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KAMU SOSYAL HARCAMALARININ GELİR DAĞILIMI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: OECD ÜLKELERİNE YÖNELİK PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 493 - 516, 08.04.2016
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.80724

Öz

OECD ülkelerinin birçoğunda gelir eşitsizliği 1990’lı yıllardan bu yana artış göstermektedir. Hükümetlerin gelir dağılımına müdahalede birincil aracı maliye politikasıdır. Maliye politikasının bu yeniden dağıtım etkisi, politika araçlarının hacmi, kompozisyonu ve artan oranlılık özellikleri tarafından belirlenmektedir. Bu çalışma 17 OECD ülkesi için 1995-2012 döneminde kamu sosyal harcamalarının gelir dağılımı üzerindeki etkisini, hem toplam harcamalar hem de sosyal harcamaların alt bileşenleri itibariyle panel veri analizi yardımıyla incelemektedir. Elde edilen bulgular devletin ekonomideki payının artışının gelir dağılımı üzerinde olumlu etkisinin olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Sonuçlar ayrıca toplam kamu sosyal harcamaları, aktif emek piyasası programları, dul ve yetim aylıkları ile işsizlik sigortası harcamalarının gayri safi yurtiçi hasıla (GSYH) içerisinde daha yüksek paya sahip olmasının gelir dağılımındaki adaletsizliğin azalmasına katkı sağladığını göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Gelir Dağılımı, Yeniden Dağılım Politikaları, Sosyal Harcamalar.

