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THE INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY OF CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INIATIVE

Year 2023, Issue: 41, 283 - 302, 31.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1313218

Abstract

The role played by China's economic power within the international system on the parameters of political power has become more prominent within China's increasing regional initiatives. The extent to which the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), defined as China's prosperity belt, has been successful in meeting China's national goals or foreign policy strategies, the extent to which it has enabled the transition of power within the system, and how its expanding economic power has had an impact on the political structure will be discussed within the scope of this study. The transformative effect of this project, which was built under the leadership of China, in the system will be examined within the scope of neorealist theory and will be analyzed with the ‘’power transition’’ theory defined by Organski. This study claimed that the BRI has been stripped of its status as an economic cooperation project only, and has evolved towards a project that is moving towards realizing geopolitical goals. This article claims that in the international order, where the USA is the dominant power, there will be a power transition in the future with China, which continues to increase its power within the scope of the BRI.

References

  • Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB),’’Members and Prospective Members of the Bank’’, China,2020.
  • Aktan, S. (2021)’’Çin'in 'Kuşak ve Yol' projesi çok sayıda devleti derin borç batağına soktu’’, Euronews.
  • Atlı, A. (2014). ‘’Dev uyandı, dünyayı sallıyor’’, NTV, MSNBC, http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/257680.asp#BODY
  • Bennett, I. (2020).’’The Rise of Renminbi: The Role of One Belt One Road’’ TCG.
  • Belt and Road Portal, (2018). ‘’Çin ve Avrupa Demiryolu Ekspresi,’’BRI, China.
  • Bromley, S. (2011).’’The Limits to balancing’’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Cilt 24, No.2.
  • BBC, (2021).’’ABD-Çin ilişkileri: İki süper güç, aynı hat üzerinde giden iki trene benziyor, ‘’ https://t24.com.tr/haber/abd-cin-iliskileri-iki-super-guc-ayni-hat-uzerinde-giden-iki-trene-benziyor,930883
  • Barker, T. (2018). “The Real Source of China’s Soft Power”, The Diplomat, https:// thediplomat.com/2017/11/the-real-source-of-chinas-soft-power,3.11.2018).
  • BRI, (2020) ‘’Belt and Road Iniatitive’’, https://www.beltroad-initiative.com/belt-and-road/,BRI
  • China Statistics, (2022). ‘’National Bureau of Statistics,’’ China Export Rate.
  • Chung, Chien. P. (2018) ‘’What are the Strategic and Economic Implications for South Asia of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative?”, The Pacific Review, C. 31.
  • Cooper, Ramo, The Beijing Consensus, The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004
  • Çatal ve Yılmaz, (2021)’’Küresel Sistem İçerisinde Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol İnisiyatifi’nin Ekonomi politik bir Değerlendirmesi ve Türkiye Üzerindeki Etkileri’’, Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu (2019) https://www.weforum.org/
  • Demir, S. (2021). ’’Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz’’, Novus Orbis Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi.
  • Dollar, D. (2018).’’Is China’s Development Finance a Challenge to the International Order,’’Asian Economic Policy Review,294
  • Doğan, F. (2016). ‘’Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç İntikal Teorisi: Britanya, ABD ve Çin’’. (Konya, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi
  • DW, Made for Minds, (2019). ‘’Pire Limanı Çinlilere satıldı, https://www.dw.com/tr/pire-liman%C4%B1-%C3%A7inlilere-sat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1/a-19173959,08.04.2016
  • Ergenç, C. (2015).’’Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş,’’ Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı (ed.), ‘’Çin’in Yükselişi’’, 4.Basım, İstanbul
  • Ewing Jack, (2018). “Trump’s Trade War May Create New Auto Jobs in China”, The New York Times, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/business/chinajobs-automobiles-trade-war.html, 3.11.2018
  • Grey, E. (2018).’’The Story of Hambantota Port: A Flunking Token of Political Corruption, Ship Technology’’. https://www.shiptechnology.com/features/hambantotaport-china-sri-lanka
  • Güneylioğlu, M. (2015). ‘’A.F.K. Organski’’, Erhan Büyükakıncı (Ed.). Savaş Kuramları içinde (660-688). Ankara: Adres
  • Haiquan, L. (2017). ‘’The Security Challenges of the One Belt, One Road, Initiative and China’s Choices’’. Croatian International Relations Review, 23.
  • Heywood, A. (2013).’’Politics,’’ Palgrave Macmillan,2013.
  • He, Alex (2019), “The Belt and Road Initiative: Motivations, Financing, Expansion and Challenges of Xi’s Ever-expanding Strategy”, CIGI Paper No. 225, https://www.cigionline.org/publications/belt-and-road-initiative-motivationsfinancing-expansion-and-challenges-xis-ever (10.07.2020).
  • Hurley, J. Scott M. and Gailyn P. (2019),’’ Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective’’, Center for Global Development (CGD) Policy Paper, 121 (Washington DC).
  • Jones, L. (2020) ‘’Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative Challenge the Liberal, Rules Based Order?’’, Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, C. 13, s. 121.
  • J. Kai (2017) Rising China in a Changing World Power Transitions and Global Leadership. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan, 34.
  • Jisi, W. (2005). “China’s Search for Stability with America,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 5.
