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POLITICAL DISCOURSE AND POLICIES OF FAR-RIGHT PARTIES IN GERMANY AND HUNGARY

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 2282 - 2294, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1294246

Abstract

In 21st-century global politics, a focal point of intense debate, particularly in Europe, revolves around the escalating prominence of far-right parties espousing populist ideologies, which have evolved to encompass terms such as xenophobia, Islamophobia, and anti-immigrant sentiments. Since the 2000s, the populist far-right has found a voter base in Europe, which is seen as a bastion of values such as democracy and human rights. The populist discourses of far-right parties have influenced these voters and have elevated them to the position of opposition and power. Far-right parties, emerging as pivotal players in the political landscape across nearly all European nations, continually broaden their voter base through compelling discourses that shape public opinion, posing a substantial threat to the fabric of European civilization. This study discusses the development processes of far-right parties in Germany and Hungary and their effects in the current political arena. The study aims to compare the discourses and policies of far-right political parties in Germany and Hungary and to reveal their ideological similarities and differences. The research posits a hypothesis suggesting that far-right political parties in Germany and Hungary propagate analogous political discourses and policies, demonstrating shared ideological characteristics despite their membership in the European Union.

References

  • Akçapar, Ş. (2012). “Uluslararası Göç Alanında Güvenlik Algılamaları ve Göçün İnsani Boyutu” içinde Öner, S. ve Öner, N. (editörler), Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar ve Tartışmalar. İstanbul: İletişim, 539-563.
  • Alkan, M. N. (2015), “Avrupa’da Yükselen Irkçılık: Pegida Örneği”, Akademik Bakış. 8 (16): 275-289.
  • Anastasakis, O. (2000), “Extreme Right in Europe: A Comparative Study of Recent Trends”, The Hellenic Observatory The Europan Institute, London School of Economics & Political Science, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3326/1/Extreme_Right_in_Europe.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 26/12/2022.
  • Anti-Defamation League (2021). Extreme Right, Radical Right, Far Right. https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/extreme-right-radical-right-farright, Erişim Tarihi: 25/12/2022.
  • Aras, İ. ve Sağıroğlu, A. (2018). “Avrupa Aşırı Sağında Göçmen Karşıtlığı: Fransa ve Macaristan Örnekleri”, Mukaddime, 9(1): 59-77.
  • Art, D. (2013). “Why 2013 Is Not 1933: The Radical Right in Europe”, Current History. 112 (752): 88-93.
  • Betz, H. G., ve Immerfall, S. (1998). The New Politics of The Right. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Connolly, K. (2016). Frauke Petry: The Acceptable Face of Germany’s New Right?: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/19/frauke-petry-acceptable-face-of-germany-new-right-interview, Erişim Tarihi: 25/12/2022.
  • Billiet, J., & De Witte, H. (1995). Attitudinal dispositions to vote for a ‘new’extreme right‐wing party: The case of ‘Vlaams Blok’. European Journal of Political Research, 27(2), 181-202.
  • Boyraz, H. M. (2022). Avrupa Ülkelerinde Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi ve Aşırı Sağ Partiler: Macaristan ve Yunanistan Özelinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Sakarya Üniversitesi Sbe Uluslararası İlişkiler ABD Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Sakarya.
  • Braunthal, G. (2009) Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Çalışkan, H. E. (2018). The Rise of Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe: The Case of the Alternative for Germany. Master of Science Thesis, Depertmant of European Studies of Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Çiçek, A. (2021). Almanya’da Aşırı Sağın Siyasal Aktörü Olarak Afd (Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi). Al Farabi 10th International Conference on Social Sciences, Malatya.
  • Çiçek, A. (2022). “Türkiye’deki Siyasal Partilerin Yerel Yönetim Tasavvurları”, Kamu Yönetimi: Yerel Yönetimler, Yerel Demokrasi ve Kentleşme (Ed. Konur Alp Demir ve Ali Çiçek), Orion Yayınları, Ankara, 3-50.
  • Dilling, M. (2018). Two of the Same Kind?: The Rise of the AfD and its Implications for the CDU/CSU. German Politics & Society, 36(1), 84–104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48562162.
  • Dunn, K. (2015). Preference for radical right-wing populist parties among exclusive-nationalists and authoritarians. Party Politics, 21(3), 367-380.
  • Eddy, M. (2018). German Far Right and Counterprotesters Clash in Chemnitz. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/world/europe/chemnitz-protest-germany.html, Erişim Tarihi:18.11.2023.