Kaynakça

  • Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L. ve Tanzi, V. (2010). Income distribution determinants and public spending efficiency. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3): 367-389.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu Eurostat Veritabanı. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (10.06.2015).
  • Barr, N. (1992). Economic theory and the welfare state: A survey and interpretation. Journal of Economic Literature, 30 (2): 741-803.
  • Bastagli, F., Coady, D. ve Gupta, S. (2012). Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund Staff Discussion Note No. SDN/12/08R.
  • Bertola, G. (2010). Inequality, integration, and policy: Issues and evidence from EMU. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3): 345-365.
  • Bouvet, F. (2010). EMU and the dynamics of regional per capita income inequality in Europe. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3): 323-344.
  • Bowlus, A. ve Robin, J. M. (2012). An international comparison of lifetime inequality: How continental Europe resembles North America. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10 (6): 1236-1262.
  • Caminada, K. ve Goudswaard, K. (2000). International trends in income inequality and social policy. The Year 2000 International Research Conference on Social Security, 25-27 Eylül 2000, Helsinki.
  • Cevik, M. S. ve Correa-Caro, C. (2015). Growing (un)equal: Fiscal policy and income inequality in China and BRIC+. International Monetary Fund Working Paper No. 15/68.
  • Corak, M. (2013). Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (3): 79-102.
  • Chu, K., Davoodi, H. ve Gupta, S. (2000). Income distribution and tax and government social spending policies in developing countries. International Monetary Fund No. 0-62.
  • Cubero, R. ve Hollar, I. V. (2010). Equity and fiscal policy: The income distribution effects of taxation and social spending in Central America. IMF Working Papers, 10/112.
  • Devine J. A. (1983). Fiscal policy and class income inequality: The Distributional consequences of governmental revenues and expenditures in the United States, 1949-1976. American Sociological Review, 48 (5): 606-622.
  • Engel, E., Galetovic, A. ve Raddatz, C. E. (1999). Taxes and income distribution in Chile: Some unpleasant redistributive arithmetic. Journal of Development Economics, 59 (1): 155-192.
  • Gini, C. (1912). Variability and mutability. C. Cuppini, Bologna, E. Pizetti ve T. Salvemini (Ed.) Reprinted in Memorie di metodologica statistica. Rome: Libreria Eredi Virgilio Veschi (1955).
  • Goñi, E., Humberto López, J. ve Servén, L. (2011). Fiscal redistribution and income inequality in Latin America. World Development, 39 (9): 1558-1569.
  • Grosh, M., del Ninno, C., Tesliuc, E. ve Ouerghi, A. (2008). From protection to promotion: The design and implementation of effective safety nets, Washington: World Bank.
  • Gustafsson, B. ve Johansson, M. (1999). In search of smoking guns: What makes income inequality vary over time in different countries?. American Sociological Review, 64 (4): 585-605.
  • Hazman, G. G (2011). Türkiye’de gelir dağiliminda adalet ve sosyal güvenlik harcamalari arasindaki nedensellik ilişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (1): 205-216.
  • Hibbs, D. A. (1977). Political parties and macroeconomic policy. American Political Science Review, 71 (4): 1467-1487.
  • IMF (2014). Fiscal policy and income inequality. Washington, D.C.: IMF Policy Papers.
  • Joumard, I., Pisu, M. ve Bloch, D. (2012). Less income inequality and more growth are they compatible? Part 3. Income redistribution via taxes and transfers across OECD countries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 926.
  • Kuznets S, (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45 (1): 1-28.
  • Lustig, N., Molina, G., Higgins, S., Greenspun, S., Travis, E., Pozo, V., Arauco, V., Molina, G., Yanez, E., Pereira, C., Scott, J., Pessino, C., Islas, F., Vargas, M., Sparrow, B. ve Jaramillo, M. (2011). Fiscal policy and income redistribution in Latin America: Challenging the conventional wisdom. Society for the Study of Economic Inequality. ECINEQ WP 2011/227.
  • Martinez-Vazquez, J., Moreno-Dodson, B., ve Vulovic, V. (2012). The impact of tax and expenditure policies on income distribution: Evidence from a large panel of countries. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, No. 12-30.
  • Meyer, B. D. (2002). Unemployment and workers’ compensation programmes: Rationale, design, labour supply and income support. Fiscal Studies, 23 (1): 1-49.
  • Muinelo‐Gallo, L. ve Roca‐Sagalés, O. (2011). Economic growth and inequality: The role of fiscal policies. Australian Economic Papers, 50 (2‐3): 74-97.
  • Niehues, J. (2010). Social spending generosity and income inequality: A dynamic panel approach. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5178.
  • OECD (2008). Growing unequal?: Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264044197-en, (20.05.2015).
  • OECD (2011). Divided we stand why inequality keeps rising. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264119536-en, (20.05.2015).
  • OECD (2015). Social Expenditure Database. http://stats.oecd.org, (10.06.2015).
  • Partridge, D., Rickman, M. ve Levernier, W. (1996). Trends in U.S. income inequality: Evidence from a panel of states. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 36 (1): 17-37.
  • Paulus, A., Sutherland, H. ve Tsakloglou, P. (2010). The distributional impact of in-kind public benefits in European countries. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29 (2): 243-266.
  • Piketty, T. (2015). Putting distribution back at the center of economics: Reflections on capital in the twenty-first century. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (1): 67-88.
  • Reynolds, M. ve Smolensky, E. (1977). Public expenditures, taxes and the distribution of income. New York: Academic Press.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, A. ve Ezcurra, A. (2010). Does decentralization matter for regional disparities? A cross-country analysis. SERC Discussion Paper 25.
  • Sacchi, A. ve Salotti, S. (2014). The effects of fiscal decentralization on household income inequality: Some empirical evidence. Spatial Economic Analysis, 9 (2): 202-222.
  • Salotti, S. ve Trecroci, C. (2015). Can fiscal policy mitigate income inequality and poverty?. SSRN Working Paper no. 2379441.
  • Sepulveda, C. F. ve Martinez-Vazquez J. (2011). The consequences of fiscal decentralization on poverty and income equality. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29 (2): 321-343.
  • Sylwester, K. (2002). Can education expenditures reduce income inequality?. Economics of Education Review, 21 (1): 43-52.
  • Woo, J., Bova, M. E., Kinda, M. T. ve Zhang, M. Y. S. (2013). Distributional consequences of fiscal consolidation and the role of fiscal policy: What do the data say?. International Monetary Fund Working Paper No. 13-195.