  • Koçakoğlu, M.A. (2020). ‘’Kuşak ve Yol Bağlamında Çin’i Anlamak’’, Truva Yayınları.
  • Karaca, K. (2020). Kuşak ve Yol Çin için Küresel askeri güç olma aracı mı? Fikir Turu. Erişim Adresi: https://fikirturu.com/jeo-strateji/kusak-ve-yol-projesi-cin-icin-kuresel-askeri-guc-olma-araci-mi
  • Kupchan, C. (2001). Introduction: Explaining peaceful power transition. Kupchan/Charles A./Alder, Emanuel/Coicaud, Jean-Marc/Khong, Yuen Foong (Eds.): Power in Transition: The Peaceful Change of International Order, Tokyo/New York: UNUP, 1-17.
  • Katoch, P. (2018), “China’s Base in Sri Lanka Part of its Dominant Indian Ocean Presence”, https://asiatimes.com/2018/08/chinas-base-in-sri-lanka-partof-its-dominant-indian-ocean-presence/ (21.07.2020).
  • Lahtinen, A. (2015). ‘’China’s soft power: Challenges of confucianism and confucius institutes’’, Journal of Comparative Asian Development.’’ 14(2),https://doi.org/10.1080/15339114. 2015.1059055
  • Llandrich, O. N. (2017). ‘’China’s New Silk Road and its implications for European integration’’. AAlborg University.
  • Lin, Y. (2019). ‘’China’s Rejuvenation and the Belt and Road Iniative’’, Routledge Press, 2019.
  • Ming, C. (2018).’’China’s Mammoth Belt and Road Initiative could increase debt risk for 8 countries.’’CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com, 2018
  • Mcdonald J.and Ahmed M. ve Wong, G. (2017). ‘’China’s ‘Silk Road’ stirs unease over its strategic goals,’’ 20.06.2017.
  • Measheimer, J. (2019) The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order, Bound To Fail, Quarterly Journal: International Security, s.28
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2010). The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia, The Chinese Journal of International Politics’’ Sayı: 3(4), s.383-385.
  • NDRC, (2015)’’Report on the Implemantation of the 2015 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and on the 2016 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development’’
  • NDRC, (2018). ‘’Report on the Implemantation of the 2016 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and on the 2016 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development’’.
  • Organski, A.F.K. (1968). World Politics, 2nd ed, New York, Knopf.
  • P. Cai. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Lowy Institute.
  • Reed, T and S. Trubetskoy. (2019). ‘’Assessing the value of market Access from Belt and Road Projects’’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 8815.
  • Ren, X. (2016).’’China as an Institution-Builder: the Case of the AIIB,’’ The Pacific Review, C. 29.
  • Sandıklı, A. ve Güllü, İ. (2013). Geleceğin Süper Gücü Çin Uzakdoğu’daki Entegrasyonlar ve Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü’’, Bilgi Strateji, Cilt 1, s.40-51.
  • Schweller, R. and Pu, X. (2011). China’s Visions of International Order in Xiaoyu Pu an Era of U.S. Decline,’’ International Security,2011.
  • Taylor F. (2010). ‘’International Relations Theory and China’s Rise: Assessing China’s Potential for Teriritorial Expansion’’, International Studies Review, vol.12.
  • Tanas, E. (2017). Modern İpek Yolu Projesi, Ankara, SETA Yayınları, Sayı: 174, Mayıs,
  • Tuncel, C. O. (2017). ‘’Bir Kuşak Bir Yol: 21. Yüzyılın En Büyük Kalkınma Projesi’’ 15.01.2018.https: //www.aydinlik.com.tr/dunya/2017-mayis/bir-kusak-bir-yol-21-yuzyilin-en-buyuk-kalkinma-projesi
  • Temiz, K. ve H. Uçar, (2018). ‘’Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Projesinde Sorunlar Artıyor,’’ Anadolu Ajansı, https: www.aa.com.tr/analiz/haber/cin-in-kusak-ve-yol-girişiminde-sorunlar-artıyor.
  • Tekir, O. ve Demir, N. (2019). ‘’Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Girişimi ve Küresel Ekonomik ve Siyasal Sistemi Dengeleyebilme Olasılığı’’. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 263-276.
  • The New York Times, (2015). China Creates a World Bank of Its Own, and the U.S. Balks. 04 Aralık 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/business/international/china-creates-anasian-bank-as-the-us-stands-aloof.html
  • UNCTAD, (2020) ‘’Chances in 2020 FDI Inflows for selected top 2019 recipient economies.’’ USA
  • Utikad, (2021).‘‘Hayfa Limanı’nı 2021’den itibaren Çin işletecek, Erişim Adresi: https://www .utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/26685/-hayfa-limani-ni-2021%E2%80%99den-itibaren-cin-isletecek.
  • Wan, M. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The Construction of Power and the Struggle for the East Asian International Order,’’ Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wallerstein, I. (2003). Amerikan Gücünün Gerileyişi, Kaotik Bir dünyada ABD, Metis Yayınları.
  • Weixing, H. (2019). Xi Jinping’s Major Country Diplomacy: The Role of Leadership in Foreign Policy Transformations’’, Journal of Contemporary China.
  • Wharton University Of Pennslyvania, (2016) China’s Investments in Africa: What’s the Real Story? Pennslyvania, https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/chinas-investments-in-africa-whats-the-real-story/
  • Walt, S. (1987). ‘’The Origins of Alliance’’, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • World Bank, Data, (2008)’’Usa Export Rate, World Bank’’. Erişim Adresi: http://data.worldbank.org
  • Yay P. D. ve Yılmaz, Y. (2001) ‘’Küreselleşme Sürecinde Finansal Krizler ve Finansal Düzenlemeler,’’ İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
  • Yağcı, M. (2016). ‘’A Beijing Consensus in the Making: The rise of Chinese Iniatives in the International Political Economy and Implications for Developing Countries’’, Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs,21,2, s.29-56
  • Zhang, F, (2010)’’The Tianxia System: World Order in a Chinese Utopia’’ China Heritage Quarterly, 21.

