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Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 80 - 88, 06.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.710905

Öz

Afetler ani, çoğunlukla nerede ve ne zaman olacağı tahmin edilemeyen, çok sayıda insanın etkilendiği, ekonomik, çevresel kayıpları, yıkıcı etkileriyle toplumun bununla başa çıkamaması ile karakterize bir durumdur. Bireyleri (örneğin çocuklar, ebeveynler, ilk müdahale edenler), acil yardım, sivil toplum kuruluşları (örneğin tıbbi acil durum ekipleri, halk sağlığı kuruluşları, itfaiye ekipleri) ve toplumu etkilemektedir. Afetler verdikleri zararlar nedeniyle bireyler ve toplumların yaşamlarında derin izler bırakan olaylardır. Yaşanan afet ve acil durumun bireyler ve toplumlar üzerindeki yıkıcı etkilerini en aza indirmek için en fazla ihtiyaç duyulan hizmet alanı psikososyal destektir. Psikososyal destek; hayatın normale dönüştürülmesi için gösterilen çabaların psikolojik ve sosyal açıdan değerlendirilmesine olanak sağlayan, bütüncül bir bakış açısını ve çok disiplinli bir müdahaleyi gerektiren hizmetlerdir. Kimyasal, biyolojik, radyolojik veya nükleer (KBRN) olaylar söz konusu olduğunda felaketler veya krizler bağlamında aynı şekilde psikososyal bakım müdahalelerine ihtiyaç vardır. Bununla birlikte, KBRN olayları acil durum planlaması ve afet hazırlığında ayrı bir tema oluşturduğundan psikososyal bakım üzerindeki etkilerini sistematik olarak araştırmak önemlidir. Bu çalışmada KBRN olaylarında psikososyal bakımda genel kurallar üzerine durulmuş ve KBRN olaylarında afet ve acil durum olaylarından farklı psikososyal durumlar açıklanmaya çalışılmıştır. İncelenen literatür çalışmalarında; KBRN ile ilgili psikososyal bakım ile ilgili hususlar konusunda çoğu çalışmada genel olarak varılan sonuç; genel afet sonrası psikososyal bakım kılavuzlarına benzer veya tamamlayıcı niteliktedir. Dikkate değer farklar ise iletişim, KBRN ajanlarına maruz kalma, kirlenme (kontaminasyon) ve KBRN olaylarına yönelik özel hazırlık gereksinimlerine vurgu yapılmaktadır. Ülkemizde ise KBRN olayların psikososyal etkileri ve psikososyal bakım ile ilgili çalışmalara çok az rastlanmaktadır. Bu alanla ilgili özellikle saha çalışmaları yapılarak literatüre büyük katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, D. A., & Klein, S. (2006). The challenge of preparation for a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorist attack. The Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 52(2), 126-131.
  • Becker, S. M. (2005). Addressing the psychosocial and communication challenges posed by radiological/nuclear terrorism: key developments since NCRP Report No. 138. Health Physics, 89(5), 521-530.
  • Benedek, D. M., Holloway, H. C., & Becker, S. M. (2002). Emergency mental health management in bioterrorism events. Emergency Medicine Clinics, 20(2), 393-407.
  • Bisson, J. I., Tavakoly, B., Witteveen, A. B., Ajdukovic, D., Jehel, L., Johansen, V. J., ... & Sezgin, A. U. (2010). TENTS guidelines: development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(1), 69-74.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49.
  • Bromet, E. J. (2012). Mental health consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Journal of radiological protection, 32(1), 71.
  • Considine, J., & Mitchell, B. (2009). Chemical, biological and radiological incidents: preparedness and perceptions of emergency nurses. Disasters, 33(3), 482-497.
  • Cornish, P. (2007). The CBRN system: assessing the threat of terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons in the United Kingdom. Royal Institute of International Affairs,s-3.
  • Cwikel, J. G., Havenaar, J. M., & Bromet, E. J. (2002). Understanding the psychological and societal response of individuals, groups, authorities, and media to toxic hazards. In Toxic Turmoil (pp. 39-65). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Dückers, M. L. (2013). Five essential principles of post-disaster psychosocial care: Looking back and forward with Stevan Hobfoll. European journal of psychotraumatology, 4(1), 21914.
  • Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Norwood, A. E. (2004). Planning for the psychological effects of bioterrorism. Bioterrorism: Psychological and public health interventions, 2-15.
  • Gouweloos, J., Dückers, M., Te Brake, H., Kleber, R., & Drogendijk, A. (2014). Psychosocial care to affected citizens and communities in case of CBRN incidents: a systematic review. Environment international, 72, 46-65.