THE EFFECTS OF GOVERNMENT SOCIAL SPENDING ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS OF OECD COUNTRIES

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 493 - 516, 08.04.2016
https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.80724

Öz

Income inequality has increased since the 1990s in most OECD-countries. The primary instrument to affect income distribution for governments is fiscal policy. Redistribution effects of the fiscal policy are determined by the size, composition and the progressivity of each policy tool. This paper examines the impact of the government social expenditure on income distribution within the scope of both total and sub-categories of expenditures for 17 OECD countries during 1995 to 2012 by using panel data analysis. The findings suggest that increase in size of government has a positive impact on income distribution. The results also show that higher shares of GDP on total social expenditure, active labor market programs, survivor and unemployment expenditures promote a less unequal distribution of income.

Keywords: Income Distribution, Redistributive Policies, Social Expenditures.

Kaynakça

  • Afonso, A., Schuknecht, L. ve Tanzi, V. (2010). Income distribution determinants and public spending efficiency. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3): 367-389.
  • Avrupa Komisyonu Eurostat Veritabanı. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat (10.06.2015).
  • Barr, N. (1992). Economic theory and the welfare state: A survey and interpretation. Journal of Economic Literature, 30 (2): 741-803.
  • Bastagli, F., Coady, D. ve Gupta, S. (2012). Income inequality and fiscal policy. International Monetary Fund Staff Discussion Note No. SDN/12/08R.
  • Bertola, G. (2010). Inequality, integration, and policy: Issues and evidence from EMU. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3): 345-365.
  • Bouvet, F. (2010). EMU and the dynamics of regional per capita income inequality in Europe. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 8 (3): 323-344.
  • Bowlus, A. ve Robin, J. M. (2012). An international comparison of lifetime inequality: How continental Europe resembles North America. Journal of the European Economic Association, 10 (6): 1236-1262.
  • Caminada, K. ve Goudswaard, K. (2000). International trends in income inequality and social policy. The Year 2000 International Research Conference on Social Security, 25-27 Eylül 2000, Helsinki.
  • Cevik, M. S. ve Correa-Caro, C. (2015). Growing (un)equal: Fiscal policy and income inequality in China and BRIC+. International Monetary Fund Working Paper No. 15/68.
  • Corak, M. (2013). Income inequality, equality of opportunity, and intergenerational mobility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 27 (3): 79-102.
  • Chu, K., Davoodi, H. ve Gupta, S. (2000). Income distribution and tax and government social spending policies in developing countries. International Monetary Fund No. 0-62.
  • Cubero, R. ve Hollar, I. V. (2010). Equity and fiscal policy: The income distribution effects of taxation and social spending in Central America. IMF Working Papers, 10/112.
  • Devine J. A. (1983). Fiscal policy and class income inequality: The Distributional consequences of governmental revenues and expenditures in the United States, 1949-1976. American Sociological Review, 48 (5): 606-622.
  • Engel, E., Galetovic, A. ve Raddatz, C. E. (1999). Taxes and income distribution in Chile: Some unpleasant redistributive arithmetic. Journal of Development Economics, 59 (1): 155-192.
  • Gini, C. (1912). Variability and mutability. C. Cuppini, Bologna, E. Pizetti ve T. Salvemini (Ed.) Reprinted in Memorie di metodologica statistica. Rome: Libreria Eredi Virgilio Veschi (1955).
  • Goñi, E., Humberto López, J. ve Servén, L. (2011). Fiscal redistribution and income inequality in Latin America. World Development, 39 (9): 1558-1569.
  • Grosh, M., del Ninno, C., Tesliuc, E. ve Ouerghi, A. (2008). From protection to promotion: The design and implementation of effective safety nets, Washington: World Bank.
  • Gustafsson, B. ve Johansson, M. (1999). In search of smoking guns: What makes income inequality vary over time in different countries?. American Sociological Review, 64 (4): 585-605.
