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EKONOMİ POLİTİK PERSPEKTİFTEN THE BATMAN FİLMİNİN ANALİZİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 21 - 43, 29.01.2023

Öz

Bu çalışmada The Batman filmi, eleştirel söylem analizi yöntemiyle ele alınmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı The Batman filminin süper kahraman janrı ile olan bağlarının/ayrımlarının ortaya koyulması ve ekonomi politik perspektiften kapitalizmin meşruiyeti bağlamında filmin işlevini tartışmaktır. The Batman evreninin, diğer süper kahraman evrenlerinden yapısal bir farkı vardır. Gotham, New York gibi gelişmiş kapitalist ülkelerdeki büyük, karanlık ve bozulmuş bir şehir gibi tasvir edilir. Bozulmayı yaratan olgu bizatihi kapitalizmin kendisidir. Villain (kötü adam) karakterleri bu eşitsizliklere tepki göstererek suç eylemlerini meşrulaştırır. The Batman filminin ana “villain” karakteri olan Riddler, diğer süper kahraman filmlerindeki villainlerin aksine doğrudan düzeni ve egemenleri hedef alır. Batman eşitsizlikleri ortadan kaldırmaya çalışmaz ve geniş halk kesimlerini kurtarmak gibi bir amacı yoktur. Eylemlerinin tamamı sömürünün yarattığı ve alt sınıf mensubu “kötülerin” başı çektiği toplumsal hareketleri ortadan kaldırarak sınıfsal eşitsizliklerin sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamaktır. The Batman diğer süper kahraman filmlerinin aksine dengenin bozulması ve yeniden kurulması üzerinden dramatik yapısını kurmaz. Film düzenin içinde oluşan dengesizliğe vurgu yaparak başlar ve dengesizlik kaosa doğru sürüklenir. Batman yeni bir düzen potansiyeli olan kaosu yeniden eski düzene taşıyarak sistemin devamını sağlamaya çalışır.

