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İklim Krizi ve Ekolojik Bağlamda Devletin Rolünü Yeniden Düşünmek

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: Özel Sayı, 44 - 57, 28.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1347417

Abstract

İklim değişikliğinin yıkıcı etkileri son yıllarda dünyanın her yerinde hissedilmekte ve sorun artık küresel bir krize dönüşmüştür. Bu süreçte uluslararası sistemin temel politik aktörü olarak kabul edilen egemen devletin ve devleti oluşturan nüfus ve toprak başta olmak üzere temel öğelerin kırılganlığı da artmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı iklim krizinin yarattığı kırılganlıkları devletin sorumluluğu bağlamında incelemektir. Çalışma, iklim krizine karşı etkili mücadele için egemenlik ilkesinin ekosistemleri de içerecek şekilde genişletilmesi ve devletin ulusal ve uluslararası sorumlulukları yanında ulusötesi bağlamda ve adalet temelinde gezegensel sorumluluklarının geliştirilmesi gerektiğini öne sürmektedir. Çalışma iç içe geçen kırılganlıkları merkeze alarak iklim krizinin temelinde yatan nedenleri ve devletin bu süreçteki rolünü eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla ele almaktadır. Kırılganlıkları gidermek ve etkili azaltım ve uyum politikalarını uygulamak için daha adil, eşitlikçi ve sorumluluğu yaptırımla bağlayıcı hale gelecek bir devlete ihtiyaç vardır. Egemen devletlerin gezegendeki tüm yaşamı ve ekosistemleri de içeren yeni bir küresel rejim inşa edebilmesi devletin sorumluluğunun ulusal, uluslararası ve ulusötesi bağlamda yeniden kurgulanmasını da gerektirmektedir.

