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Arktik Siyaseti ve Türkiye

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 26, 31.01.2022

Adnan Dal

Abstract

Önceleri bölgesel düzeyde seyreden Arktik siyaseti, bölgede yaşanan gelişmeler ile birlikte günümüzde uluslararası bir karaktere sahip olmuştur. Arktik’deki gelişmeler, sadece bölgedeki paydaşları ilgilendirmemekte, bölge dışı aktörlerin de ilgisini çekmektedir. Bu aktörlerden biri olan Türkiye’nin kutuplara yönelik ilgisi yeni olmakla birlikte, son yıllarda önemli bir ilerleme kaydedildiği söylenebilir. Öyle ki, Antarktika’da kalıcı bilim üssü edinme konusunda Türkiye’nin önemli bir mesafe kat ettiği söylenebilir. Aynı şekilde Arktik bölgesine yönelik de ciddi bir motivasyonu olduğunu ifade eden Türkiye, Arktik siyasetinde yer almak niyetiyle Arktik Konseyi’nde gözlemci olarak yer almak için başvuru yapmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Arktik uluslararası ilişkiler literatürüne katkı sunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, Türkiye’nin kutuplara yönelik ilgisiyle paralel bir biçimde Arktik’deki gelişmelerin Türkiye uluslararası ilişkiler okurlarına aktarılması hedef edinmektedir. Çalışmada Arktik siyasetinin evrilen yapısına, Arktik yönetişiminde önemli bir oluşum haline gelen Arktik Konseyi’ne ve Türkiye’nin Arktik siyasetindeki pozisyonuna değinilmektedir. Çalışma, Arktik Konseyi’ne başvurusu değerlendirilen Türkiye’nin Arktik siyasetinde yer almak için nasıl bir yol izlemesi gerektiğine dair birtakım projeksiyonlarla nihayete erdirilmektedir.