Kaynakça

  • Afşar, K. E. (2022a). Özel Bir Kadın Filmi Üzerinden Erken Dönem Finansallaşma Olgusu. Eğitim Bilim ve Toplum Dergisi, 20(77), 31-61.
  • Afşar, K. E. (2022b). 1978 Vergi İsyanı Perpektifinden Joker: Vergi İsyanlarının Mikro Temelleri, İlkesiz Vergilere Tepkiler Vergi İsyanları içinde. Efe Akademi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Araos, M. (2021). Democracy underwater: public participation, technical expertise, and climate infrastructure planning in New York City. Theory and Society, 1-34.
  • Arribas-Ayllon, M., & Walkerdine, V. (2008). Foucauldian discourse analysis. In C. Willig & W. S. Rogers (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology,(pp. 91-108). London: Sage.
  • Aut & Loop (2017). Julian Assange: No More Secrets, No More Lies. Retrieved From https://www.loop.co.nz/events/julian-assange-no-more-secrets-no-more-lies/
  • Barker, M. (1989). Comics: Ideology, Power, and the Critics. Manchester University Press.
  • Bölükbaşı, M. (2013). Christopher Nolan’ın ‘Batman Üçlemesi’Üzerine İdeolojik Bir İnceleme. Yedi, (9), 1-10.
  • Braudel, F. (1979). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. 2: The Wheels of Commerce, trans (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.). Paris. (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi: 1979).
  • Cammaerts, B. (2013). Networked Resistance: The Case of WikiLeaks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 420-436.
  • Cramer, F. (1998). Physics and Economics. SPK yayınları: Ankara.
  • Cusic, D. & Faulk, G. K. (2009). Popular Culture and the Economy. The Journal of Popular Culture, 42(3), 459-479.
  • Çelik, K. & Kırel, S. (2019). Kapitalist Sistemin Muhafızları Olarak Hollywood Süper Kahramanları: Süpermen Örneği. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (34), 1-25.
  • Çubukçu, F. (2014). Crime and Punishment: Reframing Audience Perception of Justice in Batman Trilogy. Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, (29), 21-28.
  • Fairclough, N. (2011). Critical Discourse Analysis. In J. P. Gee & M. Handford (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis, (pp. 9-20). London, NY: Routledge.
  • Fenster, M. (2012). Disclosure's Effects: Wikileaks and Transparency. Iowa Law Reiew, 97(3), 753-808.
  • Fildes, J. (2010, Aralık 7). What is wikileaks?. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-10757263
  • Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. John Hunt Publishing.
  • Graham, L. J. (2005, 27 Kasım-1 Aralık). Discourse Analysis and the Critical Use of Foucault [Konferans Metni]. The Australian Association of Research in Education Annual Conference, https://eprints.qut.edu.au/2689/.
  • Gündüz, G. & Gündüz, M. (2002). Kargaşa, Kaos ve Şekil Oluşumları. METU Press: Ankara.
  • Hilborn, R. (1994). Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hook, D. (2007). Discourse, Knowledge, Materiality, History: Foucault And Discourse Analysis. In D. Hook (Ed.), Foucault, psychology and the analytics of power, (pp. 100-137). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Huckin, T. N. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis. In T. Miller (Ed.) Functional approaches to written text: Classroom applications, (pp. 87-92). Washington: United States Information Agency.
  • Jones, R. H. (2012). Discourse Analysis. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Kress, G. (1990). Critical Discourse Analysis. Annual review of applied linguistics, 11, 84-99.
  • Kuran, T. (1989). Sparks and Prairie Fire: A Theory of Unanticipated Political Revolution. Public Choice, 61(1), 41-74.
  • Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow. Journal of the Athmospheric Sciences, 20(2), 130-148.
  • MacKenzie, D. (2006). An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • McGowan, T. (2021). The Hero’s Form Of Appearance: The Necessary Darkness Of The Dark Knight. In The fictional Christopher Nolan (pp. 123-146). New York: University of Texas Press.
