Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 139 - 168, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1247875

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AAOIFI. "AAOIFI Makes All Its Standards Accessible on Its Website on a Complimentary Basis". Accessed December 20 2022. https://aaoifi.com/announcement/aaoifi-makes-all-its-standards
  • AAOIFI, Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, AAOIFI Footprint Report 2022. Manama: AAOIFI Secretariat,2022. https://aaoifi.com/aaoifi-footprint-2022/?lang=en
  • Abdullah Saif Al Nasser et al. "Introduction to History of Islamic Banking in Malaysia". Humanomics 29/2 (2013), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288661311319157
  • Ahmed, Habib. "Shari’ah Governance Regimes for Islamic Finance: Types and Appraisal - I Regimi Di Governance Conformi Alla Shari’ah Nella Finanza Islamica: Tipologia e Valutazione". Economia Internazionale/International Economics, 66.4 (2011), 393–412
  • AI-Abdullatif, Sultan Abdullah. The Application of the AAOIFI Accounting Standards by the Islamic Banking Sector in Saudi Arabia. Durham: Durham University, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2594/1/2594_605.pdf
  • Akram Laldin, Mohamad. "Islamic Financial System: The Malaysian Experience and the Way Forward". Humanomics 24/3 (2008), 217–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288660810899377
  • Alam, Md. Kausar et al. "Why Does Shariah Governance Framework Important for Islamic Banks?". Asian Journal of Economics and Banking 5/2 (2021), 158–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEB-02-2021-0018
  • Alkhamees, Ahmad. "The Impact of Shari'ah Governance Practices on Shari'ah Compliance in Contemporary Islamic Finance". Journal of Banking Regulation 14/2 (2013), 134–63. https://doi.org/10.1057/jbr.2012.12
  • BBP, Banking Business Proclamation (Proclamation No. 592). Federal Negarıt Gazeta No 57. (August 25 2008). Accessed March 31 2023. https://nbebank.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BANKING-BUSINESS-592.pdf
  • BBP, Banking Business Proclamation (Proclamation No. 1159/art.59/1), Federal Negarit Gazeta No 88. (September 9 2019). Accessed March 31 2023. https://nbebank.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/directives/bankingbusiness/banking-business-proclamation-1159-2019.pdf
  • Bhatti, Maria. "Managing Shariah Non-Compliance Risk via Islamic Dispute Resolutio"'. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13/2 (2019),1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13010002
  • Busetto, Loraine et al. "How to Use and Assess Qualitative Research Methods" Neurological Research and Practice 2/1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z
  • CFC, Casablanca Finance City, CFC Africa Insights Islamic Finance in Africa: The Upcoming Frontier. Toronto: Thomson Reuters, 2019.
  • COMCEC, Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation. Improving Shariah Governance Framework in Islamic Finance. Ankara: COMCEC Coordination Office, 2020 2020 <http://ebook.comcec.org
  • Crabtree, Benjamin F.- William L. Miller, eds. Doing Qualitative research, 2nd ed.Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1999.
  • Dino, Nassir. "Islamic Banking in Ethiopia: A Paradigm Shift" ISFIR Review (October 5 2022), 35-43. https://zamzambank.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/05-ISFIRE-October-2022-Web-Version.pdf
  • EIASC, Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council, “የኢትዮጵያ እስልምና ጉዳዮች ጠቅላይ ምክር ቤት የዑለማዎች ጉባዔ በቀጣይ የሚተዳደርበትን ደንብ በሙሉ ድምፅ አፀደቀ”, Facebook. 11 May 2023,10:05. Accesed 11 May 2023. https://www.facebook.com/eiasc/
  • Fatmawati et al. "Shariah Governance in Islamic Banks: Practices, Practitioners and Praxis", Global Finance Journal, 51 (2020), 100555.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100555
  • FDRE-PCC, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Population Census Commission. Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. Addis Ababa: United Nations Population Fund, 2008. https://www.ethiopianreview.com/pdf/001/Cen2007_firstdraft(1).pdf
  • Feyissa, Dereje. "The Transnational Politics of the Ethiopian Muslim Diaspora", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35.11 (2012), 1893–1913. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.604130
  • Galletta, Anne. Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond: From Research Design to Analysis and Publication. Epub:NYU Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
  • Gelbard, Enrique et al. "Islamic Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status and Prospects". International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/14/149 (2014).
  • Getachew, Addis. "Ethiopian PM Attends Iftar with Muslim Community: Abiy Ahmed Promises Grand Mosque, Interest-Free Banking for Muslims", Anadolu Agency, (December 15 2022) https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopian-pm-attends-iftar-with-muslim-community/1484949
  • Grassa, Rihab. "Shariah Supervisory System in Islamic Financial Institutions: New Issues and Challenges: A Comparative Analysis between Southeast Asia Models and GCC Models", Humanomics, 29/4 (2013), 333–48.https://doi.org/10.1108/H-01-2013-0001
