BibTex RIS Cite

DIAGNOSING NATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE DIFFERENCES: A RESEARCH IN HOTEL ENTERPRISES

Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 198 - 217, 22.04.2013

Abstract

This study aimed to test whether national culture and organizational cultures were isomorphic in accommodation establishments, through Hofstede’s cultural dimensions. Based on data from a survey of 142 employees from multinational hotels in Istanbul, the existence and degree of difference between national and organizational culture were tested. The new culture scores were calculated by calculation formulas derived from the mean scores of each culture dimension. The most important result of this study is the strong support of Hofstede’s assumption that is “organizations are culture-bound”. Within the scores for seven culture dimensions, a small amount of variance was found between Turkey’s national culture and hotel enterprises’ culture. Another contribution of this study is the demonstration of higher masculinity levels contrary to Hofstede’s high femininity scores. Furthermore, this study arises as an important contribution to previous scarce investigations of Turkish national and organizational culture by employing Hofstede’s culture assessment instrument.

Keywords: organizational culture, national culture, Hofstede's culture dimensions, hospitality industry, tourism, Turkey

 

References

  • Besler, S. (2006). Characteristics of Top Management Teams in Turkey, SEE Journal, September Issue, 43-53.
  • Black, B. (2001). National Culture and Industrial Relations and Pay Structures, Labour, 15 (2), 257-277.
  • Black, B. (2005). Comparative Industrial Relations Theory: The Role of National Culture, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16 (7), 1137-1158.
  • Ergüder, Ü., Esmer, Y. and Kalaycıoğlu, E. (1991). Türk Toplumunun Değerleri (Values of the Turkish Society), Report Prepared for TÜSİAD, No.TÜSİAD-T/91, 6145, İstanbul.
  • Francesco, A.M. and Chen, Z.X. (2004). Collectivism in Action: Its Moderating Effects on the Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance in the PRC, Group and Organization Management, 24(4), 425-441.
  • Gerhart, B. and Fang, M. (2005). National Culture and Human Resource Management: Assumptions and Evidence, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16 (6), 971-986.
  • Görmüş, A.Ş. and Aydın S. (2008). Individualism as an Ascending Value in Turkey and Research Conducted Among University Students. In: 1st International Conference On Management And Economics. Epoka University, Tiran, March 2008.
  • Gupta, S.F. (2012). A Framework Development Process to Integrate Cultural Value Dimension in a Managerial Decision Making Context, Journal of Business & Economic Studies, 18(1), 1-53.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in WorkRelated Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Sage Publications, Second Edition, California, USA.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede G.J. and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of The Mind, Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival, McGraw Hill.
  • Igo, T. and Skitmore, M. (2006). Diagnosing the Organizational Culture of an Australian Engineering Consultancy Using Competing Values Framework, Construction Innovation, 6, 121-139.
  • Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M. (1998). Leadership and Culture in Turkey: A MultiFaceted Phenomena, [online] Available from: http://www.thunderbird.edu/wwwfiles/ms/globe/Links/turkeychapter.doc [Accessed 14 September 2011].
  • Kanungo, R.N. and Aycan, Z. (1997). Organizational Cultures and Human Resource Practices from a Cross Cultural Perspective. In Pasa, S.F.,Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M., 2001. Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 559-589.
  • Lamond, D. (2003). The Value of Quinn's Competing Values Model in an Australian Context, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(1), 46-59.
  • Leidner, D.E. and Kayworth, T. (2006). A Review of Culture in Information Systems Research: Toward a Theory of Information Technology Culture Conflict, MIS Quarterly, 30(2), 357-399.
  • Litvin, S. W. and Kar, G. H. (2003). Individualism/Collectivism as a Moderating Factor to the Self-Image Congruity Concept, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1), 23–32.
  • Lumpkin, G.T., Brigham, K.H. and Moss, T.W. (2010). Long-term Orientation: Implications for the Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Family Businesses, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(3-4), 241-264.
  • Moosmayer, D.C. (2011). The Moderating Role of Managers’ Uncertainty Avoidance Values on the Performance Impact of Radical and Incremental Innovation, International Journal of Business Research, 11(6), 32-39.
  • Newburry, W. and Yakova, N. (2006). Standardization Preferences: A Function of National Culture, Work Interdependence and Local Embeddedness, Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1), 44–60.
  • Newman, K.L. and Nollen, S.D. (1996). Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture, Journal of International Business Studies, 27, 753-779.
  • Pasa, S.F., Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M. (2001). Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 559-589.
  • Pellegrini, E.K. and Scandura, T.A. (2006). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), Paternalism, and Delegation in the Turkish Business Culture: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 264-279.
  • Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour F., Choi, J., Chen C.C. and Park, S.H. (2002). National and Organizational Culture Differences and International Joint Venture Performance, Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 243-265.
  • Pylypenko, A., Voloshenuk, V. and Lytvynenko, N. (2012). Regional Map of Mentality After G. Hofstede: Lessons From Ukraine, Journal of US-China Public Administration, 9(2), 195-203.
  • Ryu, S., Park, J.E. and Min, S. (2007). Factors of Determining Long-Term Orientation in Interfirm Relationships, Journal of Business Research, 60(12), 1225–1233.
  • Sargut, S. (2001). Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sarkar, S. (2009). Individualism-collectivism as Predictors of BPO Employee Attitudes toward Union Membership in India, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26, 93-118.
  • Schein, E. H. (1997). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, JosseyBass.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994a). Cultural Dimensions of Values: Towards an Understanding of National Differences, In Pasa, S.F., Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M., 2001. Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 559-589.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994b). Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values,” in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi & G. Yoon (eds), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Methods and Applications. London, UK: Sage Publications, 85–119.
  • Seymen, O.A. and Bolat O.İ. (2010). The Role of National Culture in Establishing an Efficient Safety Culture in Organizations: An Evaluation in Respect of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, EBES 2010 CONFERENCE 28-30 October 2010, Athens, Greece.
  • Taras, V. and Steel, P. (2009). Beyond Hofstede: Challenging the Ten Commandments of Cross-Cultural Research, in Nakata, C. (eds), Beyond Hofstede: Culture Frameworks for Global Marketing and Management. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 40-60.
  • The World Fact Book, 2011. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html [Accessed 27 September 2011].
  • Trefry, M.G. (2006). A Double-Edged Sword: Organizational Culture in Multicultural Organizations, International Journal of Management, 23(3), Part 2, 563-575.
  • Values Survey Module, 2008. [pdf] Available at: < http://www.geerthofstede.nl/research--vsm/vsm-08.aspx> [Accessed 22 September 2011].