ÇİN’İN KUŞAK VE YOL GİRİŞİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI EKONOMİ POLİTİĞİ

Year 2023, Issue: 41, 283 - 302, 31.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1313218

Abstract

Uluslararası sistem içerisinde Çin’in ekonomik gücünün politik güç parametreleri üzerinde oynadığı rol Çin’in artan bölgesel girişimleri içerisinde daha belirgin hale gelmiştir. Çin’in refah kuşağı olarak tanımlanan Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (KYG) ‘nin, Çin’in ulusal hedeflerini veya dış politika stratejilerini karşılama noktasında ne ölçüde başarılı olduğu, sistem içerisinde güç geçişine ne derece imkân sağladığı ve genişleyen ekonomik gücünün siyasi yapı üzerinde nasıl bir etki yarattığı bu çalışma kapsamında ele alınacaktır. Çin’in öncülüğünde inşa edilen bu projenin sistem içerisinde yaratacağı dönüştürücü etki neorealist kuram kapsamında incelenecek, Organski tarafından tanımlanan ‘’güç geçişi’’ teorisi ile analiz edilecektir. Bu çalışma, KYG’nın sadece ekonomik iş birliği projesi statüsünden sıyrıldığı, jeopolitik hedefleri gerçekleştirme yolunda ilerleyen bir projeye doğru evrildiği yönündeki savı ön plana çıkartmıştır. Bu makale, ABD’nin egemen güç olduğu uluslararası düzende, KYG kapsamında gücünü arttırmaya devam eden Çin ile ileride bir güç geçişi yaşanacağını çalışma ileri sürmektedir.