  • Hai̇lu, Suadiq Mehammed - İbrahim Bushera. "Interest Free Banking in Ethiopia: Prospects and Challenges", International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2 (July 2020), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.25272/ijisef.678972
  • Hailu, Suadiq Mehammed - Nissar Ahmad Yatoo. "Islamic Finance In Ethiopia: Current Status, Prospects, and Challenges", International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 6/1, 1-18(2021), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v6i1.1317
  • Hamza, Hichem. "Sharia Governance in Islamic Banks: Effectiveness and Supervision Model" International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 6/3 (2013), 226–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-02-2013-0021
  • Harvey, Charles. "Banking Reform in Ethiopia". Institute of Development Studies, 37 (1996)
  • Hasan, Aznan - Ruslan Sabirzyanov. "Optimal Shari'ah Governance Model in Islamic Finance Regulation", International Journal of Education and Research, 3/4 (2015), 243–58.
  • Hasan, Zulkifli Bin. "Regulatory Framework of Shari'ah Governance System in Malaysia, GCC Countries and the UK"., Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies 3/2 (2009), 82–115
  • Hassan, Kabir et al. (ed.). Islamic Finance in Africa: The Prospects for Sustainable Development, Studies in Islamic Finance, Accounting, and Governance. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
  • Hussain, Mohammad Azam. "The Duties and Responsibilities of Shariah Committee in Ensuring Shariah Compliance of Islamic Financial Business in Malaysia", Selected Legal Issues in Indonesia and Malaysia. ed. Mohammad Azam Hussian et al.1-18. Indonesia: UNISSULA PRESS, 2020..
  • Husseini, Saleh Ali et al. "Islamic Banking Revolution in Malaysia: A Review". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7/4 (2019), 267–75. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7434
  • IFSB, The Islamic Financial Services Board. "About IFSB -Background". Accessed December 20 2022. https://www.ifsb.org/background.php
  • Iqbal, Munawar et al. Challenges Facing Islamic Banking, Occasional Paper, no. 1, 1st ed. Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Islamic Development Bank, Islamic Research and Training Institute, 1998.
  • IFSB, Islamic Fınancial Services Board. Guiding Principles on Sharî`ah Governance Systems for Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services. Malaysia: Islamıc Fınancıal Servıces Board, Acceptance December 2009, IFSB-10.
  • Khan, M. Fahim. "Setting Standards ForShariah Application in the Islamic Financial Industry". Thunderbird International Business Review 49/3 (2007), 285–307.https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20145
  • NBE, National Bank of Ethiopia. "Financial Institutions". Accessed December 20 2022. https://nbe.gov.et/banks/
  • Oumer, Kamil Abdu. A Critical Appraisal of the Regulatory Regime of Islamic Banking in Ethiopia.Doha: Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Master's Thesis, 2021.
  • Sanders, T. "The Aims and Principles of Standardization".International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1972.
  • SBB, Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business: Directives to Authorize the Business of Interest-Free Banking. Ethiopia: National Bank of Ethiopia (2011). Accessed March 31 2023. https://nbebank.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/directives/bankingbusiness/sbb-51-11.pdf
  • SBB, Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business: Directives to Authorize the Business of Interest Free Banking. Ethiopia: National Bank of Ethiopia (2019). Accessed March 31 2023.https://nbebank.com/wpcontent/uploads/pdf/directives/bankingbusiness/Interst%20free%20banks.pdf
  • Shafii, Zurina. "Integrated Internal-External Shariah Audit Model: A Proposal towards the Enhancement of Shariah Assurance Practices in Islamic Financial Institutions"., The Islamic Research and Teaching Institute 1436-7, 2015.
  • Shanmugam, Bala - Zaha Rina Zahari. A Primer on Islamic Finance. Charlottesville, Va: Research Foundation of CFA Institute, 2009.
  • Smolo, Edib - Elmin Habibovic. "Barriers to Growth of Islamic Finance: Issue of Standardisation". Islamic Banking and Finance: Principles, Instruments and Operations, ed. Adnan Trakic and Hanifah Haydar Ali Tajuddin. 715–37. Malaysia: JCL Publication, 2012).
  • TKBB,Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği. "Hakkimizda". Accessed January 1 2023. https://tkbb.org.tr/sayfa/detay/hakkimizda/tarihce-856934
  • UN, United Nations. World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. New York: United Nations Publication, 2022. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf
  • Yaacob, Hakimah - Apnizan Abdullah, "Standards Issuance for Islamic Finance in International Trade: Current Issues and Challenges Ahead", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65 (2012), 492–97.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.154

