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Factors Determining the State Behavior of Saudi Arabia as a Regional Power

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 6, 2329 - 2356, 23.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2023.596

Öz

Classical approaches cannot produce conclusions that can be generalized in order to analyze the state behavior of regional power countries such as Saudi Arabia and to understand the real reason behind the alliance relations. The reasons that determine the position of regional powers in the system and originate from their local positions confront them with internal threats rather than external threats. In this case, internal threats take precedence over external threats. Since most of these countries have monarchical state structure, competing allegiencies and rentier state economic features. Therefore, the security of the regime is more important than the security of the state and the people in these countries. This always causes an internal threat to the regime in Saudi Arabia. The local characteristics of regional powers necessitate them to deal with their internal threats before their external threats. Thus, a regional power like Saudi Arabia combats the threat, primarily by allying with the foreign power interrelated with its internal threat or by improving relations, it balances and sometimes suppresses the internal threat with an external threat and then it can focus on the real threat. To explain this form of balancing, the “omni-balancing” strategy has been used and the systemic and local characteristics of Saudi Arabia has been emphasized.

Kaynakça

  • Akdoğan, İ. (2018). Tek Kutuplu Sistemde Bölgesel Güçlerin Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejileri: Suudi Arabistan Örneği (1990-2015) [Doctoral Thesis, Sakarya University]. Yök Thesis.
  • Al-Atawneh, M. (2009). Is Saudi Arabia a theocracy? religion and governance in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (5), 721-737. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200802586105
  • Alawni, M. M. (2023). Lupin conference and the tensions between ikhwan and ibn saud. American Journal of Society and Law, 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v2i1.1093
  • Alboaouh, K. (2010). (France 24, September 14). Arms transactions to Saudi Arabia with 60 billion dollars. http://www.france24.com/ar/20100914-largest-ever-us-arms-deal-designed-help-saudi-counter-iran%20
  • Alghamdy, S. S. G. (2011). A step Towards Democracy?, 2005 Municipal Election in Saudi Arabia.Cardiff University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19396552.pdf
  • Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Rentier State Theory and the Arab Uprisings: An Appraisal.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Akademik Dergi, 11 (42), 75-91.
  • Armstrong, K. (2014, November 27). Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism. https://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism
  • Ateş, D. (2014). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Sistem. In Kardaş, Şaban, Ali Balcı, Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, (pp. 285-292). Küre Yayınları. Barnett, M. N. & Levy, Jack, S. (Summer, 1991). Domestic Sources of Alliances and Alignments: The Case of Egypt, 1962-73. International Organization 45 (3), 369-395.
  • Beblawi, H. (1990). The Rentier State in the Arab World. In Giacomo Luciani. The Arab State (pp. 85-98). Routledge.
  • Bilgen, O. (2010). Petrol ve Suudi Arabistan: Bir Lütuf Mu Yoksa Bela Mı?. Akademik Ortadoğu 5 (1), 25-42.
  • Bodur, H. E. (2003). Vehhabi Hareketi ve Küresel Terör [Wahhabi Movement and Global Terror], Kahraman Maraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 7-20.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy. (2020). www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf
  • Bradley, J. R. (2015). Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a kingdom in crisis. Macmillian.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Chapin, H. (1993). Saudi Arabia: A Country Study. Library of Congress.
  • Chaudhry, K. A.(1989). The Price of Wealth: Business and State in Labor Remittance and Oil Economies.International Organization, 43, 101-145.
  • Da Silva, D. L., Tian, N. & Maksteiner, A. (2020). Trends in World Military Expenditure. SIPRI.
  • David, S. R. (1991). Explaining Third World Alignment. World Politics, 43 (2), 233-256.
  • Derks, J. (2017). The Future of the U.S. – Saudi Relationship. University of Central Florida Prince Mohammad bin Fahd Program for Strategic Research & Studies. https://sciences.ucf.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/07/Derks-US-Saudi-relations-2017.pdf
  • Efegil, E. (2013). Suudi Arabistan’ın Dış Politikasını Şekillendiren Faktörler. Middle Eastern Analysis- Ortadoğu Analiz 5, 104-113.
  • Energy Information Agency. (2020, December 31). What Drives Crude Oil Prices: Supply OPEC. https://www.eia.gov/finance/markets/crudeoil/supply-opec.php,
  • Eryılmaz, B. (2013). Bürokrasi ve Siyaset, Bürokratik Devletten Etkin Yönetime. Alfa Yayınları.
  • Febriansyah, Denny, & El-Alami, Dawud, S. (2021). Moderate islam vis-a-vis salafism in indonesia: an ideological competition. Walisongo Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 29 (1), 55-78. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.29.1.7212
