Professions and Sectors, 4, 587–613.
  • Edwards, A. M. (1934). “The ‘White-Collar Workers’”. Monthly Labor Review, 38(3), 501-505. Einarsen, S. (2000). “Harassment and Bullying at Work: A Review of the Scandinavian Approach”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4), 379-401.
  • Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I. (1997). “Harassment in the Workplace and the Victimization of Men”, Violence and Victims, 12(3), 247-263.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Notelaers, G. (2009). “Measuring Exposure to Bullying and Harassment at Work: Validity, Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised”, Work ve Stress, 23(1), 24-44.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. (2003). Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper, C. (2010). “The Concept of Bullying and Harassment at Work: The European Tradition”, Bullying and Harassment in the Workplace, 3-39.
  • Einarsen, S., Raknes, B. I., Matthiesen, S. B. (1994). “Bullying and Harassment at Work and Their Relationships to Work Environment Quality: An Exploratory Study”, European Work and Organizational Psychologist, 4(4), 381-401.
  • Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Gómez-Benito, J., Zapf, D. (2010). “Development and validation of the workplace bullying scale EAPA-T”, International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 10(3), 519-539.
  • Fevre, R., Robinson, A. L., Jones, T., Lewis, D. (2010). “Researching Workplace Bullying: The Benefits of Taking an Integrated Approach”, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 13(1), 71-85.
  • Fidalgo, A. M., Piñuel, I. (2004). “Cisneros Scale to Assess Psychological Harassment or Mobbing at Work”, Psicothema, 16(4), 615-624.
  • Frankovský, M., Birknerová, Z., Droppa, M. (2019). Assessment of Bossing and Mobbing Manifestations in the Context of Personality Traits of Employees. Proceedings from 18th International Conference (s. 101-110). Brno: Masaryk University.
  • Giorgi, G., Leon-Perez, J. M., Arenas, A. (2015). “Are Bullying Behaviors Tolerated in Some Cultures? Evidence for a Curvilinear Relationship Between Workplace Bullying and Job Satisfaction Among Italian Workers”, Journal of Business Ethics, 131(1), 227-237.
  • Glambek, M., Einarsen, S. V., Notelaers, G. (2020). “Workplace Bullying as Predicted by Non-Prototypicality, Group Identification and Norms: A Self-Categorisation Perspective”, Work and Stress, 34(3), 279-299. Glasø, L., Notelaers, G. (2012). “Workplace Bullying, Emotions, and Outcomes”, Violence and Victims, 27(3), 360-377. Glesne, C. (2020). Nitel Araştırmaya Giriş. Çeviri Editörleri: Ersoy, A., Yalçınoğlu, P. Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık. Gökçe, A. T. (2006). İş Yerinde Yıldırma: Özel ve İlköğretim Okulu Öğretmen ve Yöneticileri Üzerinde Yapılan Bir Araştırma. Doktora Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Görgülü, N. (2013). Mobbing'in (Bezdiri) Sağlık Çalışanları Üzerine Etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Okan Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
  • Gregersen, J. (2016). “Is Workplace Bullying a Conflict? Examples from Norwegian Lawsuits”, Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 24(3), 428-439.
  • Güler, A., Halıcıoğlu, M. B., Taşğın, S. (2015). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Hall, W., Schmader, T., Aday, A., Croft, E. (2018). “Decoding the Dynamics of Social Identity Threat in the Workplace: A Within-Person Analysis of Women’s and Men’s Interactions in STEM”, Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(4), 542-552.
  • Hambrick, D. C., Mason, P. A. (1984). “Upper Echelons: The Organization as a Reflection of Its Top Managers”, Academy of Management Review, 9(2), 193-206.
  • Hansen, Å. M., Hogh, A., Persson, R., Karlson, B., Garde, A. H., Ørbæk, P. (2006). “Bullying at Work, Health Outcomes, and Physiological Stress Response”, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(1), 63-72. Hirigoyen, M. F. (1999). El acoso Moral, el Maltrato Psicológico en la Vida Cotidiana. Barcelona: Ediciones Paidós.