Ensuring The Compliance of Islamic Finance Applications with Shariah Principles in Ethiopia: The Way Forward

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 139 - 168, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1247875

Öz

The notion behind Islamic finance is providing alternative Shariah-compliant financial services and products for those who do not willing to access conventional finance as it contravenes Shariah principles. Currently, Islamic finance is expanding throughout Muslim and non-Muslim countries. One of the most critical challenges of the Islamic financial sector is the extent of the compliance of Islamic finance practices with Shariah principles. Therefore, there should be a control mechanism for ensuring the compliance of the products and services provided by Islamic financial institutions with Shariah principles. Scholars argue that a Shariah governance framework should be applied by institutions engaged in Islamic finance in countries where Islamic finance is being practiced. Shariah governance framework is mainly categorized into two approaches centralized and decentralized Shariah governance framework. The availability of a centralized Shariah governance framework is essential in ensuring the application of Islamic finance in accordance with Shariah principles. Ethiopia is one of the countries that accommodated the application of Islamic finance through exclusively interest-free banking windows by conventional banks in 2011 and fully-fledged interest-free banks in late 2019. However, the National Bank of Ethiopia (NBE) did not specify any Shariah governance framework in any of its legislations. The unavailability of an established Shariah governance framework may expose the sector to Shariah non-compliance risk. This study investigates how to ensure Ethiopia's Islamic finance applications' compliance with the Shariah principles. Semi-structured interviews and document studies were conducted with 15 respondents, including experts in Islamic finance, Shariah scholars, and Islamic finance practitioners, to collect the needed data for this endeavor. The findings indicate that interest-free banks, especially interest-free banking windows, do not give the necessary attention to the issue of the Shariah governance framework. The presumed manifestations of Shariah compliance in Ethiopia are having Shariah advisory committee, using Arabic words and names for their products and services, declaring they are following the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI), Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB) standards, and participating in corporate social activities. However, these claims are insufficient to argue that their products and services are Shariah-compliant, as long as an external authorized body should oversight and control their application. In addition, the results indicate that adapting the AAOIFI standards to the extent of industry development is recommended to ensure Shariah compliance in Ethiopia. Besides, considering responsible stakeholders in ensuring Shariah compliance, government/NBE and financial institutions engaged in Islamic finance are identified as primary stakeholders. On the other hand, the Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council (EIASC), religious scholars and institutional Shariah advisors, interest-free professional associations, academicians in Islamic economics and finance, and educational institutions are considered secondary stakeholders. In addition, the findings also indicate that the policymakers' approaches of Türkiye, Malaysia, Kenya, and South Africa to the Islamic finance industry could be the best model for policymakers in Ethiopia. Establishing a centralized Shariah advisory committee under the NBE is recommended to ensure the compliance of interest-free finance applications with Shariah principles in Ethiopia. To this endeavor, all stakeholders such as government/NBE, financial institutions engaged in the Islamic finance industry, EIASC, religious scholars and institutional Shariah advisors, interest-free professional associations, academicians in Islamic economics and finance, and educational institutions should play a significant role by fulfilling their respective responsibilities.