References

  • Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB),’’Members and Prospective Members of the Bank’’, China,2020.
  • Aktan, S. (2021)’’Çin'in 'Kuşak ve Yol' projesi çok sayıda devleti derin borç batağına soktu’’, Euronews.
  • Atlı, A. (2014). ‘’Dev uyandı, dünyayı sallıyor’’, NTV, MSNBC, http://arsiv.ntv.com.tr/news/257680.asp#BODY
  • Bennett, I. (2020).’’The Rise of Renminbi: The Role of One Belt One Road’’ TCG.
  • Belt and Road Portal, (2018). ‘’Çin ve Avrupa Demiryolu Ekspresi,’’BRI, China.
  • Bromley, S. (2011).’’The Limits to balancing’’, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Cilt 24, No.2.
  • BBC, (2021).’’ABD-Çin ilişkileri: İki süper güç, aynı hat üzerinde giden iki trene benziyor, ‘’ https://t24.com.tr/haber/abd-cin-iliskileri-iki-super-guc-ayni-hat-uzerinde-giden-iki-trene-benziyor,930883
  • Barker, T. (2018). “The Real Source of China’s Soft Power”, The Diplomat, https:// thediplomat.com/2017/11/the-real-source-of-chinas-soft-power,3.11.2018).
  • BRI, (2020) ‘’Belt and Road Iniatitive’’, https://www.beltroad-initiative.com/belt-and-road/,BRI
  • China Statistics, (2022). ‘’National Bureau of Statistics,’’ China Export Rate.
  • Chung, Chien. P. (2018) ‘’What are the Strategic and Economic Implications for South Asia of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative?”, The Pacific Review, C. 31.
  • Cooper, Ramo, The Beijing Consensus, The Foreign Policy Centre, 2004
  • Çatal ve Yılmaz, (2021)’’Küresel Sistem İçerisinde Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol İnisiyatifi’nin Ekonomi politik bir Değerlendirmesi ve Türkiye Üzerindeki Etkileri’’, Anadolu Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi.
  • Dünya Ekonomik Forumu (2019) https://www.weforum.org/
  • Demir, S. (2021). ’’Hegemonya, ABD ve COVID-19 Pandemisi: Salgının Küresel Güç Dönüşümü Etkisine İlişkin Bir Analiz’’, Novus Orbis Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi.
  • Dollar, D. (2018).’’Is China’s Development Finance a Challenge to the International Order,’’Asian Economic Policy Review,294
  • Doğan, F. (2016). ‘’Uluslararası İlişkilerde Güç İntikal Teorisi: Britanya, ABD ve Çin’’. (Konya, Selçuk Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi
  • DW, Made for Minds, (2019). ‘’Pire Limanı Çinlilere satıldı, https://www.dw.com/tr/pire-liman%C4%B1-%C3%A7inlilere-sat%C4%B1ld%C4%B1/a-19173959,08.04.2016
  • Ergenç, C. (2015).’’Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş,’’ Şaban Kardaş ve Ali Balcı (ed.), ‘’Çin’in Yükselişi’’, 4.Basım, İstanbul
  • Ewing Jack, (2018). “Trump’s Trade War May Create New Auto Jobs in China”, The New York Times, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/26/business/chinajobs-automobiles-trade-war.html, 3.11.2018
  • Grey, E. (2018).’’The Story of Hambantota Port: A Flunking Token of Political Corruption, Ship Technology’’. https://www.shiptechnology.com/features/hambantotaport-china-sri-lanka
  • Güneylioğlu, M. (2015). ‘’A.F.K. Organski’’, Erhan Büyükakıncı (Ed.). Savaş Kuramları içinde (660-688). Ankara: Adres
  • Haiquan, L. (2017). ‘’The Security Challenges of the One Belt, One Road, Initiative and China’s Choices’’. Croatian International Relations Review, 23.
  • Heywood, A. (2013).’’Politics,’’ Palgrave Macmillan,2013.
  • He, Alex (2019), “The Belt and Road Initiative: Motivations, Financing, Expansion and Challenges of Xi’s Ever-expanding Strategy”, CIGI Paper No. 225, https://www.cigionline.org/publications/belt-and-road-initiative-motivationsfinancing-expansion-and-challenges-xis-ever (10.07.2020).