  • Eser, H. B. ve Çiçek, A. (2020). "Avrupa'da Aşırı Sağın Ayak Sesleri: Zenofobinin Patolojik Normalleşmesi". Alternatif Politika, 12(1): 114-144.
  • Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. (2014). Revolt on the right: Explaining support for the radical right in Britain. Routledge.
  • Ford, R., Goodwin, M. J., & Cutts, D. (2012). Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes: support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament elections. European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), 204-234.
  • Greven, T. (2016). The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/12892.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01/01/2023.
  • Human Right First (2015). The Jobbik Party in Hungary: History and Background https://humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Jobbik-Party-Fact-Sheet-final.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2023.
  • Jobbik (2023). Declaration of Principles, https://www.jobbik.com/principles, Erişim Tarihi: 20/03/2023.
  • Kaya, A. (2015) PEGİDA Eylemlerinden Neler Öğrendik?, http://www.sosyaldemokratdergi.org/ayhan-kaya-pegida-eylemlerinden-neler-ogrendik/, Erişim Tarihi 17.11.2023.
  • Kim, D. S. (2016). The rise of European right radicalism: The case of Jobbik. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 49(4), 345–357. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.08
  • Kinnvall, C. (2004). Globalization and religious nationalism: Self, identity, and the search for ontological security. Political psychology, 25(5), 741-767.
  • Korkut, U., 2012. Liberalization Challenges in Hungary. Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
  • Kreko, P. (2017). Rethinking the Far Right in Hungary: Defeating Orbán is Impossible without Jobbik’s Votes. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Perspective, https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/budapest/14182.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20/03/2023.
  • Kriesi, H. (2010). Restructuration of partisan politics and the emergence of a new cleavage based on values. West European Politics, 33(3), 673-685.
  • Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2006). Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared. European Journal of Political Research, 45(6), 921-956.
  • Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2008). West European politics in the age of globalization. Cambridge University Press.
  • Milner, H. V. (2021). Voting for populism in Europe: Globalization, technological change, and the extreme right. Comparative Political Studies, 54(13), 2286-2320.
  • Mudde, C. (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2000), The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2019). The Far Right Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Mudde, C. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2019). Popülizm: Kısa Bir Giriş. Çev. S. Erdem Türközü, Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Rahman, H. (2023). The Future of Globalization: Political, Social and Economic Aspects, in H. Yaylı (Eds.), 23rd International Public Administration Forum (KAYFOR 23) Extended Abstracts Book, 440-441
  • Schäfer, C. (2020). Between Policy and Protest: The AfD and its Voters, https://bpy.bilgi.edu.tr/en/blog/right-wing-populism-in-germany-the-alternative-for/, Erişim Tarihi: 03/01/2023.
  • Schellenberg, B. (2013) “Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in Germany: Developments and Enabling Structures”, in R. Melzer and S. Serafin (eds.), Right-Wing Extremism in Europe Country Analyses: Counter-Strategies and Labor-Market Oriented Exit Strategies, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Steenbergen, M. R., & Siczek, T. (2017). Better the devil you know? Risk-taking, globalization and populism in Great Britain. European Union Politics, 18(1), 119-136.
  • The Guardian (2023). Far-right German politician arrested after ‘Sieg Heil’ salutes heard, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/far-right-german-politician-arrested-after-sieg-heil-salutes-heard, Son Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2023.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2020). Post-Faşist Dönemde Avrupa Aşırı Sağı: Almanya ve İtalya Örnekleri. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Kamu Yönetimi ABD, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Muğla.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2021). Neo Faşizm’den Popülizme. Liberus Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Van der Brug, W., Fennema, M., & Tillie, J. (2000). Anti‐immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?. European Journal of Political Research, 37(1), 77-102.
  • Wilson, R. & Hainsworth, P. (2012). Far Right Parties and Discourse in Europe: A Challenge For Our Times. Brussels Racism Press.

ALMANYA VE MACARİSTAN’DA AŞIRI SAĞ PARTİLERİN SİYASAL SÖYLEM VE POLİTİKALARI

Year 2023, Volume: 13 Issue: 4, 2282 - 2294, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1294246

