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WAGE DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN IN THE TURKISH TOURISM

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 74 - 87, 03.07.2019

Öz

The main purpose of this study is to reveal whether
and to what extent discrimination in wages in the Turkish tourism is by using
Oaxaca and Cotton’s discrimination models in the sector. In the study, the
individual data of a total of 4677 employees were used, 3782 of which were male
and 895 of which were female, based on the Household Labor Survey of Turkish
Statistics Institute. People working in the accommodation services, travel
agencies and food and beverage facilities in the tourism sector as well as tour
operators were involved in the research. The Ordinary Least Squares Method was
applied used in order to estimate the Oaxaca and Cotton models. NACE Rev.2
Codes, which were formed by the European Union to classify economic activities,
were used to classify the sectors. As a result of the analysis undertaken, it
was established that discrimination is valid largely in the Turkish tourism
sector. Findings of this study also reveal useful outcomes for practitioners
and researchers working in the field. 

The study is a first in the Turkish tourism sector,
and will contribute to future studies, while constituting a pioneering piece of
work and/ or study in the field. Both the findings and the method employed are
considered to be the first in the sector.


Kaynakça

  • Banuls, A.L. and Rodriguez, A.B.R. (2005). "Returns on Education in the Spanish Tourism Labour Market", Tourism Economics, Vol. 11, No.1, pp.119-132.
  • Barros, C. P. and Santos, C. M. (2007). “The Economic Return on Education for Hotel Managers”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol.9, Issue. 2, pp.103-113.
  • Becker, G. (1962), “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis”, Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 70(5): 9-49.
  • Becker, G. (1957) “The economics of discrimination” The University of Chicago Press.
  • Burgess, C. (2000). “Hotel Accounts – Do Men Get the Best Jobs?”, Hospitality Management, Vol.19, 345-352.
  • Cave, P. and Kilic, S. (2010). “The Role of Women in Tourism Employment With SpecialReference to Antalya, Turkey”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, Vol.19, No.3, pp.280-292.
  • Chalkiti, K. ve Sigala, M. (2010). “Staff Turnover in the Greek Tourism Industry”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (22), 3, 335-359.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. Ve Kasnakoğlu, Z. (1997), “Kentsel kesimde Kadın ve erkeklerin İşgücüne Katılımları ve Kazanç farklılıkları”, ODTÜ Studies in Development, 24(3), pp.329-361.
  • Elmas, S. (2007). "Gender and tourism development: a case study of the Cappodoccia Region of Turkey," Tourism and Gender: Embodiment, Sensuality and Experience, A. Pritchard, N. Morgan, I. Atelyevic (Eds.), pp. 302-314, CABI Publishing .
  • Hinkin, T.R. and Tracey, J.B. (2000). The Cost of Turnover-Putting a Price on the Learning Curve, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 14-21.
  • ILO. (2001). Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering andtourism sector. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector. Geneva: Author. http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2001/101B09_23_engl.pdf. Access date:09.05.2012
  • ILO, (2011), Toolkit on Poverty Reduction Through Tourism, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_176290.pdf. Access Date: 09.05.2012
  • Iverson, R.D. ve Deery, M. (1997). Turnover Culture In The Hospitality Industry, Human Resource Management Journal, 7 (4), 71-82.
  • Lee, CK and Kang, S. (1998), “Measuring Earnings Inequality and Median Earnings in the Tourism Industry, Tourism Management, Vol.19, No.4, pp.341-348.
  • Liu, A. and Wall, G. (2006), “Planning Tourism Employment: A Developing Country Perspective”, Tourism Management, Vol.27, pp.159-170.