Kaynakça

  • AAOIFI. "AAOIFI Makes All Its Standards Accessible on Its Website on a Complimentary Basis". Accessed December 20 2022. https://aaoifi.com/announcement/aaoifi-makes-all-its-standards
  • AAOIFI, Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions, AAOIFI Footprint Report 2022. Manama: AAOIFI Secretariat,2022. https://aaoifi.com/aaoifi-footprint-2022/?lang=en
  • Abdullah Saif Al Nasser et al. "Introduction to History of Islamic Banking in Malaysia". Humanomics 29/2 (2013), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288661311319157
  • Ahmed, Habib. "Shari’ah Governance Regimes for Islamic Finance: Types and Appraisal - I Regimi Di Governance Conformi Alla Shari’ah Nella Finanza Islamica: Tipologia e Valutazione". Economia Internazionale/International Economics, 66.4 (2011), 393–412
  • AI-Abdullatif, Sultan Abdullah. The Application of the AAOIFI Accounting Standards by the Islamic Banking Sector in Saudi Arabia. Durham: Durham University, Ph.D. Dissertation, 2007. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2594/1/2594_605.pdf
  • Akram Laldin, Mohamad. "Islamic Financial System: The Malaysian Experience and the Way Forward". Humanomics 24/3 (2008), 217–38. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288660810899377
  • Alam, Md. Kausar et al. "Why Does Shariah Governance Framework Important for Islamic Banks?". Asian Journal of Economics and Banking 5/2 (2021), 158–72. https://doi.org/10.1108/AJEB-02-2021-0018
  • Alkhamees, Ahmad. "The Impact of Shari'ah Governance Practices on Shari'ah Compliance in Contemporary Islamic Finance". Journal of Banking Regulation 14/2 (2013), 134–63. https://doi.org/10.1057/jbr.2012.12
  • BBP, Banking Business Proclamation (Proclamation No. 592). Federal Negarıt Gazeta No 57. (August 25 2008). Accessed March 31 2023. https://nbebank.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/BANKING-BUSINESS-592.pdf
  • BBP, Banking Business Proclamation (Proclamation No. 1159/art.59/1), Federal Negarit Gazeta No 88. (September 9 2019). Accessed March 31 2023. https://nbebank.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/directives/bankingbusiness/banking-business-proclamation-1159-2019.pdf
  • Bhatti, Maria. "Managing Shariah Non-Compliance Risk via Islamic Dispute Resolutio"'. Journal of Risk and Financial Management 13/2 (2019),1-9. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13010002
  • Busetto, Loraine et al. "How to Use and Assess Qualitative Research Methods" Neurological Research and Practice 2/1 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42466-020-00059-z
  • CFC, Casablanca Finance City, CFC Africa Insights Islamic Finance in Africa: The Upcoming Frontier. Toronto: Thomson Reuters, 2019.
  • COMCEC, Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation. Improving Shariah Governance Framework in Islamic Finance. Ankara: COMCEC Coordination Office, 2020 2020 <http://ebook.comcec.org
  • Crabtree, Benjamin F.- William L. Miller, eds. Doing Qualitative research, 2nd ed.Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1999.
  • Dino, Nassir. "Islamic Banking in Ethiopia: A Paradigm Shift" ISFIR Review (October 5 2022), 35-43. https://zamzambank.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/05-ISFIRE-October-2022-Web-Version.pdf