References

  • Annan, K. (2005). In larger freedom: towards development, security, and human rights for all. UN General Assembly: New York.
  • AOSIS (2019, 12 Aralık). COP-25 AOSIS Closing Statement. Erişim adresi: https://www.aosis.org/cop-25-aosis-closing-statement/
  • Bookchin, M. (2015). The Next Revolution. Verso: London.
  • Burke, A., Fishel, S., Mitchell, A., Dalby, S., & Levine, D. J. (2016). Planet Politics: A Manifesto from the End of IR. Millennium, 44(3), 499-523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829816636674 Castro Pereira, J. (2017). The limitations of IR theory regarding the environment: lessons from the anthropocene, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 60(1), 1-24.
  • Chomsky, N., Pollin, R.; Polychroniou, C. J. (2021). İklim Krizi ve Küresel Yeşil Yeni Düzen: Gezegeni Kurtarmanın Politik Ekonomisi, çev. O. Orhangazi, Ütopya Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Climate Action Tracker (2023). Erişim adresi: https://climateactiontracker.org/
  • Crawford, J. (2012). Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law, 8. Baskı, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Cudworth, E.; Hobden, S. (2011). Posthuman International Relations: Complexity, Ecologism and Global Politics, Zed Books.
  • Dalby, S. (2014). Rethinking Geopolitics: Climate Security in the Anthropocene, Global Policy, 5(1), 1-9.
  • De Châtel, F. (2014). “The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution”, Middle Eastern Studies, 50(4), 521-535.
  • Dewan, A. (2021, 8 Kasım). Fossil fuel companies have over 500 people at COP26, more than any single country, report says, CNN. Erişim adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/08/world/cop26-climate-fossil-fuel-lobbying-intl/index.html.
  • Dunne, T. (2010). The English School. International Relations Theories içinde, Eds. T. Dunne; M. Kurki; S. Smith, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Eckersley, R. (2004). The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty, MIT Press: Cambridge.
  • Fitzmaurice, M. (2013). The International Court of Justice and International Environmental Law, The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice içinde, Eds. C. J. Tams; J. Sloan, Oxford University Press: Oxford, ss.353-374.
  • Foster, J. B. (2002). Savunmasız Gezegen. Epos: Ankara.
  • Gleick, P. H. (2014). Water, Drought, and Climate Change and Conflict in Syria, Weather, Climate and Society, 6(3), 331-340.
  • Gözübüyük, Ş. (2005). Yönetim Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 22. Baskı; Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara. Grieco, J.; Ikenberry, G. J.; Mastanduno, M. (2015). Introduction to International Relations. Enduring Questions and Contemporary Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan: London.
  • Harrington, C. (2016). The Ends of the World: International Relations and the Anthropocene, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 44(3), 478-498.
  • Hayırsever Topçu, F. (2008) İklim Değişikliği: Ortak Beklentiler ve Farklılaşan Çıkarlar, Mülkiye Dergisi, 32(259), 159-190.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Küresel Siyaset, Adres Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Heywood, A. (2019). Politics, Red Globe Press: London.
  • HM Government. (2010). A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy, TSO. Erişim adresi: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61936/national-security-strategy.pdf
  • Homer-Dixon, T. H. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton University Press: Princeton.
  • ICISS (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty) (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The International Development Research Centre: Ottawa.
  • IPCC (2022). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
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  • Jervis, R. (1995). Security regimes, International Regimes içinde, Ed. S. D. Krasner, Cornell University Press: New York.
  • Jessop, B. (2008). Devlet Teorisi. Kapitalist Devleti Yerine Oturtmak, Epos: Ankara.
  • Kellogg, M. (2020). Women Building Resilient Cities in the Context of Climate Change. The Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. Erişim adresi: https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Women-Building-Resilient-Cities.pdf.
  • Kelley, C.P. (2014). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11), 3241-3246.
  • Keohane, R. O. (1995). The demand for international regimes, International Regimes içinde, Ed. S. D. Krasner, Cornell University Press: New York.