  • Hurley, J. Scott M. and Gailyn P. (2019),’’ Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective’’, Center for Global Development (CGD) Policy Paper, 121 (Washington DC).
  • Jones, L. (2020) ‘’Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative Challenge the Liberal, Rules Based Order?’’, Fudan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, C. 13, s. 121.
  • J. Kai (2017) Rising China in a Changing World Power Transitions and Global Leadership. Singapur: Palgrave Macmillan, 34.
  • Jisi, W. (2005). “China’s Search for Stability with America,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 5.
  • Koçakoğlu, M.A. (2020). ‘’Kuşak ve Yol Bağlamında Çin’i Anlamak’’, Truva Yayınları.
  • Karaca, K. (2020). Kuşak ve Yol Çin için Küresel askeri güç olma aracı mı? Fikir Turu. Erişim Adresi: https://fikirturu.com/jeo-strateji/kusak-ve-yol-projesi-cin-icin-kuresel-askeri-guc-olma-araci-mi
  • Kupchan, C. (2001). Introduction: Explaining peaceful power transition. Kupchan/Charles A./Alder, Emanuel/Coicaud, Jean-Marc/Khong, Yuen Foong (Eds.): Power in Transition: The Peaceful Change of International Order, Tokyo/New York: UNUP, 1-17.
  • Katoch, P. (2018), “China’s Base in Sri Lanka Part of its Dominant Indian Ocean Presence”, https://asiatimes.com/2018/08/chinas-base-in-sri-lanka-partof-its-dominant-indian-ocean-presence/ (21.07.2020).
  • Lahtinen, A. (2015). ‘’China’s soft power: Challenges of confucianism and confucius institutes’’, Journal of Comparative Asian Development.’’ 14(2),https://doi.org/10.1080/15339114. 2015.1059055
  • Llandrich, O. N. (2017). ‘’China’s New Silk Road and its implications for European integration’’. AAlborg University.
  • Lin, Y. (2019). ‘’China’s Rejuvenation and the Belt and Road Iniative’’, Routledge Press, 2019.
  • Ming, C. (2018).’’China’s Mammoth Belt and Road Initiative could increase debt risk for 8 countries.’’CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com, 2018
  • Mcdonald J.and Ahmed M. ve Wong, G. (2017). ‘’China’s ‘Silk Road’ stirs unease over its strategic goals,’’ 20.06.2017.
  • Measheimer, J. (2019) The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order, Bound To Fail, Quarterly Journal: International Security, s.28
  • Mearsheimer, J. (2010). The Gathering Storm: China’s Challenge to US Power in Asia, The Chinese Journal of International Politics’’ Sayı: 3(4), s.383-385.
  • NDRC, (2015)’’Report on the Implemantation of the 2015 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and on the 2016 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development’’
  • NDRC, (2018). ‘’Report on the Implemantation of the 2016 Plan for National Economic and Social Development and on the 2016 Draft Plan for National Economic and Social Development’’.
  • Organski, A.F.K. (1968). World Politics, 2nd ed, New York, Knopf.
  • P. Cai. (2017). Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Lowy Institute.
  • Reed, T and S. Trubetskoy. (2019). ‘’Assessing the value of market Access from Belt and Road Projects’’, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 8815.
  • Ren, X. (2016).’’China as an Institution-Builder: the Case of the AIIB,’’ The Pacific Review, C. 29.
  • Sandıklı, A. ve Güllü, İ. (2013). Geleceğin Süper Gücü Çin Uzakdoğu’daki Entegrasyonlar ve Şanghay İş Birliği Örgütü’’, Bilgi Strateji, Cilt 1, s.40-51.