  • Gantı, A. (2020, December 31). How OPEC (and Non-OPEC) Production Affects Oil Prices.https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012216/how-opec-and-nonopec-production-affects-oil-prices.asp#citation-6,
  • Gause, F. G. (2014). “Saudi Arabia in the New Middle East”, Council on Foreign Relations 63, 1-45. Global Firepower, https://www.globalfirepower.com/.
  • Godinho, V. (2020, Augusut 10). Two-thirds of Saudi Arabia’s population is under the age of 35. Gulf Business. https://gulfbusiness.com/two-thirds-of-saudi-arabias-population-is-under-the-age-of-35/
  • Goetz, A. (2003). Demographics: The Downfall of Saudi Arabia [Master Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey].
  • Grim, B. J. & Roger, F. (2010). The Price of Freedom Denied. Cambridge University Press.
  • Harknett, R. J. (1997). Alignment theory and interrelated threats: Jordan and the Persian Gulf crisis. Security Studies 6 (3), 113-125.
  • Heper, M. (1977). Negative buraucratic politics in a modernising context: the Turkish case. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 1, 65-84.
  • http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64749/1/Al_Rassheed%20Is%20It%20always%20to%20be%20a%20king%20SaudiResilience.pdf
  • https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/research_papers/2014_RP07_sbg.pdf
  • Hussin, M. F., Idris, A. & Salleh, M. A. (2018). Malaysia’s relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran: juggling the interests. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 5 (1), 46-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798917744294
  • International Energy Agency. (2020, December 3). Oil Information: Overview. https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-information-overview
  • Jackson, R. (2007). Regime security, Contemporary security studies. Oxford University Press.
  • Karl, K. L. (1999). The Perils of the Petro-State: Reflections on the Paradox of Plenty. Journal of International Affairs, 53 (1), 31-48.
  • Kechichian, J. A. (2001). Succession In Saudi Arabia, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. (2006). Country Profile: Saudi Arabia. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/46f913560.pdf
  • Menoret, Pascal (2016). Repression and Protest in Saudi Arabia”, Crown Center for Middle East Studies.101. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/101-200/meb101.pdf
  • Morgenthau, H. (1985). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace Alfred A. Knopf-McGraw Hill.
  • Neo, R. (2020). Religious securitisation and institutionalised sectarianism in Saudi Arabia. Critical Studies on Security, 8 (3), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2020.1795479
  • Niblock, T. (2006). Saudi Arabia: Power, Legitimacy and Survival. Routledge.
  • Noreng, 0. (2014). The Predicament of the Gulf Rentier State. In D. Heradsveit and H. Hveem (ed.) Oil in the Gulf: Obstacles to Democracy and Development, Ashgate Publishing. 9-41.
  • Okruhlik, G. (1999). Rentier Wealth, Unruly Law and the Rise of Opposition: The Political Economy of Oil States. Comparative Politics, 31 (3), 295-315.
  • Özer, M. A., Akçakaya, M., Yaylı, H. & Batmaz, N. Y. (2015). Kamu Yönetimi Klasik, Yapı ve Süreçler. Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Ramady, M. A. (2018). Saudi Aramco 2030. Springer International Publishing.
  • Rasheed, M. Al. (2015). Is it always good to be King? Saudi Regime Resilience After The 2011 Arab Popular Uprising.Middle East Center, 16-19.
  • Ross, M. L. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy?. World Politics, 53 (3), 325-361.
  • Ryan, C. R. (2009). Inter-Arab alliances: Regime security and Jordanian foreign policy. University Press of Florida
  • Ryan, C. R. (2009). Regime Security and Jordanian Foreign Policy. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.
  • Schweller, R. L. (2006). Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton University Press.
  • Scoville, S. A. (1989). A. Reza S. Islami and Rostam Mehraban Kavoussi, the political economy of Saudi Arabia, seattle: university of washington press, 1984, 124. International Journal Middle East Studies, 21 (2), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800032323
  • Spreading wahhabism, supporting extremism. (n.d.). 97-120. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv62hg2h.9
  • Statista. (16 June 2021). MENA Region: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020, by country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/804761/gdp-of-the-mena-countries/
  • Steinberg, G. (2014, June). “Leading the Counter-Revolution Saudi Arabia and the Arab Spring. SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Enstitute, https://www.sipri.org/.
  • The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, https://armscontrolcenter.org/.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. MacGraw-Hill.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society (Vol. I). University of California Press.
  • Wehrey, F. (2015). Saudi Arabia’s Anxious Autocrats. Journal of Democracy, 26 (2), 71-85.
  • World GPD R. (2020). https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2020-gdp-by-country-data-and-charts Worldometer. (2020). Saudi Arabia. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/saudi-arabia-demographics/
  • Yungui. WU. (2011). “The Influence of Islam over the Foreign Policies of Contemporary Islamic Countries.” Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 5 ( 3), 1-16.