  • Knudsen, T. B. (2000). International Society and International Solidarity: Recapturing the Solidarist Origins of the English School. 28th Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, 14-19 April 2000, 1-48.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables, International Organization, 36(2), 185-205.
  • Lavelle, K., & Feagin, J. (2006). Hurricane Katrina: The race and class debate. Monthly Review, 58(3), 52-66.
  • Le Prestre, P. (2005). Protection de l‟environnement et relations internationales. Armand Colin: Paris.
  • Linklater, A. (1999). The Evolving Spheres of International Justice. International Affairs, 75(3), 473-482.
  • Mısır, M. B. (2015). Egemenlik, Siyaset Bilimi. Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler Arası İlişkiler içinde, 5. Basım, Ed. G. Atılgan; E. A. Aytekin, Yordam: İstanbul, 55-67.
  • Michaelson, R. (2022, 10 Kasım). ‘Explosion’ in number of fossil fuel lobbyists at Cop27 climate summit. The Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/10/big-rise-in-number-of-fossil-fuel-lobbyists-at-cop27-climate-summit
  • NATO. (2021, 14 Haziran). NATO Climate Change and Security Action Plan, Erişim adresi: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_185174.htm
  • Neale, J. (2009). Küresel Isınmayı Durduralım, Dünyayı Değiştirelim!. Yordam: İstanbul.
  • Niranjan, A. (2023, 27 Temmuz). ‘Era of global boiling has arrived,’ says UN chief as July set to be hottest month on record. The Guardian, Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jul/27/scientists-july-world-hottest-month-record-climate-temperatures
  • Ohlsson, L. (2000). Livelihood Conflicts: Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency: Stockholm.
  • Our World in Data (2023). CO2 Emissions. Erişim adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions
  • Percival, V.; Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1996). Environmental scarcity and violent conflict: The case of Rwanda. The Journal of Environment & Development. 5(3), 270–291.
  • Rivlin, G. (2016, 29 Ağustos). White New Orleans has recovered from Hurricane Katrina. Black New Orleans has not. The Nation, Erişim adresi : https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/white-new-orleans-has-recovered-from-hurricane-katrina-black-new-orleans-has-not/
  • Romi, R. (2007). Droit et administration de l‟environnement. Montchretien: Paris.
  • Sherman, A.; Shapiro, I. (2005). Essential Facts About the Victims of Hurricane Katrina, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27385
  • Shaw, M. N. (2008). International Law, 6. Baskı; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  • Tan Gülcan, D. (2018). Ekolojik Kriz Karşısında Devletin Rolü Üzerine İdeolojik Bir Tartışma, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(59), 49-63.
  • The White House (2015). National Security Strategy, Erişim adresi: https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2015.pdf
  • Tırış, G.; Uysal Oğuz, C. (2020). İklim Adaletine Demokrasi Perspektifi ile Bakmak: Ekolojik Demokrasi, Doğu Batı, 24(95), 75-97.
  • UN General Assembly. (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf
  • UN General Assembly. (2009, 11 Eylül). Climate change and its possible security implications. Report of the Secretary-General, A/64/350, Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/667264/files/A_64_350-EN.pdf
  • UN General Assembly. (2009). Implementing the responsibility to protect, Report of the Secretary General (A/63/677). United Nations: New York.
  • UN Treaty Collection (2023). Chapter XXVII. Environment. 7.d. Paris Agreement. Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en
  • Uysal Oğuz, C.; Atvur, S. (2023). İklimin Kırılgan Grupları, İklim Adaleti, İklim Demokrasisi ve Göçler. İklim Krizinde Yaşamaya Dair Çalıştay Kitabı. Muratpaşa Belediyesi: Antalya. Erişim adresi: https://iklim.muratpasa-bld.gov.tr/Uploads/iklim_krizi_calistay_2023.pdf
  • Uysal Oğuz, C.; Ilık Bilben, M. S. (2020). İklim Adaleti Tartışmalarına Güncel Bir Bakış, Ekolojik Kriz ve Küresel Çevre Politikaları içinde, Ed. H. Sağır, Beta: İstanbul.
  • World Resources Institute (2023, 2 Mart). This Interactive Chart Shows Changes in the World's Top 10 Emitters. Erişim adresi: https://www.wri.org/insights/interactive-chart-shows-changes-worlds-top-10-emitters
  • Yalman, G. L. (2015). Devlet, Siyaset Bilimi. Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler Arası İlişkiler içinde, 5. Basım, Ed. G. Atılgan; E. A. Aytekin, Yordam: İstanbul, 69-85.
  • Yalvaç, F. (2017). Devlet. Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş içinde, Ed. Ş. Kardaş; A. Balcı, Küre Yayınları: İstanbul, ss. 311-321.
  • Young, O. R. (2011). Effectiveness of international environmental regimes: Existing knowledge, cutting-edge themes, and research strategies. PNAS, 108(50), 19853-19860.