Keywords

Arktik Türkiye Arktik Konseyi Arktik siyaseti

References

  • Atland, Kristin, ‘‘Mikhail Gorbachev, the Murmansk Initiative, and the Desecuritization of Interstate Relations in the Arctic’’, Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Vol 43(3), 2008, ss. 289-311.
  • Axworthy, Thomas S. , ‘‘Changing the Arctic paradigm from cold war to co-operation: how Canada’s indigenous leaders shaped the Arctic Council’’, Paper Prepared for the Fifth Polar Law Symposium, 6–8 September 2012, 2013, Rovaniemi, Finland
  • Axworthy, Thomas S., Timo Koivurova ve Waliul Hasanat, The Arctic Council: Its Place in the Future of Arctic Governance, Gordon Foundation, Munk School of Global Affairs, and Arctic Center, 2012
  • Berkman, Paul A., Lang, Michael, Walton, David W. H., &Young, Oran R., Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science and the Governance of International Spaces. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press: Washington, 2011
  • Exner-Pirot, Heather & Murray, Robert, ‘‘Regional Order in the Arctic: Negotiated Exceptionalism’’. Politik, 20 (3), 2017, ss. 47–64.
  • Exner-Pirot, Heather, ‘‘How Gorbachev shaped future Arctic policy 25 years ago’’, Alaska Dispatch News, 2012, Bknz: https://www.adn.com/arctic/article/how-gorbachev-shaped-future-arctic-policy-25-years-ago/2012/10/01/ (e.t. 20.05.2021)
  • Exner-Pirot, Heather, ‘‘The Arctic in International Affairs’’ The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, Eds. Ken S. Coates ve Carin Holroyd, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2020, 307-318, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
  • Finger-Stich ,Andrea & Finger, Matthias ‘‘25 Years of Arctic Environmental Agency: Changing Issues and Power Relations’’ Arctic Yearbook 2012, Ed., Lassi Heininen, Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum, 2012, ss. 195-216. Bknz; https://arcticyearbook.com/
  • Gorbachev, Mikhail S., ‘‘The Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal to the City of Murmansk’’. Novosti Press Agency, October 1, 1987, ss. 23-31.
  • Graczyk, Piotr & Koivurova, Timo,‘‘The Arctic Council’’, Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic, Eds. Leif K. Jensen and Geir Honneland, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, ss. 298-327
  • Graczyk, Piotr, Smieszek, Malgorzata, Koivurova, Timo & Stepien, Adam, ‘‘Preparing for the Global Rush: The Arctic Council, Institutional Norms, and Socialisation of Observer Behaviour’’ Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives, Eds. Kathrin Keil ve Sebastian Knecht, Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2017, ss. 121-129.
  • Heininen, Lassi, Exner-Pirot, Heather & Plouffe, Joel, ‘‘From Regional Transition to Global Change: Dualism in the Arctic’’, Arctic Yearbook 2013: The Arctic of Regions vs. The Globa lized Arctic, Ed. Lassi Heininen, Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum, 2013, ss. 25-31. Bknz; https://arcticyearbook.com/
  • Huebert, Rob N., Exner-Pirot, Heather, Lajeunesse, Adam & Gulledge, J. ‘‘Climate Change and International Security: The Arctic as a Bellweather’’, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Arlington, VA, 2012
  • Ingimundarson, Valur, ‘‘Managing a contested region: the Arctic Council and the politics of Arctic Governance’’, The Polar Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2014, ss. 183-198, Bknz; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2014.913918
  • Keil, Kathrin & Knecht, Sebastian, Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2017
  • Keil, Kathrin, ‘‘The Arctic: A New Region of Conflict, The Case of Oil and Gas’’, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 49(2), 2014, ss. 162-190.
  • Knecht, Sebastian & Keil, Kathrin, ‘‘Arctic Geopolitics Revisited: Spatialising Governance in the Circumpolar North’’, The Polar Journal, 3:1, 2013, ss. 178-203, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2013.783276
  • Koivurova, Timo ‘‘Limits and Possibilities of the Arctic Council in a Rapidly Changing Scene of Arctic Governance’’, Polar Record, 46:2, 2010, ss. 146–156
  • Koivurova, Timo ‘‘Race to Resources in the Arctic: Have We Progressed in Our Understanding of What Takes Place in the Arctic?’’, The New Arctic, Eds. Birgitta Evengard, J. Nymand Larsen, Oyvind Paasche, Springer International Publishing AG. Switzerland, 2015, ss. 189- 201