  • Hoel, H., Cooper, C. (2000). Destructive Conflict and Bullying at Work. Manchester: University of Manchester Institute Science and Technology (UMIST).
  • Hornstein, H. A. (2016). “Boss Abuse and Subordinate Payback”, The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(2), 231-239.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. M., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., Gupta, V. (2004). “Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • ILO. (2019). Sözleşme 190 - Çalişma Yaşaminda Şiddet Ve Tacizin Ortadan Kaldirilmasina İlişkin Sözleşme. Uluslararasi Çalişma Konferansi. Cenevre: ILO. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---europe/---ro-geneva/---ilo ankara/documents/genericdocument/wcms_719975.pdf adresinden alındı
  • İnan, H. (2020). İş Yerinde Psikolojik Taciz/Mobbing: Gemlik İlçesindeki Küçük Ve Orta Büyüklükteki Zeytin İmalat İş Yerlerinde Çalişan Kadinlar Üzerine Araştirma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Işık, E. (2007). İşletmelerde Mobbing Uygulamaları ile İş Stresi İlişkisine Yönelik Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • İŞKUR. (2021). İşgücü Piyasası Araştırması: Ankara İli 2021 Yılı Sonuç Raporu. Ankara: Türkiye İş Kurumu (İşkur). https://media.iskur.gov.tr/52046/ankara.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Jacobson, K. J., Hood, J. H., Van Buren, H. J. (2014). “Workplace bullying across cultures: A research agenda”, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(1), 47-65.
  • Jóhannsdóttir, H. L., Ólafsson, R. F. (2004). “Coping with Bullying in The Workplace: The Effect of Gender, Age and Type of Bullying”. British Journal of Guidance ve Counselling, 32, 319-333.
  • Karatuna, I. (2015). “Targets’ Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Qualitative Study”, Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management, 10(1), 21-37.
  • Kelly, D. (2005). “Review of Workplace Bullying: Strengthening Approaches to A Complex Phenomenon”, Journal of Occupational Health and Safety - Australia and New Zealand, 21(6).
  • Köprü, İ. (2022). Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği Bağlaminda Çalişan Sorunlari Ve Mobbing: Kayseri Medyasi Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Kayseri: Erciyes Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Gazetecilik Ana Bilim Dalı.
  • Kutlu, F. E. (2006). İşyerinde Duygusal Tacizin (Mobbing) Çalışanın Tükenmişliği Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İzmir, Türkiye: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Leach, L. S., Poyser, C., Butterworth, P. (2017). “Workplace Bullying and the Association with Suicidal Ideation/Thoughts and Behaviour: A Systematic Review”, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 74, 72-79.
  • Lederer, E. (1912). Die Privatangestellten in der modernen Wirtschaftsentwicklung. Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr P. Siebeck.
  • Leymann, H. P. (1990). “Mobbing and Psychological Terror at Workplaces”, Violence and Victims, 5(2), 119-126.
  • Leymann, H. (1992). From Bullying to Exclusion from Working Life. Stockholm: Publica.
  • Leymann, H. (1996). “The Content and Development of Mobbing at Work”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 165-184.
  • Magnavita, N., Di Stasio, E., Capitanelli, I., Lops, E. A., Chirico, F., Garbarino, S. (2019). “Sleep Problems and Workplace Violence: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, Frontiers in Neuroscience, 13(997).
  • Matthiesen, S. B., Einarsen, S. (2007). “Perpetrators and Targets of Bullying at Work: Role Stress and Individual Differences”, Violence and Victims, 22(6), 735-753.
  • Menteş, K. (2019). Sağlık İşletmelerinde Psikolojik Taciz (Mobbing): Devlet Hastaneleri Çalışanları Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İşletme Anabilim Dalı.