  • Hall, M. J., Norwood, A. E., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2002). Preparing for bioterrorism at the state level: Report of an informal survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(4), 486-491.
  • Hick, J. L., Weinstock, D. M., Coleman, C. N., Hanfling, D., Cantrill, S., Redlener, I., ... & Knebel, A. R. (2011). Health care system planning for and response to a nuclear detonation. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 5(S1), S73-S88.
  • Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., ... & Maguen, S. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid–term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70(4), 283-315.
  • ISTSS, (2003). International Working Group on Traumatic Stress, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Psychosocial Policy and Practice in Social and Humanitarian Crises: An overview.Erişim Tarihi:20.04.2020
  • Karancı, N. (2012). ‘Afetlerde Psikososyal Gereksinim ve Kaynak Belirleme’, Ed. Gözden, M.,Öztan, N. Aker, T. Psikososyal Uygulamalar Eğitimi APHB: Ankara Ofis Ostim,s-51
  • Kawana, N., Ishimatsu, S. I., & Kanda, K. (2001). Psycho-physiological effects of the terrorist sarin attack on the Tokyo subway system. Military Medicine, 166(suppl_2), 23-26.
  • Lemyre, L., Corneil, W., Johnson, C., & Boutette, P. (2010). Psychosocial considerations about children and radiological events. Radiation protection dosimetry, 142(1), 70-76.
  • Lemyre, L., Johnson, C., & Corneil, W. (2010). Psychosocial considerations for mass decontamination. Radiation protection dosimetry, 142(1), 17-23.
  • Markel, G., Krivoy, A., Rotman, E., Schein, O., Shrot, S., Brosh-Nissimov, T., ... & Eisenkraft, A. (2008). Medical management of toxicological mass casualty events. Sat, 1, 19.
  • Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.). (2009). Mental health and disasters. Cambridge University Press. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychological medicine, 38(4), 467-480.
  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and biological processes, 65(3), 240-260.
  • Noy, S. (2004). Minimizing casualties in biological and chemical threats (war and terrorism): the importance of information to the public in a prevention program. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 19(1), 29-36.
  • O’Brien, L. B. (2011). The evolution of terrorism since 9/11. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 2011. Retrieved on 3rd October 2012, from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/september-2011/the-evolution-of-terrorism-since-9-11
  • O'Boyle, C., Robertson, C., & Secor-Turner, M. (2006). Public health emergencies: nurses' recommendations for effective actions. Aaohn Journal, 54(8), 347-353.
  • Perry, R., & Lindell, M. K. (2003). Understanding citizen response to disasters with implications for terrorism. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 11(2), 49-60.
  • Reyes, G., Elhai, J. D., (2004). Psychosocial interventions in the early phases of disasters. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 441: 399-411.
  • Rubin, G. J., Chowdhury, A. K., & Amlôt, R. (2012). How to communicate with the public about chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorism: a systematic review of the literature. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science, 10(4), 383-395.
  • Sheppard, B., Rubin, G. J., Wardman, J. K., & Wessely, S. (2006). Terrorism and dispelling the myth of a panic prone public. Journal of Public Health Policy, 27(3), 219 – 245.
  • Smith, E. C., Burkle, F. M., & Archer, F. L. (2011). Fear, familiarity, and the perception of risk: a quantitative analysis of disaster-specific concerns of paramedics. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 5(1), 46-53.
  • Seynaeve, G. J. R. (Ed.). (2001). Psycho-Social Support in Situations of Mass Emergency. A European Policy Paper Concerning Different Aspects of Psycho-Social Support for People Involved in Major Accidents and Disasters. Ministry of Public Health, Belgium. . Wessely, Simon. "Don't panic! Short and long term psychological reactions to the new terrorism: The role of information and the athorities." (2005): 1-6.
  • World Health Organization, (2011). Psychological First Aid: Guide for field workers, WHO Genewa. (Son Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2020)