  • Medio, A. (1992). Chaotic Dynamics: Theory an Applications to Economics. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  • Mendelson, S. (2022, Mart 22). Box Office: No ‘The Batman’ never had to top $1billion. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2022/03/22/box-office-no-the-batman-never-had-to-top-1-billion/?sh=2c654c0037ef
  • Mendelson, S. (2022, Nisan 19). Box Office: Why ‘The Batman’ stands out from its superhero competition. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2022/04/19/box-office-what-separates-the-batman-from-wonder-woman-black-panther-spider-man-deadpool/?sh=3b7de9c23fe1
  • Mokoena, D. A. (2018). Black Panther and the Problem of the Black Radical. Journal of Pan African Studies, 11(9), 13-20.
  • Mukerji, C. & Schudson, M. (1986). Popular Culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 12(1), 47-66.
  • Pearson, R. E. & Uricchio, W. (1991). I’m not Fooled by that Cheap Disguise. In The Many Lives of Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. New York: Routledge.
  • Peters, T. D. (2007). Unbalancing justice: Overcoming the limits of the law in Batman Begins. Griffith Law Review, 16(1), 247-270.
  • Popescu, S. O. (2016). The Dark Knight Rises: Christianity, Capitalism and Psychopathology. Australasian Journal of Popular Culture, 5(1), 49-57.
  • Race, K. C. (2013). Batwoman and Catwoman: Treatment of Women in Dc Comics [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dayton: Wright State University.
  • Rushing, J. H. & Frentz, T. S. (1978). The Rhetoric of “Rocky”: A Social Value Model of Criticism. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 42(2), 63-72.
  • Sanna, A. (2015). Batman: Gothic Conventions and Terror. Aeternum: The Journal of Contemporary Gothic Studies, 2(2), 33-45.
  • Seidel, J.( 2020, 2 Haziran) “Man in Joker Mask Set Chicago Police Car on Fire during George Floyd Protests,” The Chicago Sun-Times, chicago.suntimes.com. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.202.
  • Scorsese, M. (2019, Kasım 4). I Said Marvel Movies Aren’t Cinema. Let Me Explain. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/opinion/martin-scorsese-marvel.html
  • Şahin, Y. (2017). Michel Foucault’da Söylem Analizi. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi (SKAD), 3(6), 119-135.
  • Şahin, A. (2021). Kültür Endüstrisi Bağlamında Sinema ve Amerikan Sineması. ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 349-364.
  • Şahin, E. (2022). Batman, Gotham ve İbn Haldun: Batman Begins’in Siyasal ve Toplumsal Anlatısının İbni Halduncu Bir Değerlendirmesi. Sakarya İletişim, 2(3), 1-16.
  • The Numbers (2022). The Batman. The Numbers. https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Batman-The-(2021)#tab=summary
  • Van Djik, T. A. (1989). Structures of Discourse and Structures of Power (Küçük, M, Çev.). Annals of the International Communication Association, 12(1), 18-59.
  • Whaley, D. E. (2011). Black Cat Got Your Tongue?: Catwoman, Blackness, and the Alchemy of Postracialism. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 2(1), 3-23.
  • Whittaker, F. (2018, Nisan 30). What is wikileaks? Everything you need to know. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/smart-facts/what-wikileaks-everything-you-need-know-n869556#anchor-WhatwasWikiLeaksroleinthe2016presidentialelection
  • Wiggins, S. (2009). Discourse Analysis. In H. T. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Human Relationships, (pp. 427-430). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2009). Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology. Methods of critical discourse analysis, 2, 1-33.
  • Žıžek, Slavoj (2012, Ağustos 8). Dictatorship of the Proletariat in Gotham City. Blog da Boi Tempo. https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2012/08/08/dictatorship-of-the-proletariat-in-gotham-city-slavoj-zizek-on-the-dark-knight-rises/