OTEL İŞLETMELERİNDEKİ ÖRGÜT KÜLTÜRÜ İLE ULUSAL KÜLTÜR ARASINDAKİ FARKLARIN BELİRLENMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2012, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 198 - 217, 22.04.2013

Abstract

Bu çalışma Hofstede’nin (1991) geliştirdiği kültür boyutlarını kullanarak, ulusal kültür ile örgüt kültürü arasında öne sürülen paralel yapıyı test etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Veriler Hofstede’nin geliştirdiği değerler anketi ile, İstanbul’da faaliyet gösteren 142 beş yıldızlı otel çalışanından elde edilmiş ve her bir kültür boyutu için hesaplanan ortalama değerlerin kullanıldığı formüller aracılığıyla yeni kültür değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Araştırmanın ortaya koyduğu en önemli sonuçlardan biri ulusal kültür ile örgüt kültürü arasında Hofstede’nin de öne sürdüğü paralel yapının doğrulanması olmuştur. Bu sonuca göre, otel işletmelerinin içinde bulundukları kültürel yapıdan oldukça etkilendikleri saptanmıştır. Araştırmada öne çıkan bir diğer sonuç ise Hofstede’nin ortaya koyduğu yüksek dişilik değerlerinin aksine, yüksek erillik değerlerinin ortaya çıkmasıdır. Son olarak bu çalışma yazında yeterince ilgi görememiş bir alanı doldurmakta ve daha önce hem ulusal kültürün hem de örgüt kültürünün üstelik de Hofstede tarafından geliştirilen ölçme metoduyla ele alındığı belki de ilk çalışma olarak akademik yazına katkı sağlamaktadır