  • Molenaar, Erik J., Koivurova, Timo, Tedsen, Elisabeth, Reid, A. & Hossain K., ‘‘Introduction to the Arctic’’, Arctic Marine Governance: Opportunities for Transatlantic Cooperation, Eds. Elizabet Tedsen vd., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014, Doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38595-7
  • Murray, Robert W., ‘‘Arctic Politics in the Emerging Multipolar System: Challenges and Consequences’’, The Polar Journal, 2:1, 2012, ss. 7-20, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.679554
  • Nuttall, Mark, ‘‘Afterword: the North and the Global Gaze’’, Canada’s and Europe’s Northern Dimensions, Eds. Anita Dey Nuttall ve Mark Nuttall, Oulu: University of Oulu Press, 2009, ss. 71-84
  • Osterud, Oyvind & Honneland, Geir ‘‘Geopolitics and International Governance in the Arctic’’, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol 5, No. 2, 2014, ss. 156-176.
  • Osthagen, Andreas, ‘‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Differentiating Between Different Security Dynamics, On Thin Ice: Perspectives on Arctic Security the Arctic, Eds. Duncan Depledge ve P. Whitney Lackenbauer, North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network (NAADSN). Trent University: Canada, 2021.
  • Padrtova, Barbora, ‘‘Applying Conventional Theoretical Approaches to the Arctic’’, Routledge Handbook of Arctic Security, Eds. Gunhild Hoogensen Gjorv, Marc Lanteigne ve Horatio Sam-AggreyRoutledge, London, 2020, ss. 29-42.
  • Rajakoski, Esko, ‘‘Multilateral cooperation to protect the Arctic environment: the Finnish Initiative’’, The Arctic: Choices For Peace and Security, Eds. T.R. Berger ve D. Roche, Vancouver, BC, Gordon Soules Book Publishers, 1989, ss. 53–59.
  • Rottem, Svein V., ‘‘A Note on the Arctic Council Agreements’’, Ocean Development & International Law, 46:1, 2015, ss. 50-59, Doi: 10.1080/00908320.2015.988940
  • Roucek, Joseph S., ‘‘The Geopolitics of the Arctic’’, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1983, ss. 463-471 Scrivener, David, ‘‘Gorbachev’s Murmansk Speech: The Soviet Initiative and Western Responses’’, Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Oslo, Norway, 1989.
  • Tesar, Clive, Dubois, Marc-Andre, Sommerkorn, Martin & Shestakov, Alexander, ‘‘Warming to the Subject: The Arctic Council and Climate Change’’, The Polar Journal, 2016, ss. 417-429, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2016.1247025
  • Welch, David A., ‘‘The Arctic and Geopolitics’’ The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, Eds. Ken S. Coates ve Carin Holroyd, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2020, ss. 473-486, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
  • Wilson, Page, ‘‘Society, Steward or Security Actor? Three Visions of the Arctic Council’’, Cooperation and Conflict, 51:1, 2015, ss. 1-20, Doi: 10.1177/0010836715591711
  • Wiseman, Matthew S., ‘‘The Future of the Arctic Council’’, The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, Eds. Ken S. Coates ve Carin Holroyd, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2020, ss. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Arctic Politics in an Era of Global Change’’, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume XIX, Issue I, 2012, ss. 166-178.
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Building an International Regime Complex for the Arctic: Current Status and Next Steps’’, The Polar Journal, 2:2, 2012, ss. 391-407, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.735047
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Governing the Arctic: From Cold War Theater to Mosaic of Cooperation’’, Global Governance, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2005, ss. 9-15
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Institutions and the Growth of Knowledge: Evidence from International Environmental Regimes’’, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 4(2), 2004, ss. 215-228.
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘The Age of the Arctic’’, Foreign Policy, No. 61, Winter 1985-1986, 1986, ss. 161-179
  • Zellen, Barry S. Arctic Doom, Arctic Boom: The Geopolitics of Climate Change in the Arctic, Santa Barbara, Greenwood Publishing, 2009.