  • Karatepe, O. M. and Uludag, Orhan. (2007), “Conflict, Exhaustion, and Motivation: A Study of Frontline Employees in Northern Cyprus Hotels, International Journal of Hospitality Management, (26), pp.645-665.
  • Kinnard, V., Hall, D.(1994) “Tourism: gender Perspectives” in Tourism: a gender Analysis. Kinnard, V., Hall, D. Eds. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Martin, A., Mactaggart, D. and Bowden, J., (2006), “The Barriers to the Recruitment and Retention of Supervisors Managers in the Scottish Tourism Industry” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.18, No.5, pp.380-397.
  • Milman, A. (2003). “Hourly Employee Retention in Small and Medium Attractions: the central Florida Example”, Hospitality Management, 22, 17-35.
  • Mincer, J. (1958), “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol:66, pp.281-302.
  • Mincer, J. (1974), “Schooling, Experience and Earnings”, New York, Colombia University Press.
  • Oaxaca, R.(1973) “Sex Discrimination in Wages”, Discrimination in Labor Markets” (Derleyenler: Orley Ashenfelter, Albert Rees), Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 124-151.
  • Palaz, S. (2003). “Türkiye’de cinsiyet ayrımcılığı analizinde neo klasik yaklaşıma karşı kurumcu yaklaşım: Eşitliği sağlayıcı politika önerileri”, Balıkesir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (9), 87-109.
  • Purcell, K. (1997). “Women’s Employment in U.K. Tourism: Gender Roles and Labour Markets”, In Gender, Work, and Tourism,” ed. M. Thea Sinclair, 35–59. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Ramos-Mir, V., Rey-Maqueira J., Tugores-Ques, M., 2004. “Determinants of gender wage differentials in the hospitality industry in the balearic islands: The role of gender segregation.” International Tourism Research Conference, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
  • Riley, M. and Szivas, E. (2003), “Pay determination – A Socioeconomic Framework”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No.2, pp.446-464.
  • Santos, L. D., & Vareja˘ o, J. (2006). Employment pay and discrimination in the tourism industry. Research—Work in Progress no. 5, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto.
  • Sarı, R. (2002), “Kazançlar ve eğitim ilişkisi: İl bazında yeni veri tabanı ile kanıt”, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 29(3-4), pp.367-380.
  • Silva, P. (2006), “Effects of Disposition on Hospitality Employee Job Satisfaction and Commitment”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.18, No.4, 2006, pp.317-328.
  • Sinclair, T. (1997) “Issues and theories of gender and work in tourism” in “Gender Work and Tourism”. T. Sinclair Eds. Routledge, London.
  • Sturman, M. C. (2001). “The compensation conundrum Does thehospitality industry shortchange its employees—and itself?”, CornellHotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, August, 70–76.
  • Thrane, C. (2008), “Earnings Differentiation in the Tourism Industry: Gender, Human Capital and Socio-Demographic Effects”, Tourism Industry, 29, pp.514-524.
  • Tucker, H. (2007) “Undoing Shame: Tourism and Women's Work in Turkey”, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 5: 2, pp. 87 — 105
  • Tugores, M. (2008), “Reconciling Work and Family From A Gender Perspective: An Application to the Balearic Hotel Industry”, Tourism Economics, Vol.14, Num.1, pp.223-239.
  • TurkStat (Turkish Statistical Institute), (2012), Household Labour Force Survey Data Set 2011.TurkStat (2010), Structure of Earnings Survey 2010, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=AnaKategori&KT_ID=8, Access date: 06.27.2012.
  • Yamak, N. ve Topbaş, F. (2004), “Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Dayalı Ücret Ayrımcılığı”, Ekonomik, Toplumsal ve Siyasal analiz Dergisi, Maltepe Üniversitesi İİBF, No:6(1), pp.51-64.
  • Yenipınar, U. (2005). “Otel İşletmelerinde Ücretlendirme: İzmir İli 4-5 Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 148-176.
  • Zagonari, F. (2009), “Balancing Tourism Education and Training”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol.28, pp.2-9.

TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE CİNSİYETE DAYALI ÜCRET AYRIMCILIĞI