Psychosocial Care in Chemical, Biological, Radiation and Nuclear (CBRN) Events

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 80 - 88, 06.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.710905

Öz

Disasters are characterized by the inability of the society to cope with sudden, unpredictable onset, large numbers of people affected by economic, environmental losses and destructive effects. It affects individuals (e.g. children, parents, first responders), emergency aid, non-governmental organizations (e.g. medical emergency teams, public health organizations, fire brigades) and society. Disasters are associated with a significant psychological burden for affected people. Psychosocial care aims to address mental health problems and needs. It includes all support and care for the psychological well-being and health of affected people during and after a disaster for individuals as well as for communities. Psychosocial care interventions are needed in the context of disasters or crises in the case of chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) events. However, it is important to systematically investigate the impact on psychosocial care as CBRN events are a separate theme in emergency planning and disaster preparedness. In this study, general rules of psychosocial care in CBRN events are discussed and different psychosocial conditions in CBRN events are to be explained. General conclusion after examining literature studies related to psychosocial care in CBRN is that literature examined is either similar or complementary to the guidelines on psychosocial care. However, there are some significant differences on communication, exposure to CBRN agents, contamination and special preparation requirements for CBRN events. In our country, there are very few studies on psychosocial effects and psychosocial care of CBRN events. It is suggested that field studies could do a great contribution to the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Alexander, D. A., & Klein, S. (2006). The challenge of preparation for a chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorist attack. The Journal of Postgraduate Medicine, 52(2), 126-131.
  • Becker, S. M. (2005). Addressing the psychosocial and communication challenges posed by radiological/nuclear terrorism: key developments since NCRP Report No. 138. Health Physics, 89(5), 521-530.
  • Benedek, D. M., Holloway, H. C., & Becker, S. M. (2002). Emergency mental health management in bioterrorism events. Emergency Medicine Clinics, 20(2), 393-407.
  • Bisson, J. I., Tavakoly, B., Witteveen, A. B., Ajdukovic, D., Jehel, L., Johansen, V. J., ... & Sezgin, A. U. (2010). TENTS guidelines: development of post-disaster psychosocial care guidelines through a Delphi process. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 196(1), 69-74.
  • Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological science in the public interest, 11(1), 1-49.
  • Bromet, E. J. (2012). Mental health consequences of the Chernobyl disaster. Journal of radiological protection, 32(1), 71.
  • Considine, J., & Mitchell, B. (2009). Chemical, biological and radiological incidents: preparedness and perceptions of emergency nurses. Disasters, 33(3), 482-497.
  • Cornish, P. (2007). The CBRN system: assessing the threat of terrorist use of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons in the United Kingdom. Royal Institute of International Affairs,s-3.
  • Cwikel, J. G., Havenaar, J. M., & Bromet, E. J. (2002). Understanding the psychological and societal response of individuals, groups, authorities, and media to toxic hazards. In Toxic Turmoil (pp. 39-65). Springer, Boston, MA.
  • Dückers, M. L. (2013). Five essential principles of post-disaster psychosocial care: Looking back and forward with Stevan Hobfoll. European journal of psychotraumatology, 4(1), 21914.
  • Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Norwood, A. E. (2004). Planning for the psychological effects of bioterrorism. Bioterrorism: Psychological and public health interventions, 2-15.
  • Gouweloos, J., Dückers, M., Te Brake, H., Kleber, R., & Drogendijk, A. (2014). Psychosocial care to affected citizens and communities in case of CBRN incidents: a systematic review. Environment international, 72, 46-65.
  • Hall, M. J., Norwood, A. E., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2002). Preparing for bioterrorism at the state level: Report of an informal survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72(4), 486-491.
  • Hick, J. L., Weinstock, D. M., Coleman, C. N., Hanfling, D., Cantrill, S., Redlener, I., ... & Knebel, A. R. (2011). Health care system planning for and response to a nuclear detonation. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 5(S1), S73-S88.
  • Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., ... & Maguen, S. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid–term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70(4), 283-315.
  • ISTSS, (2003). International Working Group on Traumatic Stress, International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, Psychosocial Policy and Practice in Social and Humanitarian Crises: An overview.Erişim Tarihi:20.04.2020
  • Karancı, N. (2012). ‘Afetlerde Psikososyal Gereksinim ve Kaynak Belirleme’, Ed. Gözden, M.,Öztan, N. Aker, T. Psikososyal Uygulamalar Eğitimi APHB: Ankara Ofis Ostim,s-51
  • Kawana, N., Ishimatsu, S. I., & Kanda, K. (2001). Psycho-physiological effects of the terrorist sarin attack on the Tokyo subway system. Military Medicine, 166(suppl_2), 23-26.
  • Lemyre, L., Corneil, W., Johnson, C., & Boutette, P. (2010). Psychosocial considerations about children and radiological events. Radiation protection dosimetry, 142(1), 70-76.
  • Lemyre, L., Johnson, C., & Corneil, W. (2010). Psychosocial considerations for mass decontamination. Radiation protection dosimetry, 142(1), 17-23.
  • Markel, G., Krivoy, A., Rotman, E., Schein, O., Shrot, S., Brosh-Nissimov, T., ... & Eisenkraft, A. (2008). Medical management of toxicological mass casualty events. Sat, 1, 19.
  • Neria, Y., Galea, S., & Norris, F. H. (Eds.). (2009). Mental health and disasters. Cambridge University Press. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: a systematic review. Psychological medicine, 38(4), 467-480.
  • Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., & Watson, P. J. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part II. Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and biological processes, 65(3), 240-260.
  • Noy, S. (2004). Minimizing casualties in biological and chemical threats (war and terrorism): the importance of information to the public in a prevention program. Prehospital and disaster medicine, 19(1), 29-36.
  • O’Brien, L. B. (2011). The evolution of terrorism since 9/11. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, September 2011. Retrieved on 3rd October 2012, from http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/september-2011/the-evolution-of-terrorism-since-9-11
  • O'Boyle, C., Robertson, C., & Secor-Turner, M. (2006). Public health emergencies: nurses' recommendations for effective actions. Aaohn Journal, 54(8), 347-353.
  • Perry, R., & Lindell, M. K. (2003). Understanding citizen response to disasters with implications for terrorism. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 11(2), 49-60.
  • Reyes, G., Elhai, J. D., (2004). Psychosocial interventions in the early phases of disasters. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training. 441: 399-411.
  • Rubin, G. J., Chowdhury, A. K., & Amlôt, R. (2012). How to communicate with the public about chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear terrorism: a systematic review of the literature. Biosecurity and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science, 10(4), 383-395.
  • Sheppard, B., Rubin, G. J., Wardman, J. K., & Wessely, S. (2006). Terrorism and dispelling the myth of a panic prone public. Journal of Public Health Policy, 27(3), 219 – 245.
  • Smith, E. C., Burkle, F. M., & Archer, F. L. (2011). Fear, familiarity, and the perception of risk: a quantitative analysis of disaster-specific concerns of paramedics. Disaster medicine and public health preparedness, 5(1), 46-53.
  • Seynaeve, G. J. R. (Ed.). (2001). Psycho-Social Support in Situations of Mass Emergency. A European Policy Paper Concerning Different Aspects of Psycho-Social Support for People Involved in Major Accidents and Disasters. Ministry of Public Health, Belgium. . Wessely, Simon. "Don't panic! Short and long term psychological reactions to the new terrorism: The role of information and the athorities." (2005): 1-6.
  • World Health Organization, (2011). Psychological First Aid: Guide for field workers, WHO Genewa. (Son Erişim Tarihi: 20.04.2020)
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nuray Demiralp 0000-0002-3002-7752