Arctic Politics and Turkey

Year 2022, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 1 - 26, 31.01.2022

Adnan Dal

Abstract

Arctic politics has been in transition from regional politics to global politics owing to the developments in the region. It not only concerns the stakeholders in the region but also attracts the attention of non-Arctic actors. Among these actors, although Turkey is a newcomer to the poles, significant progress has been made in recent years. Turkey has come a long way in acquiring a permanent research base in Antarctica in recent years. In addition, Turkey’s application to take part in the Arctic Council as an observer to engage in Arktik politics indicates how the country is motivated. This paper aims to contribute to the Arctic international relations literature in Turkey. Through the paper, it is aimed to share the developments in the poles with Turkish international relations scholars in parallel with Turkey's interest in the poles. Within the study, the evolving structure of Arctic politics, the role of the Arctic Council as an important fraction in Arctic governance, and Turkey's position in Arctic politics are elucidated. The study concludes with some projections about what Turkey should prefer to have a robust voice in Arctic politics.

Keywords

Arctic Turkey Arctic Council Arctic Politics

References

  • Atland, Kristin, ‘‘Mikhail Gorbachev, the Murmansk Initiative, and the Desecuritization of Interstate Relations in the Arctic’’, Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association, Vol 43(3), 2008, ss. 289-311.
  • Axworthy, Thomas S. , ‘‘Changing the Arctic paradigm from cold war to co-operation: how Canada’s indigenous leaders shaped the Arctic Council’’, Paper Prepared for the Fifth Polar Law Symposium, 6–8 September 2012, 2013, Rovaniemi, Finland
  • Axworthy, Thomas S., Timo Koivurova ve Waliul Hasanat, The Arctic Council: Its Place in the Future of Arctic Governance, Gordon Foundation, Munk School of Global Affairs, and Arctic Center, 2012
  • Berkman, Paul A., Lang, Michael, Walton, David W. H., &Young, Oran R., Science Diplomacy: Antarctica, Science and the Governance of International Spaces. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press: Washington, 2011
  • Exner-Pirot, Heather & Murray, Robert, ‘‘Regional Order in the Arctic: Negotiated Exceptionalism’’. Politik, 20 (3), 2017, ss. 47–64.
  • Exner-Pirot, Heather, ‘‘How Gorbachev shaped future Arctic policy 25 years ago’’, Alaska Dispatch News, 2012, Bknz: https://www.adn.com/arctic/article/how-gorbachev-shaped-future-arctic-policy-25-years-ago/2012/10/01/ (e.t. 20.05.2021)
  • Exner-Pirot, Heather, ‘‘The Arctic in International Affairs’’ The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, Eds. Ken S. Coates ve Carin Holroyd, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2020, 307-318, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
  • Finger-Stich ,Andrea & Finger, Matthias ‘‘25 Years of Arctic Environmental Agency: Changing Issues and Power Relations’’ Arctic Yearbook 2012, Ed., Lassi Heininen, Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum, 2012, ss. 195-216. Bknz; https://arcticyearbook.com/
  • Gorbachev, Mikhail S., ‘‘The Speech in Murmansk at the Ceremonial Meeting on the Occasion of the Presentation of the Order of Lenin and the Gold Star Medal to the City of Murmansk’’. Novosti Press Agency, October 1, 1987, ss. 23-31.
  • Graczyk, Piotr & Koivurova, Timo,‘‘The Arctic Council’’, Handbook of the Politics of the Arctic, Eds. Leif K. Jensen and Geir Honneland, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015, ss. 298-327
  • Graczyk, Piotr, Smieszek, Malgorzata, Koivurova, Timo & Stepien, Adam, ‘‘Preparing for the Global Rush: The Arctic Council, Institutional Norms, and Socialisation of Observer Behaviour’’ Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives, Eds. Kathrin Keil ve Sebastian Knecht, Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2017, ss. 121-129.
  • Heininen, Lassi, Exner-Pirot, Heather & Plouffe, Joel, ‘‘From Regional Transition to Global Change: Dualism in the Arctic’’, Arctic Yearbook 2013: The Arctic of Regions vs. The Globa lized Arctic, Ed. Lassi Heininen, Akureyri, Iceland: Northern Research Forum, 2013, ss. 25-31. Bknz; https://arcticyearbook.com/
  • Huebert, Rob N., Exner-Pirot, Heather, Lajeunesse, Adam & Gulledge, J. ‘‘Climate Change and International Security: The Arctic as a Bellweather’’, Center for Climate and Energy Solutions, Arlington, VA, 2012
  • Ingimundarson, Valur, ‘‘Managing a contested region: the Arctic Council and the politics of Arctic Governance’’, The Polar Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2014, ss. 183-198, Bknz; http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2154896X.2014.913918
  • Keil, Kathrin & Knecht, Sebastian, Governing Arctic Change: Global Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan: London, 2017
  • Keil, Kathrin, ‘‘The Arctic: A New Region of Conflict, The Case of Oil and Gas’’, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 49(2), 2014, ss. 162-190.