Climate Crisis and Rethinking the Role of the Sate in an Ecological Context

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: Özel Sayı, 44 - 57, 28.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1347417

Abstract

The devastating effects of climate change have been felt all over the world in recent years and the problem has now turned into a global crisis. In this process, the vulnerability of the sovereign state which is the main political actor of the international system and its fundamental elements, population and territory, is increasing. The aim of this study is to analyse the vulnerabilities created by the climate crisis in the context of state responsibility. The study argues that for an effective fight against the climate crisis, the principle of sovereignty should be expanded to include ecosystems, and the planetary responsibilities of the state should be developed in a transnational context and on the basis of justice in addition to its national and international responsibilities. The study examines the underlying causes of the climate crisis with a critical perspective by centring on intertwined vulnerabilities and the role of the state in this process. In order to address vulnerabilities and implement effective mitigation and adaptation policies, a more equitable, just and egalitarian state is needed whose responsibilities will become binding through sanctions. The ability of sovereign states to build a new global regime that includes all life and ecosystems on the planet also requires a reconceptualisation of state responsibility in national, international and transnational contexts.

References

  • Annan, K. (2005). In larger freedom: towards development, security, and human rights for all. UN General Assembly: New York.
  • AOSIS (2019, 12 Aralık). COP-25 AOSIS Closing Statement. Erişim adresi: https://www.aosis.org/cop-25-aosis-closing-statement/
  • Bookchin, M. (2015). The Next Revolution. Verso: London.
  • Burke, A., Fishel, S., Mitchell, A., Dalby, S., & Levine, D. J. (2016). Planet Politics: A Manifesto from the End of IR. Millennium, 44(3), 499-523. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829816636674 Castro Pereira, J. (2017). The limitations of IR theory regarding the environment: lessons from the anthropocene, Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional, 60(1), 1-24.
  • Chomsky, N., Pollin, R.; Polychroniou, C. J. (2021). İklim Krizi ve Küresel Yeşil Yeni Düzen: Gezegeni Kurtarmanın Politik Ekonomisi, çev. O. Orhangazi, Ütopya Yayınevi: Ankara.
  • Climate Action Tracker (2023). Erişim adresi: https://climateactiontracker.org/
  • Crawford, J. (2012). Brownlie's Principles of Public International Law, 8. Baskı, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Cudworth, E.; Hobden, S. (2011). Posthuman International Relations: Complexity, Ecologism and Global Politics, Zed Books.
  • Dalby, S. (2014). Rethinking Geopolitics: Climate Security in the Anthropocene, Global Policy, 5(1), 1-9.
  • De Châtel, F. (2014). “The Role of Drought and Climate Change in the Syrian Uprising: Untangling the Triggers of the Revolution”, Middle Eastern Studies, 50(4), 521-535.
  • Dewan, A. (2021, 8 Kasım). Fossil fuel companies have over 500 people at COP26, more than any single country, report says, CNN. Erişim adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/11/08/world/cop26-climate-fossil-fuel-lobbying-intl/index.html.
  • Dunne, T. (2010). The English School. International Relations Theories içinde, Eds. T. Dunne; M. Kurki; S. Smith, Oxford University Press: Oxford.
  • Eckersley, R. (2004). The Green State: Rethinking Democracy and Sovereignty, MIT Press: Cambridge.
  • Fitzmaurice, M. (2013). The International Court of Justice and International Environmental Law, The Development of International Law by the International Court of Justice içinde, Eds. C. J. Tams; J. Sloan, Oxford University Press: Oxford, ss.353-374.
  • Foster, J. B. (2002). Savunmasız Gezegen. Epos: Ankara.
  • Gleick, P. H. (2014). Water, Drought, and Climate Change and Conflict in Syria, Weather, Climate and Society, 6(3), 331-340.
  • Gözübüyük, Ş. (2005). Yönetim Hukuku, Güncelleştirilmiş 22. Baskı; Turhan Kitabevi: Ankara. Grieco, J.; Ikenberry, G. J.; Mastanduno, M. (2015). Introduction to International Relations. Enduring Questions and Contemporary Perspectives, Palgrave Macmillan: London.
  • Harrington, C. (2016). The Ends of the World: International Relations and the Anthropocene, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 44(3), 478-498.
  • Hayırsever Topçu, F. (2008) İklim Değişikliği: Ortak Beklentiler ve Farklılaşan Çıkarlar, Mülkiye Dergisi, 32(259), 159-190.
  • Heywood, A. (2013). Küresel Siyaset, Adres Yayınları: Ankara.
  • Heywood, A. (2019). Politics, Red Globe Press: London.
  • HM Government. (2010). A Strong Britain in an Age of Uncertainty: The National Security Strategy, TSO. Erişim adresi: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61936/national-security-strategy.pdf
  • Homer-Dixon, T. H. (1999). Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton University Press: Princeton.
  • ICISS (International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty) (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: The Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. The International Development Research Centre: Ottawa.
  • IPCC (2022). Summary for Policymakers. Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  • IPCC (2023). Summary for Policymakers, Climate Change 2023: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change içinde, Eds. H. Lee; J. Romero, IPCC: Geneva.
  • Jervis, R. (1995). Security regimes, International Regimes içinde, Ed. S. D. Krasner, Cornell University Press: New York.
  • Jessop, B. (2008). Devlet Teorisi. Kapitalist Devleti Yerine Oturtmak, Epos: Ankara.
  • Kellogg, M. (2020). Women Building Resilient Cities in the Context of Climate Change. The Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. Erişim adresi: https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Women-Building-Resilient-Cities.pdf.