  • EIASC, Ethiopian Islamic Affairs Supreme Council, “የኢትዮጵያ እስልምና ጉዳዮች ጠቅላይ ምክር ቤት የዑለማዎች ጉባዔ በቀጣይ የሚተዳደርበትን ደንብ በሙሉ ድምፅ አፀደቀ”, Facebook. 11 May 2023,10:05. Accesed 11 May 2023. https://www.facebook.com/eiasc/
  • Fatmawati et al. "Shariah Governance in Islamic Banks: Practices, Practitioners and Praxis", Global Finance Journal, 51 (2020), 100555.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfj.2020.100555
  • FDRE-PCC, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Population Census Commission. Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results. Addis Ababa: United Nations Population Fund, 2008. https://www.ethiopianreview.com/pdf/001/Cen2007_firstdraft(1).pdf
  • Feyissa, Dereje. "The Transnational Politics of the Ethiopian Muslim Diaspora", Ethnic and Racial Studies, 35.11 (2012), 1893–1913. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.604130
  • Galletta, Anne. Mastering the Semi-Structured Interview and Beyond: From Research Design to Analysis and Publication. Epub:NYU Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814732939.001.0001
  • Gelbard, Enrique et al. "Islamic Finance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status and Prospects". International Monetary Fund, IMF Working Paper, WP/14/149 (2014).
  • Getachew, Addis. "Ethiopian PM Attends Iftar with Muslim Community: Abiy Ahmed Promises Grand Mosque, Interest-Free Banking for Muslims", Anadolu Agency, (December 15 2022) https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/ethiopian-pm-attends-iftar-with-muslim-community/1484949
  • Grassa, Rihab. "Shariah Supervisory System in Islamic Financial Institutions: New Issues and Challenges: A Comparative Analysis between Southeast Asia Models and GCC Models", Humanomics, 29/4 (2013), 333–48.https://doi.org/10.1108/H-01-2013-0001
  • Hai̇lu, Suadiq Mehammed - İbrahim Bushera. "Interest Free Banking in Ethiopia: Prospects and Challenges", International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 2 (July 2020), 119-137. https://doi.org/10.25272/ijisef.678972
  • Hailu, Suadiq Mehammed - Nissar Ahmad Yatoo. "Islamic Finance In Ethiopia: Current Status, Prospects, and Challenges", International Journal of Islamic Banking and Finance Research 6/1, 1-18(2021), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijibfr.v6i1.1317
  • Hamza, Hichem. "Sharia Governance in Islamic Banks: Effectiveness and Supervision Model" International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management 6/3 (2013), 226–37. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-02-2013-0021
  • Harvey, Charles. "Banking Reform in Ethiopia". Institute of Development Studies, 37 (1996)
  • Hasan, Aznan - Ruslan Sabirzyanov. "Optimal Shari'ah Governance Model in Islamic Finance Regulation", International Journal of Education and Research, 3/4 (2015), 243–58.
  • Hasan, Zulkifli Bin. "Regulatory Framework of Shari'ah Governance System in Malaysia, GCC Countries and the UK"., Kyoto Bulletin of Islamic Area Studies 3/2 (2009), 82–115
  • Hassan, Kabir et al. (ed.). Islamic Finance in Africa: The Prospects for Sustainable Development, Studies in Islamic Finance, Accounting, and Governance. Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2022.
  • Hussain, Mohammad Azam. "The Duties and Responsibilities of Shariah Committee in Ensuring Shariah Compliance of Islamic Financial Business in Malaysia", Selected Legal Issues in Indonesia and Malaysia. ed. Mohammad Azam Hussian et al.1-18. Indonesia: UNISSULA PRESS, 2020..