Factors Determining the State Behavior of Saudi Arabia as a Regional Power

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 6, 2329 - 2356, 23.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2023.596

Öz

Classical approaches cannot produce conclusions that can be generalized in order to analyze the state behavior of regional power countries such as Saudi Arabia and to understand the real reason behind the alliance relations. The reasons that determine the position of regional powers in the system and originate from their local positions confront them with internal threats rather than external threats. In this case, internal threats take precedence over external threats. Since most of these countries have monarchical state structure, competing allegiencies and rentier state economic features. Therefore, the security of the regime is more important than the security of the state and the people in these countries. This always causes an internal threat to the regime in Saudi Arabia. The local characteristics of regional powers necessitate them to deal with their internal threats before their external threats. Thus, a regional power like Saudi Arabia combats the threat, primarily by allying with the foreign power interrelated with its internal threat or by improving relations, it balances and sometimes suppresses the internal threat with an external threat and then it can focus on the real threat. To explain this form of balancing, the “omni-balancing” strategy has been used and the systemic and local characteristics of Saudi Arabia has been emphasized.

Kaynakça

  • Akdoğan, İ. (2018). Tek Kutuplu Sistemde Bölgesel Güçlerin Ulusal Güvenlik Stratejileri: Suudi Arabistan Örneği (1990-2015) [Doctoral Thesis, Sakarya University]. Yök Thesis.
  • Al-Atawneh, M. (2009). Is Saudi Arabia a theocracy? religion and governance in contemporary Saudi Arabia. Middle Eastern Studies, 45 (5), 721-737. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200802586105
  • Alawni, M. M. (2023). Lupin conference and the tensions between ikhwan and ibn saud. American Journal of Society and Law, 2 (1). https://doi.org/10.54536/ajsl.v2i1.1093
  • Alboaouh, K. (2010). (France 24, September 14). Arms transactions to Saudi Arabia with 60 billion dollars. http://www.france24.com/ar/20100914-largest-ever-us-arms-deal-designed-help-saudi-counter-iran%20
  • Alghamdy, S. S. G. (2011). A step Towards Democracy?, 2005 Municipal Election in Saudi Arabia.Cardiff University. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/19396552.pdf
  • Altunışık, M. B. (2014). Rentier State Theory and the Arab Uprisings: An Appraisal.” Uluslararası İlişkiler Akademik Dergi, 11 (42), 75-91.
  • Armstrong, K. (2014, November 27). Wahhabism to ISIS: how Saudi Arabia exported the main source of global terrorism. https://www.newstatesman.com/world-affairs/2014/11/wahhabism-isis-how-saudi-arabia-exported-main-source-global-terrorism
  • Ateş, D. (2014). Uluslararası İlişkilerde Sistem. In Kardaş, Şaban, Ali Balcı, Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş, (pp. 285-292). Küre Yayınları. Barnett, M. N. & Levy, Jack, S. (Summer, 1991). Domestic Sources of Alliances and Alignments: The Case of Egypt, 1962-73. International Organization 45 (3), 369-395.
  • Beblawi, H. (1990). The Rentier State in the Arab World. In Giacomo Luciani. The Arab State (pp. 85-98). Routledge.
  • Bilgen, O. (2010). Petrol ve Suudi Arabistan: Bir Lütuf Mu Yoksa Bela Mı?. Akademik Ortadoğu 5 (1), 25-42.
  • Bodur, H. E. (2003). Vehhabi Hareketi ve Küresel Terör [Wahhabi Movement and Global Terror], Kahraman Maraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 7-20.
  • BP Statistical Review of World Energy. (2020). www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2020-full-report.pdf