Abstract

ÖZ
21. yüzyılın küresel siyasetinde, özellikle Avrupa’da en çok tartışma konusu olan mesele zenofobi, islamofobi, göçmen karşıtlığı gibi kavramları da içine alacak şekilde güçlenen popülist karakterli aşırı sağ partilerin söylem ve politikalarının görünürlüğündeki artıştır. Popülist aşırış sağ, özellikle 2000’li yıllardan itibaren demokrasi ve insan hakları gibi değerlerin kalesi olarak görülen Avrupa’da kendine bir seçmen tabanı bulmuştur. Bu seçmenler, aşırı sağ partilerin popülist söylemlerinden etkilenerek onları muhalefet ve iktidar konumuna yükseltmişlerdir. Neredeyse bütün Avrupa ülkelerindeki siyasal alanda en önemli aktörler haline gelen ve kamuoyu oluşturabilecek kadar etkili söylemlerle seçmen kitlesini günden güne genişleten aşırı sağ partiler, Avrupa medeniyeti için önemli bir tehdide dönüşmüştür. Bu çalışmada, Avrupa medeniyeti açısından en önemli tehdit olarak görülen aşırı sağ partilerin Almanya ve Macaristan’da gelişim süreçleri ve mevcut durumdaki siyasal alanda etkileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada Almanya ve Macaristan’daki aşırı sağ siyasi partilerin söylem ve politikaları karşılaştırılarak ideolojik benzerlikleri ve farklılıklarını ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın hipotezi, hepsi aynı zamanda Avrupa Birliği üyesi olan Almanya ve Macaristan’daki aşırı sağ siyasal partilerin benzer siyasal söylem ve politikaları savundukları ve ideolojik bakımdan birbirine benzer özellikler taşıdığıdır.