  • Husseini, Saleh Ali et al. "Islamic Banking Revolution in Malaysia: A Review". Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 7/4 (2019), 267–75. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.7434
  • IFSB, The Islamic Financial Services Board. "About IFSB -Background". Accessed December 20 2022. https://www.ifsb.org/background.php
  • Iqbal, Munawar et al. Challenges Facing Islamic Banking, Occasional Paper, no. 1, 1st ed. Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Islamic Development Bank, Islamic Research and Training Institute, 1998.
  • IFSB, Islamic Fınancial Services Board. Guiding Principles on Sharî`ah Governance Systems for Institutions Offering Islamic Financial Services. Malaysia: Islamıc Fınancıal Servıces Board, Acceptance December 2009, IFSB-10.
  • Khan, M. Fahim. "Setting Standards ForShariah Application in the Islamic Financial Industry". Thunderbird International Business Review 49/3 (2007), 285–307.https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20145
  • NBE, National Bank of Ethiopia. "Financial Institutions". Accessed December 20 2022. https://nbe.gov.et/banks/
  • Oumer, Kamil Abdu. A Critical Appraisal of the Regulatory Regime of Islamic Banking in Ethiopia.Doha: Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Master's Thesis, 2021.
  • Sanders, T. "The Aims and Principles of Standardization".International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1972.
  • SBB, Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business: Directives to Authorize the Business of Interest-Free Banking. Ethiopia: National Bank of Ethiopia (2011). Accessed March 31 2023. https://nbebank.com/wp-content/uploads/pdf/directives/bankingbusiness/sbb-51-11.pdf
  • SBB, Licensing and Supervision of Banking Business: Directives to Authorize the Business of Interest Free Banking. Ethiopia: National Bank of Ethiopia (2019). Accessed March 31 2023.https://nbebank.com/wpcontent/uploads/pdf/directives/bankingbusiness/Interst%20free%20banks.pdf
  • Shafii, Zurina. "Integrated Internal-External Shariah Audit Model: A Proposal towards the Enhancement of Shariah Assurance Practices in Islamic Financial Institutions"., The Islamic Research and Teaching Institute 1436-7, 2015.
  • Shanmugam, Bala - Zaha Rina Zahari. A Primer on Islamic Finance. Charlottesville, Va: Research Foundation of CFA Institute, 2009.
  • Smolo, Edib - Elmin Habibovic. "Barriers to Growth of Islamic Finance: Issue of Standardisation". Islamic Banking and Finance: Principles, Instruments and Operations, ed. Adnan Trakic and Hanifah Haydar Ali Tajuddin. 715–37. Malaysia: JCL Publication, 2012).
  • TKBB,Türkiye Katılım Bankaları Birliği. "Hakkimizda". Accessed January 1 2023. https://tkbb.org.tr/sayfa/detay/hakkimizda/tarihce-856934
  • UN, United Nations. World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. New York: United Nations Publication, 2022. https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf
  • Yaacob, Hakimah - Apnizan Abdullah, "Standards Issuance for Islamic Finance in International Trade: Current Issues and Challenges Ahead", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 65 (2012), 492–97.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.154