  • Bradley, J. R. (2015). Saudi Arabia Exposed: Inside a kingdom in crisis. Macmillian.
  • Buzan, B. (1991). People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era. Harvester Wheatsheaf.
  • Chapin, H. (1993). Saudi Arabia: A Country Study. Library of Congress.
  • Chaudhry, K. A.(1989). The Price of Wealth: Business and State in Labor Remittance and Oil Economies.International Organization, 43, 101-145.
  • Da Silva, D. L., Tian, N. & Maksteiner, A. (2020). Trends in World Military Expenditure. SIPRI.
  • David, S. R. (1991). Explaining Third World Alignment. World Politics, 43 (2), 233-256.
  • Derks, J. (2017). The Future of the U.S. – Saudi Relationship. University of Central Florida Prince Mohammad bin Fahd Program for Strategic Research & Studies. https://sciences.ucf.edu/news/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/2017/07/Derks-US-Saudi-relations-2017.pdf
  • Efegil, E. (2013). Suudi Arabistan’ın Dış Politikasını Şekillendiren Faktörler. Middle Eastern Analysis- Ortadoğu Analiz 5, 104-113.
  • Energy Information Agency. (2020, December 31). What Drives Crude Oil Prices: Supply OPEC. https://www.eia.gov/finance/markets/crudeoil/supply-opec.php,
  • Eryılmaz, B. (2013). Bürokrasi ve Siyaset, Bürokratik Devletten Etkin Yönetime. Alfa Yayınları.
  • Febriansyah, Denny, & El-Alami, Dawud, S. (2021). Moderate islam vis-a-vis salafism in indonesia: an ideological competition. Walisongo Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 29 (1), 55-78. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.29.1.7212
  • Gantı, A. (2020, December 31). How OPEC (and Non-OPEC) Production Affects Oil Prices.https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/012216/how-opec-and-nonopec-production-affects-oil-prices.asp#citation-6,
  • Gause, F. G. (2014). “Saudi Arabia in the New Middle East”, Council on Foreign Relations 63, 1-45. Global Firepower, https://www.globalfirepower.com/.
  • Godinho, V. (2020, Augusut 10). Two-thirds of Saudi Arabia’s population is under the age of 35. Gulf Business. https://gulfbusiness.com/two-thirds-of-saudi-arabias-population-is-under-the-age-of-35/
  • Goetz, A. (2003). Demographics: The Downfall of Saudi Arabia [Master Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey].
  • Grim, B. J. & Roger, F. (2010). The Price of Freedom Denied. Cambridge University Press.
  • Harknett, R. J. (1997). Alignment theory and interrelated threats: Jordan and the Persian Gulf crisis. Security Studies 6 (3), 113-125.
  • Heper, M. (1977). Negative buraucratic politics in a modernising context: the Turkish case. Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, 1, 65-84.
  • http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/64749/1/Al_Rassheed%20Is%20It%20always%20to%20be%20a%20king%20SaudiResilience.pdf
  • https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/research_papers/2014_RP07_sbg.pdf
  • Hussin, M. F., Idris, A. & Salleh, M. A. (2018). Malaysia’s relations with Saudi Arabia and Iran: juggling the interests. Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 5 (1), 46-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/2347798917744294
  • International Energy Agency. (2020, December 3). Oil Information: Overview. https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-information-overview
  • Jackson, R. (2007). Regime security, Contemporary security studies. Oxford University Press.
  • Karl, K. L. (1999). The Perils of the Petro-State: Reflections on the Paradox of Plenty. Journal of International Affairs, 53 (1), 31-48.
  • Kechichian, J. A. (2001). Succession In Saudi Arabia, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Library of Congress – Federal Research Division. (2006). Country Profile: Saudi Arabia. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/46f913560.pdf