  • Kelley, C.P. (2014). Climate change in the Fertile Crescent and implications of the recent Syrian drought, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(11), 3241-3246.
  • Keohane, R. O. (1995). The demand for international regimes, International Regimes içinde, Ed. S. D. Krasner, Cornell University Press: New York.
  • Knudsen, T. B. (2000). International Society and International Solidarity: Recapturing the Solidarist Origins of the English School. 28th Joint Sessions of Workshops of the European Consortium for Political Research, 14-19 April 2000, 1-48.
  • Krasner, S. D. (1982). Structural causes and regime consequences: regimes as intervening variables, International Organization, 36(2), 185-205.
  • Lavelle, K., & Feagin, J. (2006). Hurricane Katrina: The race and class debate. Monthly Review, 58(3), 52-66.
  • Le Prestre, P. (2005). Protection de l‟environnement et relations internationales. Armand Colin: Paris.
  • Linklater, A. (1999). The Evolving Spheres of International Justice. International Affairs, 75(3), 473-482.
  • Mısır, M. B. (2015). Egemenlik, Siyaset Bilimi. Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler Arası İlişkiler içinde, 5. Basım, Ed. G. Atılgan; E. A. Aytekin, Yordam: İstanbul, 55-67.
  • Michaelson, R. (2022, 10 Kasım). ‘Explosion’ in number of fossil fuel lobbyists at Cop27 climate summit. The Guardian. Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/10/big-rise-in-number-of-fossil-fuel-lobbyists-at-cop27-climate-summit
  • NATO. (2021, 14 Haziran). NATO Climate Change and Security Action Plan, Erişim adresi: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_185174.htm
  • Neale, J. (2009). Küresel Isınmayı Durduralım, Dünyayı Değiştirelim!. Yordam: İstanbul.
  • Niranjan, A. (2023, 27 Temmuz). ‘Era of global boiling has arrived,’ says UN chief as July set to be hottest month on record. The Guardian, Erişim adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/science/2023/jul/27/scientists-july-world-hottest-month-record-climate-temperatures
  • Ohlsson, L. (2000). Livelihood Conflicts: Linking poverty and environment as causes of conflict. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency: Stockholm.
  • Our World in Data (2023). CO2 Emissions. Erişim adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions
  • Percival, V.; Homer-Dixon, T. F. (1996). Environmental scarcity and violent conflict: The case of Rwanda. The Journal of Environment & Development. 5(3), 270–291.
  • Rivlin, G. (2016, 29 Ağustos). White New Orleans has recovered from Hurricane Katrina. Black New Orleans has not. The Nation, Erişim adresi : https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/white-new-orleans-has-recovered-from-hurricane-katrina-black-new-orleans-has-not/
  • Romi, R. (2007). Droit et administration de l‟environnement. Montchretien: Paris.
  • Sherman, A.; Shapiro, I. (2005). Essential Facts About the Victims of Hurricane Katrina, Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27385
  • Shaw, M. N. (2008). International Law, 6. Baskı; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  • Tan Gülcan, D. (2018). Ekolojik Kriz Karşısında Devletin Rolü Üzerine İdeolojik Bir Tartışma, Uluslararası İlişkiler, 13(59), 49-63.
  • The White House (2015). National Security Strategy, Erişim adresi: https://nssarchive.us/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/2015.pdf
  • Tırış, G.; Uysal Oğuz, C. (2020). İklim Adaletine Demokrasi Perspektifi ile Bakmak: Ekolojik Demokrasi, Doğu Batı, 24(95), 75-97.
  • UN General Assembly. (1992). Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_CONF.151_26_Vol.I_Declaration.pdf
  • UN General Assembly. (2009, 11 Eylül). Climate change and its possible security implications. Report of the Secretary-General, A/64/350, Erişim adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/667264/files/A_64_350-EN.pdf
  • UN General Assembly. (2009). Implementing the responsibility to protect, Report of the Secretary General (A/63/677). United Nations: New York.
  • UN Treaty Collection (2023). Chapter XXVII. Environment. 7.d. Paris Agreement. Erişim adresi: https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-7-d&chapter=27&clang=_en
  • Uysal Oğuz, C.; Atvur, S. (2023). İklimin Kırılgan Grupları, İklim Adaleti, İklim Demokrasisi ve Göçler. İklim Krizinde Yaşamaya Dair Çalıştay Kitabı. Muratpaşa Belediyesi: Antalya. Erişim adresi: https://iklim.muratpasa-bld.gov.tr/Uploads/iklim_krizi_calistay_2023.pdf
  • Uysal Oğuz, C.; Ilık Bilben, M. S. (2020). İklim Adaleti Tartışmalarına Güncel Bir Bakış, Ekolojik Kriz ve Küresel Çevre Politikaları içinde, Ed. H. Sağır, Beta: İstanbul.
  • World Resources Institute (2023, 2 Mart). This Interactive Chart Shows Changes in the World's Top 10 Emitters. Erişim adresi: https://www.wri.org/insights/interactive-chart-shows-changes-worlds-top-10-emitters
  • Yalman, G. L. (2015). Devlet, Siyaset Bilimi. Kavramlar, İdeolojiler, Disiplinler Arası İlişkiler içinde, 5. Basım, Ed. G. Atılgan; E. A. Aytekin, Yordam: İstanbul, 69-85.
  • Yalvaç, F. (2017). Devlet. Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş içinde, Ed. Ş. Kardaş; A. Balcı, Küre Yayınları: İstanbul, ss. 311-321.
  • Young, O. R. (2011). Effectiveness of international environmental regimes: Existing knowledge, cutting-edge themes, and research strategies. PNAS, 108(50), 19853-19860.
There are 61 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Senem Atvur 0000-0003-3616-1749

Asiye Gün Güneş Gülal 0000-0002-2353-5679

Ceren Uysal Oğuz 0000-0001-7342-0362

Early Pub Date October 27, 2023
Publication Date October 28, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: Özel Sayı

Cite

APA Atvur, S., Güneş Gülal, A. G., & Uysal Oğuz, C. (2023). İklim Krizi ve Ekolojik Bağlamda Devletin Rolünü Yeniden Düşünmek. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 7(Özel Sayı), 44-57. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1347417

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