  • Mitsopoulou, E., Giovazolias, T. (2015). “Personality Traits, Empathy and Bullying Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Approach”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 61-72.
  • Novák, T., Capponi, V. (1996). Sám proti agresi [Alone against aggression]. Grada Publishing.
  • OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development). (2022, Kasım 09). Violence Against Women: Prevalence in The Lifetime, Percentage, 2019 or Latest Available.
  • Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the Schools: Bullies and Whipping Boys. Washington DC: Hemisphere Press.
  • Olweus, D. (1990). Bully/victim problems among schoolchildren: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention program. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Özkaraca, Z. (2017). Sağlık Çalışanlarının Mobbing (Yıldırma) Yaşama Düzeylerinin İş Doyumuna Etkisi: Muğla İli Örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Muğla: Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Sağlık Yönetimi Anabilim Dalı.
  • Özten, E. (2016). Mobbing Experiences in Turkey: Actors, Practices and Social Policy Recommendations. Middle East Technical University, The Graduate School of Social Sciences. Ankara: METU).
  • Perez-Larazzabal, J., Lopezdelallave, A., Topa, G. (2019). Organizational Tolerance for Workplace Harassment: Development and Validation of the POT Scale”, Sustainability, 11(4078).
  • Rai, A., Agarwal, U. (2016). “Workplace Bullying: A Review and Future Research Directions”, South Asian Journal of Management, 23(3), 28-56.
  • Rayner, C., ve Hoel, H. (1997). “A Summary Review of Literature Relating to Workplace Bullying”, Journal of community ve Applied Social Psychology, 7(3), 181-191.
  • Reis, F. M., Coutinho, L. M., Vannuccini, S., Luisi, S., Petraglia, F. (2020). “Is Stress a Cause or a Consequence of Endometriosis?”, Reproductive Sciences, 27, 39-45.
  • Reknes, I., Notelaers, G., Iliescu, D., Einarsen, S. V. (2021). “The Influence of Target Personality in the Development of Workplace Bullying”, Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.
  • Rodríguez-Muñoz, A., Notelaers, G., Moreno-Jiménez, B. (2011). “Workplace Bullying and Sleep Quality: The Mediating Role of Worry and Need for Recovery”, Behavioral Psychology/Psicología Conductual, 19(2), 453-468.
  • Salin, D. (2018). “Workplace Bullying and Culture: Diverse Conceptualizations and Interpretations. Editörler: D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Caponecchia, C., Escartín, J., Salin, D., Tuckey, M. Dignity and Inclusion at Work. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment (Cilt 3, s. 1-26). Singapore: Springer.
  • Samnani, A., Singh, P. (2012). “20 Years of Workplace Bullying Research: A Review of the Antecedents and Consequences of Bullying in The Workplace”, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 581-589.
  • Seçgin, L., Arslan, T., Tarı Selçuk, K. (2022). “Türkiye’de Son Beş Yılda Kadına Yönelik Şiddet: COVID-19 Pandemisinin Etkisi. Humanistic Perspective”, Journal of International Psychological Counseling and Guidance Researches, 4(1), 28-43.
  • Sidle, S. D. (2010). “Eye of the Beholder: Does Culture Shape Perceptions of Workplace Bullying?”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 24, 100-101.
  • Siedentopf, F., Tariverdian, N., Rücke, M., Kentenich, H., Arck, P. C. (2008). “Immune Status, Psychosocial Distress and Reduced Quality of Life in Infertile Patients with Endometriosis”, American journal of Reproductive Immunology, 60(5), 449-461.
  • Sığrı, Ü. (2021). Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
  • Sondaitė, J., Vinciūnaitė, G. (2017). “Experience of Workplace Psychological Harassment”, International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 20, 83-103.
  • Sygit-Kowalkowska, E., Ziółkowski, M. (2019). “Workplace Stress and Alcohol Consumption. Research State-Of-Art Review and Further Development”, Alcoholism and Drug Addiction/Alkoholizm i Narkomania, 32(2), 109-130.