  • Menoret, Pascal (2016). Repression and Protest in Saudi Arabia”, Crown Center for Middle East Studies.101. https://www.brandeis.edu/crown/publications/middle-east-briefs/pdfs/101-200/meb101.pdf
  • Morgenthau, H. (1985). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace Alfred A. Knopf-McGraw Hill.
  • Neo, R. (2020). Religious securitisation and institutionalised sectarianism in Saudi Arabia. Critical Studies on Security, 8 (3), 203-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/21624887.2020.1795479
  • Niblock, T. (2006). Saudi Arabia: Power, Legitimacy and Survival. Routledge.
  • Noreng, 0. (2014). The Predicament of the Gulf Rentier State. In D. Heradsveit and H. Hveem (ed.) Oil in the Gulf: Obstacles to Democracy and Development, Ashgate Publishing. 9-41.
  • Okruhlik, G. (1999). Rentier Wealth, Unruly Law and the Rise of Opposition: The Political Economy of Oil States. Comparative Politics, 31 (3), 295-315.
  • Özer, M. A., Akçakaya, M., Yaylı, H. & Batmaz, N. Y. (2015). Kamu Yönetimi Klasik, Yapı ve Süreçler. Adalet Yayınevi.
  • Ramady, M. A. (2018). Saudi Aramco 2030. Springer International Publishing.
  • Rasheed, M. Al. (2015). Is it always good to be King? Saudi Regime Resilience After The 2011 Arab Popular Uprising.Middle East Center, 16-19.
  • Ross, M. L. (2001). Does Oil Hinder Democracy?. World Politics, 53 (3), 325-361.
  • Ryan, C. R. (2009). Inter-Arab alliances: Regime security and Jordanian foreign policy. University Press of Florida
  • Ryan, C. R. (2009). Regime Security and Jordanian Foreign Policy. Gainesville, University Press of Florida.
  • Schweller, R. L. (2006). Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton University Press.
  • Scoville, S. A. (1989). A. Reza S. Islami and Rostam Mehraban Kavoussi, the political economy of Saudi Arabia, seattle: university of washington press, 1984, 124. International Journal Middle East Studies, 21 (2), 257-260. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800032323
  • Spreading wahhabism, supporting extremism. (n.d.). 97-120. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv62hg2h.9
  • Statista. (16 June 2021). MENA Region: Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020, by country. https://www.statista.com/statistics/804761/gdp-of-the-mena-countries/
  • Steinberg, G. (2014, June). “Leading the Counter-Revolution Saudi Arabia and the Arab Spring. SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs.
  • Stockholm International Peace Research Enstitute, https://www.sipri.org/.
  • The Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, https://armscontrolcenter.org/.
  • Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of International Politics. MacGraw-Hill.
  • Weber, M. (1978). Economy and Society (Vol. I). University of California Press.
  • Wehrey, F. (2015). Saudi Arabia’s Anxious Autocrats. Journal of Democracy, 26 (2), 71-85.
  • World GPD R. (2020). https://knoema.com/nwnfkne/world-gdp-ranking-2020-gdp-by-country-data-and-charts Worldometer. (2020). Saudi Arabia. https://www.worldometers.info/demographics/saudi-arabia-demographics/
  • Yungui. WU. (2011). “The Influence of Islam over the Foreign Policies of Contemporary Islamic Countries.” Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (in Asia) 5 ( 3), 1-16.
Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sibel Bülbül Pehlivan 0000-0003-4729-685X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 3 Ocak 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Bülbül Pehlivan, S. (2024). Factors Determining the State Behavior of Saudi Arabia as a Regional Power. Akademik Tarih Ve Düşünce Dergisi, 10(6), 2329-2356. https://doi.org/10.46868/atdd.2023.596

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