References

  • Besler, S. (2006). Characteristics of Top Management Teams in Turkey, SEE Journal, September Issue, 43-53.
  • Black, B. (2001). National Culture and Industrial Relations and Pay Structures, Labour, 15 (2), 257-277.
  • Black, B. (2005). Comparative Industrial Relations Theory: The Role of National Culture, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16 (7), 1137-1158.
  • Ergüder, Ü., Esmer, Y. and Kalaycıoğlu, E. (1991). Türk Toplumunun Değerleri (Values of the Turkish Society), Report Prepared for TÜSİAD, No.TÜSİAD-T/91, 6145, İstanbul.
  • Francesco, A.M. and Chen, Z.X. (2004). Collectivism in Action: Its Moderating Effects on the Relationship Between Organizational Commitment and Employee Performance in the PRC, Group and Organization Management, 24(4), 425-441.
  • Gerhart, B. and Fang, M. (2005). National Culture and Human Resource Management: Assumptions and Evidence, International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16 (6), 971-986.
  • Görmüş, A.Ş. and Aydın S. (2008). Individualism as an Ascending Value in Turkey and Research Conducted Among University Students. In: 1st International Conference On Management And Economics. Epoka University, Tiran, March 2008.
  • Gupta, S.F. (2012). A Framework Development Process to Integrate Cultural Value Dimension in a Managerial Decision Making Context, Journal of Business & Economic Studies, 18(1), 1-53.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in WorkRelated Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Hofstede, G. (1991). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, Berkshire: McGraw-Hill Book Company Europe.
  • Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s Consequences, Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations Across Nations, Sage Publications, Second Edition, California, USA.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede G.J. and Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of The Mind, Intercultural Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival, McGraw Hill.
  • Igo, T. and Skitmore, M. (2006). Diagnosing the Organizational Culture of an Australian Engineering Consultancy Using Competing Values Framework, Construction Innovation, 6, 121-139.
  • Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M. (1998). Leadership and Culture in Turkey: A MultiFaceted Phenomena, [online] Available from: http://www.thunderbird.edu/wwwfiles/ms/globe/Links/turkeychapter.doc [Accessed 14 September 2011].
  • Kanungo, R.N. and Aycan, Z. (1997). Organizational Cultures and Human Resource Practices from a Cross Cultural Perspective. In Pasa, S.F.,Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M., 2001. Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 559-589.
  • Lamond, D. (2003). The Value of Quinn's Competing Values Model in an Australian Context, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 18(1), 46-59.
  • Leidner, D.E. and Kayworth, T. (2006). A Review of Culture in Information Systems Research: Toward a Theory of Information Technology Culture Conflict, MIS Quarterly, 30(2), 357-399.
  • Litvin, S. W. and Kar, G. H. (2003). Individualism/Collectivism as a Moderating Factor to the Self-Image Congruity Concept, Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(1), 23–32.
  • Lumpkin, G.T., Brigham, K.H. and Moss, T.W. (2010). Long-term Orientation: Implications for the Entrepreneurial Orientation and Performance of Family Businesses, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22(3-4), 241-264.
  • Moosmayer, D.C. (2011). The Moderating Role of Managers’ Uncertainty Avoidance Values on the Performance Impact of Radical and Incremental Innovation, International Journal of Business Research, 11(6), 32-39.
  • Newburry, W. and Yakova, N. (2006). Standardization Preferences: A Function of National Culture, Work Interdependence and Local Embeddedness, Journal of International Business Studies, 37(1), 44–60.
  • Newman, K.L. and Nollen, S.D. (1996). Culture and Congruence: The Fit Between Management Practices and National Culture, Journal of International Business Studies, 27, 753-779.
  • Pasa, S.F., Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M. (2001). Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 559-589.
  • Pellegrini, E.K. and Scandura, T.A. (2006). Leader-Member Exchange (LMX), Paternalism, and Delegation in the Turkish Business Culture: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 264-279.
  • Pothukuchi, V., Damanpour F., Choi, J., Chen C.C. and Park, S.H. (2002). National and Organizational Culture Differences and International Joint Venture Performance, Journal of International Business Studies, 33(2), 243-265.
  • Pylypenko, A., Voloshenuk, V. and Lytvynenko, N. (2012). Regional Map of Mentality After G. Hofstede: Lessons From Ukraine, Journal of US-China Public Administration, 9(2), 195-203.
  • Ryu, S., Park, J.E. and Min, S. (2007). Factors of Determining Long-Term Orientation in Interfirm Relationships, Journal of Business Research, 60(12), 1225–1233.
  • Sargut, S. (2001). Kültürlerarası Farklılaşma ve Yönetim, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
  • Sarkar, S. (2009). Individualism-collectivism as Predictors of BPO Employee Attitudes toward Union Membership in India, Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 26, 93-118.
  • Schein, E. H. (1997). Organizational culture and leadership. San Francisco, JosseyBass.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994a). Cultural Dimensions of Values: Towards an Understanding of National Differences, In Pasa, S.F., Kabasakal, H. and Bodur, M., 2001. Society, Organizations, and Leadership in Turkey, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(4), 559-589.
  • Schwartz, S.H. (1994b). Beyond Individualism/Collectivism: New Cultural Dimensions of Values,” in U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, S. C. Choi & G. Yoon (eds), Individualism and Collectivism: Theory, Methods and Applications. London, UK: Sage Publications, 85–119.
  • Seymen, O.A. and Bolat O.İ. (2010). The Role of National Culture in Establishing an Efficient Safety Culture in Organizations: An Evaluation in Respect of Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions, EBES 2010 CONFERENCE 28-30 October 2010, Athens, Greece.
  • Taras, V. and Steel, P. (2009). Beyond Hofstede: Challenging the Ten Commandments of Cross-Cultural Research, in Nakata, C. (eds), Beyond Hofstede: Culture Frameworks for Global Marketing and Management. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 40-60.
  • The World Fact Book, 2011. Available from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html [Accessed 27 September 2011].
  • Trefry, M.G. (2006). A Double-Edged Sword: Organizational Culture in Multicultural Organizations, International Journal of Management, 23(3), Part 2, 563-575.
  • Values Survey Module, 2008. [pdf] Available at: < http://www.geerthofstede.nl/research--vsm/vsm-08.aspx> [Accessed 22 September 2011].
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Tourism
Authors

Defne Akdeniz

Oya Aytemiz Seymen

Publication Date April 22, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2012 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akdeniz, D., & Aytemiz Seymen, O. (2013). DIAGNOSING NATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE DIFFERENCES: A RESEARCH IN HOTEL ENTERPRISES. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 2(1), 198-217.