Kemal Demiralp

Ayşe Ütük

Ömer Faruk Ütük Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2020
Kabul Tarihi 27 Nisan 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Demiralp, N., Demiralp, K., Ütük, A., Ütük, Ö. F. (2020). Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, 3(1), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.710905
AMA Demiralp N, Demiralp K, Ütük A, Ütük ÖF. Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. Mayıs 2020;3(1):80-88. doi:10.35341/afet.710905
Chicago Demiralp, Nuray, Kemal Demiralp, Ayşe Ütük, ve Ömer Faruk Ütük. “Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon Ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi 3, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2020): 80-88. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.710905.
EndNote Demiralp N, Demiralp K, Ütük A, Ütük ÖF (01 Mayıs 2020) Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 3 1 80–88.
IEEE N. Demiralp, K. Demiralp, A. Ütük, ve Ö. F. Ütük, “Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım”, Afet ve Risk Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 1, ss. 80–88, 2020, doi: 10.35341/afet.710905.
ISNAD Demiralp, Nuray vd. “Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon Ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım”. Afet ve Risk Dergisi 3/1 (Mayıs 2020), 80-88. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.710905.
JAMA Demiralp N, Demiralp K, Ütük A, Ütük ÖF. Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2020;3:80–88.
MLA Demiralp, Nuray vd. “Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon Ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım”. Afet Ve Risk Dergisi, c. 3, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 80-88, doi:10.35341/afet.710905.
Vancouver Demiralp N, Demiralp K, Ütük A, Ütük ÖF. Kimyasal, Biyolojik, Radyasyon ve Nükleer (KBRN) Olaylarda Psikososyal Bakım. Afet ve Risk Dergisi. 2020;3(1):80-8.