  • Hazman, G. G (2011). Türkiye’de gelir dağiliminda adalet ve sosyal güvenlik harcamalari arasindaki nedensellik ilişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16 (1): 205-216.
  • Hibbs, D. A. (1977). Political parties and macroeconomic policy. American Political Science Review, 71 (4): 1467-1487.
  • IMF (2014). Fiscal policy and income inequality. Washington, D.C.: IMF Policy Papers.
  • Joumard, I., Pisu, M. ve Bloch, D. (2012). Less income inequality and more growth are they compatible? Part 3. Income redistribution via taxes and transfers across OECD countries. OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 926.
  • Kuznets S, (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 45 (1): 1-28.
  • Lustig, N., Molina, G., Higgins, S., Greenspun, S., Travis, E., Pozo, V., Arauco, V., Molina, G., Yanez, E., Pereira, C., Scott, J., Pessino, C., Islas, F., Vargas, M., Sparrow, B. ve Jaramillo, M. (2011). Fiscal policy and income redistribution in Latin America: Challenging the conventional wisdom. Society for the Study of Economic Inequality. ECINEQ WP 2011/227.
  • Martinez-Vazquez, J., Moreno-Dodson, B., ve Vulovic, V. (2012). The impact of tax and expenditure policies on income distribution: Evidence from a large panel of countries. Andrew Young School of Policy Studies Research Paper Series, No. 12-30.
  • Meyer, B. D. (2002). Unemployment and workers’ compensation programmes: Rationale, design, labour supply and income support. Fiscal Studies, 23 (1): 1-49.
  • Muinelo‐Gallo, L. ve Roca‐Sagalés, O. (2011). Economic growth and inequality: The role of fiscal policies. Australian Economic Papers, 50 (2‐3): 74-97.
  • Niehues, J. (2010). Social spending generosity and income inequality: A dynamic panel approach. IZA Discussion Paper No. 5178.
  • OECD (2008). Growing unequal?: Income distribution and poverty in OECD countries. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264044197-en, (20.05.2015).
  • OECD (2011). Divided we stand why inequality keeps rising. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264119536-en, (20.05.2015).
  • OECD (2015). Social Expenditure Database. http://stats.oecd.org, (10.06.2015).
  • Partridge, D., Rickman, M. ve Levernier, W. (1996). Trends in U.S. income inequality: Evidence from a panel of states. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 36 (1): 17-37.
  • Paulus, A., Sutherland, H. ve Tsakloglou, P. (2010). The distributional impact of in-kind public benefits in European countries. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 29 (2): 243-266.
  • Piketty, T. (2015). Putting distribution back at the center of economics: Reflections on capital in the twenty-first century. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29 (1): 67-88.
  • Reynolds, M. ve Smolensky, E. (1977). Public expenditures, taxes and the distribution of income. New York: Academic Press.
  • Rodríguez-Pose, A. ve Ezcurra, A. (2010). Does decentralization matter for regional disparities? A cross-country analysis. SERC Discussion Paper 25.
  • Sacchi, A. ve Salotti, S. (2014). The effects of fiscal decentralization on household income inequality: Some empirical evidence. Spatial Economic Analysis, 9 (2): 202-222.
  • Salotti, S. ve Trecroci, C. (2015). Can fiscal policy mitigate income inequality and poverty?. SSRN Working Paper no. 2379441.
  • Sepulveda, C. F. ve Martinez-Vazquez J. (2011). The consequences of fiscal decentralization on poverty and income equality. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 29 (2): 321-343.
  • Sylwester, K. (2002). Can education expenditures reduce income inequality?. Economics of Education Review, 21 (1): 43-52.
  • Woo, J., Bova, M. E., Kinda, M. T. ve Zhang, M. Y. S. (2013). Distributional consequences of fiscal consolidation and the role of fiscal policy: What do the data say?. International Monetary Fund Working Paper No. 13-195.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Miraç Fatih İlgün

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Nisan 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA İlgün, M. F. (2016). KAMU SOSYAL HARCAMALARININ GELİR DAĞILIMI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ: OECD ÜLKELERİNE YÖNELİK PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(4), 493-516. https://doi.org/10.16953/deusbed.80724