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 74 - 87, 03.07.2019

Öz

Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sektördeki Oaxaca ve Cotton ayrımcılık
modellerini kullanarak, Türkiye turizm sektöründe cinsiyete dayalı ücret
ayrımcılığı olup olmadığını, varsa hangi boyutta olduğunu açığa çıkarmaktır.
Çalışmada, Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) Hane Halkı İşgücü Anketi’ne bağlı
olarak 4677 çalışanın (895’i kadın ve 3782’si erkek olmak üzere) bireysel
verisi kullanılmıştır. Katılımcılar, turizm sektöründeki konaklama hizmetleri,
seyahat acenteleri ve yiyecek-içecek hizmetleri ile tur operatörlüğü
çalışanlarından oluşmaktadır. Oaxaca ve Cotton modellerini analiz etmek
amacıyla En Küçük Kareler Yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Avrupa Birliği tarafından
ekonomik etkinlikleri sınıflandırma amacıyla belirlenen NACE Rev.2 Kodu,
sektörleri tasnif etmek için kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, Türkiye
turizm sektöründe cinsiyete dayalı ücret ayrımcılığının büyük ölçüde geçerli
olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, bu alandaki uygulayıcı ve
araştırmacılar için de yararlı sonuçlar sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, bu çalışma Türkiye
turizm sektöründe, hem elde edilen sonuçlar hem de kullanılan yöntem açısından
ilk (birincil) olma özelliği taşıdığından, bundan sonraki çalışmalara katkı
sağlayacak, öncü bir niteliğe de sahiptir. 