ANALYSIS OF THE BATMAN MOVIE FROM A POLITICAL ECONOMY PERSPECTIVE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 21 - 43, 29.01.2023

Öz

In this study, The Batman movie is discussed with the method of critical discourse analysis. The aim of the study is to reveal the ties/distinctions of The Batman movie with the superhero genre and to discuss the function of the movie in the context of the legitimacy of capitalism from a political economy perspective. The Batman universe has a structural difference from other superhero universes. Gotham is portrayed as a big, dark and corrupt city in advanced capitalist countries like New York. The phenomenon that creates the corruption is capitalism itself. Villains react to these inequalities, legitimizing their criminal acts. Riddler, the main villain character of The Batman movie, directly targets the order and the rulers, unlike the villains in other superhero movies. Batman does not seek to eliminate inequalities and does not aim to save large sections of the population. All of his actions are to ensure the sustainability of class inequalities by eliminating the social movements created by exploitation and led by the "evil" members of the lower class. Unlike other superhero films, The Batman does not establish its dramatic structure through the disruption and re-establishment of the equilibrium. The film begins by emphasizing the disequilibrium in the order, and the disequilibrium drifts into chaos. Batman tries to ensure the continuity of the system by bringing the chaos, which has the potential for a new order, back to the old order.

Kaynakça

  • Afşar, K. E. (2022a). Özel Bir Kadın Filmi Üzerinden Erken Dönem Finansallaşma Olgusu. Eğitim Bilim ve Toplum Dergisi, 20(77), 31-61.
  • Afşar, K. E. (2022b). 1978 Vergi İsyanı Perpektifinden Joker: Vergi İsyanlarının Mikro Temelleri, İlkesiz Vergilere Tepkiler Vergi İsyanları içinde. Efe Akademi Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Araos, M. (2021). Democracy underwater: public participation, technical expertise, and climate infrastructure planning in New York City. Theory and Society, 1-34.
  • Arribas-Ayllon, M., & Walkerdine, V. (2008). Foucauldian discourse analysis. In C. Willig & W. S. Rogers (Eds.), The Sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology,(pp. 91-108). London: Sage.
  • Aut & Loop (2017). Julian Assange: No More Secrets, No More Lies. Retrieved From https://www.loop.co.nz/events/julian-assange-no-more-secrets-no-more-lies/
  • Barker, M. (1989). Comics: Ideology, Power, and the Critics. Manchester University Press.
  • Bölükbaşı, M. (2013). Christopher Nolan’ın ‘Batman Üçlemesi’Üzerine İdeolojik Bir İnceleme. Yedi, (9), 1-10.
  • Braudel, F. (1979). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. 2: The Wheels of Commerce, trans (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.). Paris. (Orijinal eser yayın tarihi: 1979).
  • Cammaerts, B. (2013). Networked Resistance: The Case of WikiLeaks. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 420-436.
  • Cramer, F. (1998). Physics and Economics. SPK yayınları: Ankara.
  • Cusic, D. & Faulk, G. K. (2009). Popular Culture and the Economy. The Journal of Popular Culture, 42(3), 459-479.
  • Çelik, K. & Kırel, S. (2019). Kapitalist Sistemin Muhafızları Olarak Hollywood Süper Kahramanları: Süpermen Örneği. Türkiye İletişim Araştırmaları Dergisi, (34), 1-25.
  • Çubukçu, F. (2014). Crime and Punishment: Reframing Audience Perception of Justice in Batman Trilogy. Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, (29), 21-28.
  • Fairclough, N. (2011). Critical Discourse Analysis. In J. P. Gee & M. Handford (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of discourse analysis, (pp. 9-20). London, NY: Routledge.
  • Fenster, M. (2012). Disclosure's Effects: Wikileaks and Transparency. Iowa Law Reiew, 97(3), 753-808.
  • Fildes, J. (2010, Aralık 7). What is wikileaks?. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-10757263
  • Fisher, M. (2009). Capitalist Realism: Is There No Alternative?. John Hunt Publishing.
  • Graham, L. J. (2005, 27 Kasım-1 Aralık). Discourse Analysis and the Critical Use of Foucault [Konferans Metni]. The Australian Association of Research in Education Annual Conference, https://eprints.qut.edu.au/2689/.
  • Gündüz, G. & Gündüz, M. (2002). Kargaşa, Kaos ve Şekil Oluşumları. METU Press: Ankara.
  • Hilborn, R. (1994). Chaos and Nonlinear Dynamics: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Hook, D. (2007). Discourse, Knowledge, Materiality, History: Foucault And Discourse Analysis. In D. Hook (Ed.), Foucault, psychology and the analytics of power, (pp. 100-137). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Huckin, T. N. (1997). Critical Discourse Analysis. In T. Miller (Ed.) Functional approaches to written text: Classroom applications, (pp. 87-92). Washington: United States Information Agency.
  • Jones, R. H. (2012). Discourse Analysis. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Kress, G. (1990). Critical Discourse Analysis. Annual review of applied linguistics, 11, 84-99.