  • Knecht, Sebastian & Keil, Kathrin, ‘‘Arctic Geopolitics Revisited: Spatialising Governance in the Circumpolar North’’, The Polar Journal, 3:1, 2013, ss. 178-203, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2013.783276
  • Koivurova, Timo ‘‘Limits and Possibilities of the Arctic Council in a Rapidly Changing Scene of Arctic Governance’’, Polar Record, 46:2, 2010, ss. 146–156
  • Koivurova, Timo ‘‘Race to Resources in the Arctic: Have We Progressed in Our Understanding of What Takes Place in the Arctic?’’, The New Arctic, Eds. Birgitta Evengard, J. Nymand Larsen, Oyvind Paasche, Springer International Publishing AG. Switzerland, 2015, ss. 189- 201
  • Molenaar, Erik J., Koivurova, Timo, Tedsen, Elisabeth, Reid, A. & Hossain K., ‘‘Introduction to the Arctic’’, Arctic Marine Governance: Opportunities for Transatlantic Cooperation, Eds. Elizabet Tedsen vd., Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2014, Doi:10.1007/978-3-642-38595-7
  • Murray, Robert W., ‘‘Arctic Politics in the Emerging Multipolar System: Challenges and Consequences’’, The Polar Journal, 2:1, 2012, ss. 7-20, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.679554
  • Nuttall, Mark, ‘‘Afterword: the North and the Global Gaze’’, Canada’s and Europe’s Northern Dimensions, Eds. Anita Dey Nuttall ve Mark Nuttall, Oulu: University of Oulu Press, 2009, ss. 71-84
  • Osterud, Oyvind & Honneland, Geir ‘‘Geopolitics and International Governance in the Arctic’’, Arctic Review on Law and Politics, Vol 5, No. 2, 2014, ss. 156-176.
  • Osthagen, Andreas, ‘‘The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Differentiating Between Different Security Dynamics, On Thin Ice: Perspectives on Arctic Security the Arctic, Eds. Duncan Depledge ve P. Whitney Lackenbauer, North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network (NAADSN). Trent University: Canada, 2021.
  • Padrtova, Barbora, ‘‘Applying Conventional Theoretical Approaches to the Arctic’’, Routledge Handbook of Arctic Security, Eds. Gunhild Hoogensen Gjorv, Marc Lanteigne ve Horatio Sam-AggreyRoutledge, London, 2020, ss. 29-42.
  • Rajakoski, Esko, ‘‘Multilateral cooperation to protect the Arctic environment: the Finnish Initiative’’, The Arctic: Choices For Peace and Security, Eds. T.R. Berger ve D. Roche, Vancouver, BC, Gordon Soules Book Publishers, 1989, ss. 53–59.
  • Rottem, Svein V., ‘‘A Note on the Arctic Council Agreements’’, Ocean Development & International Law, 46:1, 2015, ss. 50-59, Doi: 10.1080/00908320.2015.988940
  • Roucek, Joseph S., ‘‘The Geopolitics of the Arctic’’, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, Vol. 42, No. 4, 1983, ss. 463-471 Scrivener, David, ‘‘Gorbachev’s Murmansk Speech: The Soviet Initiative and Western Responses’’, Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Oslo, Norway, 1989.
  • Tesar, Clive, Dubois, Marc-Andre, Sommerkorn, Martin & Shestakov, Alexander, ‘‘Warming to the Subject: The Arctic Council and Climate Change’’, The Polar Journal, 2016, ss. 417-429, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2016.1247025
  • Welch, David A., ‘‘The Arctic and Geopolitics’’ The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, Eds. Ken S. Coates ve Carin Holroyd, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2020, ss. 473-486, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
  • Wilson, Page, ‘‘Society, Steward or Security Actor? Three Visions of the Arctic Council’’, Cooperation and Conflict, 51:1, 2015, ss. 1-20, Doi: 10.1177/0010836715591711
  • Wiseman, Matthew S., ‘‘The Future of the Arctic Council’’, The Palgrave Handbook of Arctic Policy and Politics, Eds. Ken S. Coates ve Carin Holroyd, Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2020, ss. 439-452, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20557-7
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Arctic Politics in an Era of Global Change’’, Brown Journal of World Affairs, Volume XIX, Issue I, 2012, ss. 166-178.
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Building an International Regime Complex for the Arctic: Current Status and Next Steps’’, The Polar Journal, 2:2, 2012, ss. 391-407, Doi: 10.1080/2154896X.2012.735047
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Governing the Arctic: From Cold War Theater to Mosaic of Cooperation’’, Global Governance, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2005, ss. 9-15
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘Institutions and the Growth of Knowledge: Evidence from International Environmental Regimes’’, International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 4(2), 2004, ss. 215-228.
  • Young, Oran R., ‘‘The Age of the Arctic’’, Foreign Policy, No. 61, Winter 1985-1986, 1986, ss. 161-179
  • Zellen, Barry S. Arctic Doom, Arctic Boom: The Geopolitics of Climate Change in the Arctic, Santa Barbara, Greenwood Publishing, 2009.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Adnan Dal 0000-0002-3633-9044

Publication Date January 31, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Dal, A. (2022). Arktik Siyaseti ve Türkiye. Barış Araştırmaları Ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 10(1), 1-26.
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