  • Schweller, R. and Pu, X. (2011). China’s Visions of International Order in Xiaoyu Pu an Era of U.S. Decline,’’ International Security,2011.
  • Taylor F. (2010). ‘’International Relations Theory and China’s Rise: Assessing China’s Potential for Teriritorial Expansion’’, International Studies Review, vol.12.
  • Tanas, E. (2017). Modern İpek Yolu Projesi, Ankara, SETA Yayınları, Sayı: 174, Mayıs,
  • Tuncel, C. O. (2017). ‘’Bir Kuşak Bir Yol: 21. Yüzyılın En Büyük Kalkınma Projesi’’ 15.01.2018.https: //www.aydinlik.com.tr/dunya/2017-mayis/bir-kusak-bir-yol-21-yuzyilin-en-buyuk-kalkinma-projesi
  • Temiz, K. ve H. Uçar, (2018). ‘’Çin’in Kuşak ve Yol Projesinde Sorunlar Artıyor,’’ Anadolu Ajansı, https: www.aa.com.tr/analiz/haber/cin-in-kusak-ve-yol-girişiminde-sorunlar-artıyor.
  • Tekir, O. ve Demir, N. (2019). ‘’Çin’in Yeni İpek Yolu Girişimi ve Küresel Ekonomik ve Siyasal Sistemi Dengeleyebilme Olasılığı’’. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 263-276.
  • The New York Times, (2015). China Creates a World Bank of Its Own, and the U.S. Balks. 04 Aralık 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/business/international/china-creates-anasian-bank-as-the-us-stands-aloof.html
  • UNCTAD, (2020) ‘’Chances in 2020 FDI Inflows for selected top 2019 recipient economies.’’ USA
  • Utikad, (2021).‘‘Hayfa Limanı’nı 2021’den itibaren Çin işletecek, Erişim Adresi: https://www .utikad.org.tr/Detay/Sektor-Haberleri/26685/-hayfa-limani-ni-2021%E2%80%99den-itibaren-cin-isletecek.
  • Wan, M. (2016). The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: The Construction of Power and the Struggle for the East Asian International Order,’’ Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wallerstein, I. (2003). Amerikan Gücünün Gerileyişi, Kaotik Bir dünyada ABD, Metis Yayınları.
  • Weixing, H. (2019). Xi Jinping’s Major Country Diplomacy: The Role of Leadership in Foreign Policy Transformations’’, Journal of Contemporary China.
  • Wharton University Of Pennslyvania, (2016) China’s Investments in Africa: What’s the Real Story? Pennslyvania, https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/chinas-investments-in-africa-whats-the-real-story/
  • Walt, S. (1987). ‘’The Origins of Alliance’’, Cornell University Press, New York.
  • World Bank, Data, (2008)’’Usa Export Rate, World Bank’’. Erişim Adresi: http://data.worldbank.org
  • Yay P. D. ve Yılmaz, Y. (2001) ‘’Küreselleşme Sürecinde Finansal Krizler ve Finansal Düzenlemeler,’’ İstanbul Ticaret Odası.
  • Yağcı, M. (2016). ‘’A Beijing Consensus in the Making: The rise of Chinese Iniatives in the International Political Economy and Implications for Developing Countries’’, Perceptions, Journal of International Affairs,21,2, s.29-56
  • Zhang, F, (2010)’’The Tianxia System: World Order in a Chinese Utopia’’ China Heritage Quarterly, 21.
There are 65 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Regional Development and Globalisation in International Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Seda Gözde Tokatlı 0000-0002-1880-1338

Early Pub Date October 31, 2023
Publication Date October 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 41

Cite

APA Tokatlı, S. G. (2023). ÇİN’İN KUŞAK VE YOL GİRİŞİMİNİN ULUSLARARASI EKONOMİ POLİTİĞİ. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi(41), 283-302. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1313218

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