  • Tamirazova, N. (2021). Mobbing Mağdurlarının ve Mobbing Uygulayanların Kişilik Özelliklerinin Sosyo Demografik Özelliklere Göre İncelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Hastane ve Sağlık Kuruluşlarında Yönetim Anabilim Dalı.
  • Tanoğlu, Ş. Ç. (2006). İşletmelerde Yıldırmanın (Mobbing) Değerlendirilmesi ve Bir Yüksek Öğrenim Kurumunda Uygulama. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Konya: Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Tepper, B. J. (2000). “Consequences of Abusive Supervision”, Academy of Management Journal, 43(2), 178-190.
  • Thomas, B. J., Harris, S. (2021). “A New, Established Approach to Managing Misbehavior: System Justification Theory”, Personnel Review, 50(7), 1582-1598.
  • Topkaya, S. E. (2011). Mobbing with a Gender Perspective: How Women Perceive, Experience and Are Affected from It? The Graduate School of Social Sciences. Ankara: Middle East Technical University.
  • Vveinhardt, J., Sroka, W. (2020). “Workplace Mobbing in Polish and Lithuanian Organisations with Regard to Corporate Social Responsibility”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8).
  • Wu, T.-Y., Hu, C. (2009). “Abusive Supervision and Employee Emotional Exhaustion: Dispositional Antecedents and Boundaries”, Group ve Organization Management, 34(2), 143-169.
  • Yıldırım, D., Yıldırım, A. (2008). “Development and Psychometric Evaluation of Workplace Psychologically Violent Behaviours Instrument”, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(10), 1361-1370.
  • Yılmaz, A., Ergun Özler, D., Mercan, N. (2008). “Mobbing ve Örgüt İklimi ile İlişkisine Yönelik Ampirik Bir Araştirma”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(26), 334-357.
  • Yücetürk, E. (2005). “Türkiye’de İş Yaşam Kalitesini ve Verimliliği Azaltan Gizli Bir Sendrom: Yıldırma (Mobbing)”, İktisat, İşletme, Finans Dergisi, 20(231), 97-108.
  • Zafar, R., Abid, G., Rehmat, M., Ali, M., Hassan, Q., Asif, M. F. (2021). “So Hard to Say Goodbye: Impact of Punitive Supervision on Turnover Intention”, Total Quality Management ve Business Excellence. doi:10.1080/14783363.2021.1882844
  • Zapf, D. (1999). Organisational, Work Group Related and Personal Causes of Mobbing/Bullying at Work”, International Journal of Manpower, 20(1-2), 70-85.
  • Zapf, D., Einarsen, S. (2003). “Individual Antecedents of Bullying: Victims and Perpetrators”. Editörler: Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper C. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice (s. 165-184). London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Zapf, D., Gross, C. (2001). “Conflict Escalation and Coping with Workplace Bullying: A Replication and Extension”, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10(4), 497-522.
  • Zapf, D., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Vartia, M. (2003). “Empirical Findings on Bullying in The Workplace”. Editörler: Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., Cooper C. Bullying and Emotional Abuse in the Workplace: International Perspectives in Research and Practice (s. 103-126). London: Taylor and Francis.
There are 105 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Organizational Culture
Journal Section Published articles
Authors

Aslı Nur İnan 0000-0002-1134-2749

Cenk Sözen 0000-0001-9324-5557

Meral Kızrak 0000-0003-0053-6043

Publication Date June 25, 2023
Submission Date May 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 19

Cite

APA İnan, A. N., Sözen, C., & Kızrak, M. (2023). BEYAZ YAKALI KADIN ÇALIŞANLARIN İŞYERLERİNDEKİ MOBBİNG DENEYİMLERİ: NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Marmara Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi(19), 43-82. https://doi.org/10.58793/marusad.1302468
 Download Cover Image