References

  • Akçapar, Ş. (2012). “Uluslararası Göç Alanında Güvenlik Algılamaları ve Göçün İnsani Boyutu” içinde Öner, S. ve Öner, N. (editörler), Küreselleşme Çağında Göç: Kavramlar ve Tartışmalar. İstanbul: İletişim, 539-563.
  • Alkan, M. N. (2015), “Avrupa’da Yükselen Irkçılık: Pegida Örneği”, Akademik Bakış. 8 (16): 275-289.
  • Anastasakis, O. (2000), “Extreme Right in Europe: A Comparative Study of Recent Trends”, The Hellenic Observatory The Europan Institute, London School of Economics & Political Science, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3326/1/Extreme_Right_in_Europe.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 26/12/2022.
  • Anti-Defamation League (2021). Extreme Right, Radical Right, Far Right. https://www.adl.org/resources/glossary-terms/extreme-right-radical-right-farright, Erişim Tarihi: 25/12/2022.
  • Aras, İ. ve Sağıroğlu, A. (2018). “Avrupa Aşırı Sağında Göçmen Karşıtlığı: Fransa ve Macaristan Örnekleri”, Mukaddime, 9(1): 59-77.
  • Art, D. (2013). “Why 2013 Is Not 1933: The Radical Right in Europe”, Current History. 112 (752): 88-93.
  • Betz, H. G., ve Immerfall, S. (1998). The New Politics of The Right. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Connolly, K. (2016). Frauke Petry: The Acceptable Face of Germany’s New Right?: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/19/frauke-petry-acceptable-face-of-germany-new-right-interview, Erişim Tarihi: 25/12/2022.
  • Billiet, J., & De Witte, H. (1995). Attitudinal dispositions to vote for a ‘new’extreme right‐wing party: The case of ‘Vlaams Blok’. European Journal of Political Research, 27(2), 181-202.
  • Boyraz, H. M. (2022). Avrupa Ülkelerinde Göçün Güvenlikleştirilmesi ve Aşırı Sağ Partiler: Macaristan ve Yunanistan Özelinde Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Sakarya Üniversitesi Sbe Uluslararası İlişkiler ABD Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Sakarya.
  • Braunthal, G. (2009) Right-Wing Extremism in Contemporary Germany. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Çalışkan, H. E. (2018). The Rise of Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe: The Case of the Alternative for Germany. Master of Science Thesis, Depertmant of European Studies of Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Çiçek, A. (2021). Almanya’da Aşırı Sağın Siyasal Aktörü Olarak Afd (Almanya İçin Alternatif Partisi). Al Farabi 10th International Conference on Social Sciences, Malatya.
  • Çiçek, A. (2022). “Türkiye’deki Siyasal Partilerin Yerel Yönetim Tasavvurları”, Kamu Yönetimi: Yerel Yönetimler, Yerel Demokrasi ve Kentleşme (Ed. Konur Alp Demir ve Ali Çiçek), Orion Yayınları, Ankara, 3-50.
  • Dilling, M. (2018). Two of the Same Kind?: The Rise of the AfD and its Implications for the CDU/CSU. German Politics & Society, 36(1), 84–104. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48562162.
  • Dunn, K. (2015). Preference for radical right-wing populist parties among exclusive-nationalists and authoritarians. Party Politics, 21(3), 367-380.
  • Eddy, M. (2018). German Far Right and Counterprotesters Clash in Chemnitz. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/28/world/europe/chemnitz-protest-germany.html, Erişim Tarihi:18.11.2023.
  • Eser, H. B. ve Çiçek, A. (2020). "Avrupa'da Aşırı Sağın Ayak Sesleri: Zenofobinin Patolojik Normalleşmesi". Alternatif Politika, 12(1): 114-144.
  • Ford, R., & Goodwin, M. (2014). Revolt on the right: Explaining support for the radical right in Britain. Routledge.
  • Ford, R., Goodwin, M. J., & Cutts, D. (2012). Strategic Eurosceptics and polite xenophobes: support for the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) in the 2009 European Parliament elections. European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), 204-234.
  • Greven, T. (2016). The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/12892.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 01/01/2023.
  • Human Right First (2015). The Jobbik Party in Hungary: History and Background https://humanrightsfirst.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Jobbik-Party-Fact-Sheet-final.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2023.
  • Jobbik (2023). Declaration of Principles, https://www.jobbik.com/principles, Erişim Tarihi: 20/03/2023.
  • Kaya, A. (2015) PEGİDA Eylemlerinden Neler Öğrendik?, http://www.sosyaldemokratdergi.org/ayhan-kaya-pegida-eylemlerinden-neler-ogrendik/, Erişim Tarihi 17.11.2023.
  • Kim, D. S. (2016). The rise of European right radicalism: The case of Jobbik. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 49(4), 345–357. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.08
  • Kinnvall, C. (2004). Globalization and religious nationalism: Self, identity, and the search for ontological security. Political psychology, 25(5), 741-767.
  • Korkut, U., 2012. Liberalization Challenges in Hungary. Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
  • Kreko, P. (2017). Rethinking the Far Right in Hungary: Defeating Orbán is Impossible without Jobbik’s Votes. Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Perspective, https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/budapest/14182.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 20/03/2023.
  • Kriesi, H. (2010). Restructuration of partisan politics and the emergence of a new cleavage based on values. West European Politics, 33(3), 673-685.
  • Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2006). Globalization and the transformation of the national political space: Six European countries compared. European Journal of Political Research, 45(6), 921-956.
  • Kriesi, H., Grande, E., Lachat, R., Dolezal, M., Bornschier, S., & Frey, T. (2008). West European politics in the age of globalization. Cambridge University Press.
  • Milner, H. V. (2021). Voting for populism in Europe: Globalization, technological change, and the extreme right. Comparative Political Studies, 54(13), 2286-2320.
  • Mudde, C. (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2000), The Ideology of the Extreme Right. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Mudde, C. (2019). The Far Right Today. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Mudde, C. ve Kaltwasser, C. R. (2019). Popülizm: Kısa Bir Giriş. Çev. S. Erdem Türközü, Nika Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • Rahman, H. (2023). The Future of Globalization: Political, Social and Economic Aspects, in H. Yaylı (Eds.), 23rd International Public Administration Forum (KAYFOR 23) Extended Abstracts Book, 440-441
  • Schäfer, C. (2020). Between Policy and Protest: The AfD and its Voters, https://bpy.bilgi.edu.tr/en/blog/right-wing-populism-in-germany-the-alternative-for/, Erişim Tarihi: 03/01/2023.
  • Schellenberg, B. (2013) “Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in Germany: Developments and Enabling Structures”, in R. Melzer and S. Serafin (eds.), Right-Wing Extremism in Europe Country Analyses: Counter-Strategies and Labor-Market Oriented Exit Strategies, Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • Steenbergen, M. R., & Siczek, T. (2017). Better the devil you know? Risk-taking, globalization and populism in Great Britain. European Union Politics, 18(1), 119-136.
  • The Guardian (2023). Far-right German politician arrested after ‘Sieg Heil’ salutes heard, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/30/far-right-german-politician-arrested-after-sieg-heil-salutes-heard, Son Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2023.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2020). Post-Faşist Dönemde Avrupa Aşırı Sağı: Almanya ve İtalya Örnekleri. Muğla Üniversitesi SBE Kamu Yönetimi ABD, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Muğla.
  • Uzunçayır, C. (2021). Neo Faşizm’den Popülizme. Liberus Yayınevi, İstanbul.
  • Van der Brug, W., Fennema, M., & Tillie, J. (2000). Anti‐immigrant parties in Europe: Ideological or protest vote?. European Journal of Political Research, 37(1), 77-102.
  • Wilson, R. & Hainsworth, P. (2012). Far Right Parties and Discourse in Europe: A Challenge For Our Times. Brussels Racism Press.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Movement
Journal Section SİYASET BİLİMİ
Authors

Hafijur Rahman 0000-0001-7945-6307

Aslıhan Çiçek 0000-0003-0509-0335

Early Pub Date December 20, 2023
Publication Date December 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 13 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Rahman, H., & Çiçek, A. (2023). ALMANYA VE MACARİSTAN’DA AŞIRI SAĞ PARTİLERİN SİYASAL SÖYLEM VE POLİTİKALARI. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 13(4), 2282-2294. https://doi.org/10.30783/nevsosbilen.1294246