Kaynakça

  • Banuls, A.L. and Rodriguez, A.B.R. (2005). "Returns on Education in the Spanish Tourism Labour Market", Tourism Economics, Vol. 11, No.1, pp.119-132.
  • Barros, C. P. and Santos, C. M. (2007). “The Economic Return on Education for Hotel Managers”, International Journal of Tourism Research, Vol.9, Issue. 2, pp.103-113.
  • Becker, G. (1962), “Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis”, Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 70(5): 9-49.
  • Becker, G. (1957) “The economics of discrimination” The University of Chicago Press.
  • Burgess, C. (2000). “Hotel Accounts – Do Men Get the Best Jobs?”, Hospitality Management, Vol.19, 345-352.
  • Cave, P. and Kilic, S. (2010). “The Role of Women in Tourism Employment With SpecialReference to Antalya, Turkey”, Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, Vol.19, No.3, pp.280-292.
  • Chalkiti, K. ve Sigala, M. (2010). “Staff Turnover in the Greek Tourism Industry”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management (22), 3, 335-359.
  • Dayıoğlu, M. Ve Kasnakoğlu, Z. (1997), “Kentsel kesimde Kadın ve erkeklerin İşgücüne Katılımları ve Kazanç farklılıkları”, ODTÜ Studies in Development, 24(3), pp.329-361.
  • Elmas, S. (2007). "Gender and tourism development: a case study of the Cappodoccia Region of Turkey," Tourism and Gender: Embodiment, Sensuality and Experience, A. Pritchard, N. Morgan, I. Atelyevic (Eds.), pp. 302-314, CABI Publishing .
  • Hinkin, T.R. and Tracey, J.B. (2000). The Cost of Turnover-Putting a Price on the Learning Curve, Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 41(3), 14-21.
  • ILO. (2001). Human resources development, employment and globalization in the hotel, catering andtourism sector. Report for discussion at the Tripartite Meeting on the Human Resources Development, Employment and Globalization in the Hotel, Catering and Tourism Sector. Geneva: Author. http://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2001/101B09_23_engl.pdf. Access date:09.05.2012
  • ILO, (2011), Toolkit on Poverty Reduction Through Tourism, http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/documents/instructionalmaterial/wcms_176290.pdf. Access Date: 09.05.2012
  • Iverson, R.D. ve Deery, M. (1997). Turnover Culture In The Hospitality Industry, Human Resource Management Journal, 7 (4), 71-82.
  • Lee, CK and Kang, S. (1998), “Measuring Earnings Inequality and Median Earnings in the Tourism Industry, Tourism Management, Vol.19, No.4, pp.341-348.
  • Liu, A. and Wall, G. (2006), “Planning Tourism Employment: A Developing Country Perspective”, Tourism Management, Vol.27, pp.159-170.
  • Karatepe, O. M. and Uludag, Orhan. (2007), “Conflict, Exhaustion, and Motivation: A Study of Frontline Employees in Northern Cyprus Hotels, International Journal of Hospitality Management, (26), pp.645-665.
  • Kinnard, V., Hall, D.(1994) “Tourism: gender Perspectives” in Tourism: a gender Analysis. Kinnard, V., Hall, D. Eds. Chichester: Wiley.
  • Martin, A., Mactaggart, D. and Bowden, J., (2006), “The Barriers to the Recruitment and Retention of Supervisors Managers in the Scottish Tourism Industry” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.18, No.5, pp.380-397.
  • Milman, A. (2003). “Hourly Employee Retention in Small and Medium Attractions: the central Florida Example”, Hospitality Management, 22, 17-35.
  • Mincer, J. (1958), “Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income Distribution”, Journal of Political Economy, Vol:66, pp.281-302.
  • Mincer, J. (1974), “Schooling, Experience and Earnings”, New York, Colombia University Press.
  • Oaxaca, R.(1973) “Sex Discrimination in Wages”, Discrimination in Labor Markets” (Derleyenler: Orley Ashenfelter, Albert Rees), Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 124-151.
  • Palaz, S. (2003). “Türkiye’de cinsiyet ayrımcılığı analizinde neo klasik yaklaşıma karşı kurumcu yaklaşım: Eşitliği sağlayıcı politika önerileri”, Balıkesir Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6 (9), 87-109.
  • Purcell, K. (1997). “Women’s Employment in U.K. Tourism: Gender Roles and Labour Markets”, In Gender, Work, and Tourism,” ed. M. Thea Sinclair, 35–59. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Ramos-Mir, V., Rey-Maqueira J., Tugores-Ques, M., 2004. “Determinants of gender wage differentials in the hospitality industry in the balearic islands: The role of gender segregation.” International Tourism Research Conference, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
  • Riley, M. and Szivas, E. (2003), “Pay determination – A Socioeconomic Framework”, Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. 30, No.2, pp.446-464.
  • Santos, L. D., & Vareja˘ o, J. (2006). Employment pay and discrimination in the tourism industry. Research—Work in Progress no. 5, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto.
  • Sarı, R. (2002), “Kazançlar ve eğitim ilişkisi: İl bazında yeni veri tabanı ile kanıt”, ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi, 29(3-4), pp.367-380.
  • Silva, P. (2006), “Effects of Disposition on Hospitality Employee Job Satisfaction and Commitment”, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, Vol.18, No.4, 2006, pp.317-328.
  • Sinclair, T. (1997) “Issues and theories of gender and work in tourism” in “Gender Work and Tourism”. T. Sinclair Eds. Routledge, London.
  • Sturman, M. C. (2001). “The compensation conundrum Does thehospitality industry shortchange its employees—and itself?”, CornellHotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, August, 70–76.
  • Thrane, C. (2008), “Earnings Differentiation in the Tourism Industry: Gender, Human Capital and Socio-Demographic Effects”, Tourism Industry, 29, pp.514-524.
  • Tucker, H. (2007) “Undoing Shame: Tourism and Women's Work in Turkey”, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 5: 2, pp. 87 — 105
  • Tugores, M. (2008), “Reconciling Work and Family From A Gender Perspective: An Application to the Balearic Hotel Industry”, Tourism Economics, Vol.14, Num.1, pp.223-239.
  • TurkStat (Turkish Statistical Institute), (2012), Household Labour Force Survey Data Set 2011.TurkStat (2010), Structure of Earnings Survey 2010, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Kitap.do?metod=AnaKategori&KT_ID=8, Access date: 06.27.2012.
  • Yamak, N. ve Topbaş, F. (2004), “Türkiye’de Cinsiyete Dayalı Ücret Ayrımcılığı”, Ekonomik, Toplumsal ve Siyasal analiz Dergisi, Maltepe Üniversitesi İİBF, No:6(1), pp.51-64.
  • Yenipınar, U. (2005). “Otel İşletmelerinde Ücretlendirme: İzmir İli 4-5 Yıldızlı Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(3), 148-176.
  • Zagonari, F. (2009), “Balancing Tourism Education and Training”, International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol.28, pp.2-9.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Turizm (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İsmet Kaya Bu kişi benim

Ferhat Topbaş 0000-0002-7576-4668

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kaya, İ., & Topbaş, F. (2019). TURİZM SEKTÖRÜNDE CİNSİYETE DAYALI ÜCRET AYRIMCILIĞI. Izmir Democracy University Social Sciences Journal, 2(1), 74-87.