Etiyopya'da İslami Finans Uygulamalarının Şer’i İlkelere Uyumunun Sağlanması: İzlenecek Yol

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 139 - 168, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1247875

Öz

Geleneksel finansın ürünleri ve operasyonları İslam’ın ilkelerini ve yasaklarını dikkate almamakta ve bunlara uymamaktadır. Bu nedenle, geleneksel finansın sunduğu hizmetlere erişmeye istekli olmayanlar için İslam’ın ilkelerine ve yasaklarına uygun alternatif finansal ürünler ve hizmetler sunmak İslami finansın arkasındaki temel fikirdir. İslami finans halihazırda İslam İşbirliği Teşkilatı üyesi ülkelerde olduğu kadar gayrimüslimlerin çoğunluk olduğu ülkelerde de büyüyen bir sektördür. İslami finans sektörünün karşılaştığı en kritik zorluklardan birisi, İslami finans uygulamalarının Şer’i ilkelerle ne kadar uyumlu olduğudur. Bu nedenle, İslami finans kuruluşlarının sunduğu ürün ve hizmetlerin Şer’i ilkelere uygunluğunu sağlamaya yönelik bir kontrol mekanizması olmalıdır. İslami finansın uygulandığı ülkelerde, İslami finans sektöründe faaliyette bulunan kurumlar tarafından uygulanması gereken bir Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesinin olması gerektiği savunulmaktadır. Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesi esas olarak merkezileştirilmiş ve merkezi olmayan Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesi olmak üzere iki yaklaşıma ayrılmaktadır. Merkezi bir Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesinin mevcudiyeti, İslami finansın Şer’i ilkelere uygun olarak uygulanmasını sağlamak için esastır. Etiyopya, 2011'de faizsiz bankacılık pencereleri aracılığıyla geleneksel bankalar tarafından ve 2019'un sonlarında ise tam teşekküllü faizsiz bankalar tarafından İslami finans uygulamalarını devreye alan ülkelerden biridir. Ancak, Etiyopya Ulusal Bankasının (NBE) belirlediği yasal düzenlemelerde Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesine dair herhangi bir hüküm veya ibare bulunmamaktadır. Yerleşik bir Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesinin bulunmaması, İslami finans sektörünü Şer’i uyumsuzluk riskine maruz bırakabilir. Bu çalışma, Etiyopya'nın İslami finans uygulamalarının Şer’i ilkelere uygunluğunun nasıl sağlanacağını araştırmaktadır. Bu çaba için gerekli verileri toplamak amacıyla İslami finans uzmanları, İslam alimleri ve İslami finans uygulayıcıları da dahil olmak üzere 15 katılımcı ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler ve belge çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Bulgular, faizsiz bankaların, özellikle faizsiz bankacılık pencerelerinin, Şer’i yönetişim çerçevesi konusuna gerekli ilgiyi göstermediğini işaret etmektedir. Etiyopya'da Şer’i uyumluluğunun varsayılan unsurları arasında Şer’i danışma komitesine sahip olmaları, ürün ve hizmetleri için Arapça kelimeler ve isimler kullanmaları, İslami Finansal Kurumlar için Muhasebe ve Denetleme Kurumu (AAOIFI), İslami Finansal Hizmetler Kurulu (IFSB) standartlarını takip ettiklerini beyan etmeleri ve kurumsal sosyal faaliyetlere katılmaları yer almaktadır. Ancak bu unsurlarla birlikte dışarıdan yetkili bir kuruluş tarafından İslami finans kurumlarının uygulamalarını gözetlenmesi ve denetlenmesi gereği göz önüne alındığında, İslami finans kurumlarının ürün ve hizmetlerinin Şer’i açıdan uygun olduğunu iddia etmek için yeterli zemin olmayacaktır. Bununla birlikte, Etiyopya'da Şer’i uyumluluğu sağlamak için, İslami finans sektörünün gelişimi ölçüsünde AAOIFI standartlarının uyarlanmasının önerildiği çalışma kapsamında elde edilen bulgularda görülmektedir. Ayrıca, Şer’i uyumluluğun sağlanmasındaki sorumlu paydaşlar dikkate alındığında, İslami finans sektörüyle ilgili hükümet organları, Etiyopya Merkez Bankası (NBE) ve finansal kuruluşlar birincil paydaşlar olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Öte yandan, Etiyopya İslami İşler Yüksek Konseyi (EIASC), İslam alimleri ve kurumsal Şer’i danışmanlar, faizsiz finans meslek kuruluşları, İslam ekonomisi ve finansı alanında çalışan akademisyenler ve eğitim kurumları ikincil paydaşlar olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Ayrıca, elde edilen bulgular Türkiye, Malezya, Kenya ve Güney Afrika'daki politika yapıcıların İslami finans sektörüne yaklaşımlarının Etiyopya'daki politika yapıcılar için en iyi örnek olabileceğini de göstermektedir. Etiyopya'da faizsiz finans uygulamalarının Şer’i ilkelere uygunluğunu sağlamak için NBE bünyesinde merkezi bir Şer’i danışma komitesi kurulması tavsiye edilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, hükümet, NBE, İslami finans sektörüyle uğraşan finans kurumları, EIASC, İslam alimleri ve kurumsal Şer’i danışmanlar, faizsiz finans meslek kuruluşları, İslam ekonomisi ve finansı alanında çalışan akademisyenler ve eğitim kurumları gibi tüm paydaşlar sorumluluklarını yerine getirerek önemli bir rol oynamalıdır.

Kaynakça

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Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Suadiq Mehammed Haılu 0000-0003-3270-1357

Ömer Faruk Tekdoğan 0000-0002-4397-1718

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Haılu, Suadiq Mehammed - Tekdoğan, Ömer Faruk. “Ensuring The Compliance of Islamic Finance Applications With Shariah Principles in Ethiopia: The Way Forward”. Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi 22/1 (Haziran 2023), 139-168. https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.1247875.

Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 International License (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.