  • Kuran, T. (1989). Sparks and Prairie Fire: A Theory of Unanticipated Political Revolution. Public Choice, 61(1), 41-74.
  • Lorenz, E. N. (1963). Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow. Journal of the Athmospheric Sciences, 20(2), 130-148.
  • MacKenzie, D. (2006). An Engine, Not a Camera: How Financial Models Shape Markets. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • McGowan, T. (2021). The Hero’s Form Of Appearance: The Necessary Darkness Of The Dark Knight. In The fictional Christopher Nolan (pp. 123-146). New York: University of Texas Press.
  • Medio, A. (1992). Chaotic Dynamics: Theory an Applications to Economics. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
  • Mendelson, S. (2022, Mart 22). Box Office: No ‘The Batman’ never had to top $1billion. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2022/03/22/box-office-no-the-batman-never-had-to-top-1-billion/?sh=2c654c0037ef
  • Mendelson, S. (2022, Nisan 19). Box Office: Why ‘The Batman’ stands out from its superhero competition. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2022/04/19/box-office-what-separates-the-batman-from-wonder-woman-black-panther-spider-man-deadpool/?sh=3b7de9c23fe1
  • Mokoena, D. A. (2018). Black Panther and the Problem of the Black Radical. Journal of Pan African Studies, 11(9), 13-20.
  • Mukerji, C. & Schudson, M. (1986). Popular Culture. Annual Review of Sociology, 12(1), 47-66.
  • Pearson, R. E. & Uricchio, W. (1991). I’m not Fooled by that Cheap Disguise. In The Many Lives of Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. New York: Routledge.
  • Peters, T. D. (2007). Unbalancing justice: Overcoming the limits of the law in Batman Begins. Griffith Law Review, 16(1), 247-270.
  • Popescu, S. O. (2016). The Dark Knight Rises: Christianity, Capitalism and Psychopathology. Australasian Journal of Popular Culture, 5(1), 49-57.
  • Race, K. C. (2013). Batwoman and Catwoman: Treatment of Women in Dc Comics [Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Dayton: Wright State University.
  • Rushing, J. H. & Frentz, T. S. (1978). The Rhetoric of “Rocky”: A Social Value Model of Criticism. Western Journal of Communication (includes Communication Reports), 42(2), 63-72.
  • Sanna, A. (2015). Batman: Gothic Conventions and Terror. Aeternum: The Journal of Contemporary Gothic Studies, 2(2), 33-45.
  • Seidel, J.( 2020, 2 Haziran) “Man in Joker Mask Set Chicago Police Car on Fire during George Floyd Protests,” The Chicago Sun-Times, chicago.suntimes.com. Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.202.
  • Scorsese, M. (2019, Kasım 4). I Said Marvel Movies Aren’t Cinema. Let Me Explain. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/opinion/martin-scorsese-marvel.html
  • Şahin, Y. (2017). Michel Foucault’da Söylem Analizi. Sosyal ve Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi (SKAD), 3(6), 119-135.
  • Şahin, A. (2021). Kültür Endüstrisi Bağlamında Sinema ve Amerikan Sineması. ODÜ Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(2), 349-364.
  • Şahin, E. (2022). Batman, Gotham ve İbn Haldun: Batman Begins’in Siyasal ve Toplumsal Anlatısının İbni Halduncu Bir Değerlendirmesi. Sakarya İletişim, 2(3), 1-16.
  • The Numbers (2022). The Batman. The Numbers. https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Batman-The-(2021)#tab=summary
  • Van Djik, T. A. (1989). Structures of Discourse and Structures of Power (Küçük, M, Çev.). Annals of the International Communication Association, 12(1), 18-59.
  • Whaley, D. E. (2011). Black Cat Got Your Tongue?: Catwoman, Blackness, and the Alchemy of Postracialism. Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics, 2(1), 3-23.
  • Whittaker, F. (2018, Nisan 30). What is wikileaks? Everything you need to know. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/smart-facts/what-wikileaks-everything-you-need-know-n869556#anchor-WhatwasWikiLeaksroleinthe2016presidentialelection
  • Wiggins, S. (2009). Discourse Analysis. In H. T. Reis & S. Sprecher (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Human Relationships, (pp. 427-430). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Wodak, R. & Meyer, M. (2009). Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology. Methods of critical discourse analysis, 2, 1-33.
  • Žıžek, Slavoj (2012, Ağustos 8). Dictatorship of the Proletariat in Gotham City. Blog da Boi Tempo. https://blogdaboitempo.com.br/2012/08/08/dictatorship-of-the-proletariat-in-gotham-city-slavoj-zizek-on-the-dark-knight-rises/
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Radyo-Televizyon
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kerim Eser Afşar 0000-0002-9853-0186

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ocak 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 14 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Afşar, K. E. (2023). EKONOMİ POLİTİK PERSPEKTİFTEN THE BATMAN FİLMİNİN ANALİZİ. İletişim Çalışmaları Dergisi, 9(1), 21-43.

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