Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 47 - 73, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1194016

Öz

Kaynakça

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Violent and Unethical Non-Violent Abuse of Faith and Ethnoreligious Sentiments in Southeast Europe: Religious Peace-Building?

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1, 47 - 73, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1194016

Öz

The article presents a theoretical and conceptual examination of religious violent and unethical non-violent behaviors, ethnopolitical and clerical synergism, and religious peace-building capacity. I argue that the phenomenon of religious/ethnic violent and non-violent interchangeability adopted by national political unethical behavior has adverse consequences on the post-Yugoslav social behavior and reconciliation process; religions should be a moral peace-building agency. The multiethnic/multireligious socialist Yugoslav society has been violently transformed into influential ethical and clerical cultures, producing antagonistic ethnonational societies sustaining pastoralism as potent identity manifestations of the social capital. War-period visual violence and emotions influenced violent behavior and policy within the discourse "our vs. their sacred ethnic land," creating an unbearable ease of creating fear and motivating violent antagonism and war crimes. The post-war antagonistic media rhetoric, visual antagonism, and abuse of faith adversely impact peaceful coexistence. Ethnic, religious, ideological, and political contextual factors are challenging to generate in post-conflict, divided Balkan societies. Fear of others, religiously distinct, is a category that's difficult to determine and prevent. Western-Balkan societies possess victimological and political mythical conventions, honoring ethnoreligious war victories, defeats, and agonies, maintaining hostility and revenge discourse. Historically, religions were misused to justify violence and maintain non-violence, unethical sociopolitical order, and negative peace. The ideologies of religious superiority intertwine with intensely dominant national perceptions, so belonging to the Serb, Croat, or Bosniak people is equated with Orthodoxy, Catholicism, or Islam. This entanglement is the groundwork for despondency and a hostile peace climate. Current clerical and ethnopolitical policies lead further away from conflict transformation, directing toward the renewal of monotheistic spirituality, cognition, and violence. Political involvement affects "authentic" religion. We should engage in all-inclusive theological and consensus approaches to demonstrate that religions are peace-building agencies, retrieving and revitalizing authentic morality criteria. Religious sentiments mobilize people more rapidly than other identities.

Kaynakça

  • Abazi, E., & Doja, A. (2018). Time and narrative: Temporality, memory, and instant history of Balkan wars. Time & Society, 27(2), 239–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X16678249
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  • AlJazeera. (2013, February 12). Svećenik ubijen iz koristoljublja [A Priest killed becase of greed]. Aljazeera. Retrieved July 15, 2021, from https://balkans.aljazeera.net/news/balkan/2013/2/12/bih-svecenik-ubijen-iz-koristoljublja
  • B92. (2022). Brnabić: Srpska je stvorena na genocide, ali na genocidu nad srpskim narodom Porfirije: Novak zatočen jer je hteo svoju slobodu [Brnabic: Serbia was created on genocide, but on genocide against the Serbian people Porphyry: Novak detained because he wanted his freedom]. B92. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2022&mm=01&dd=08&nav_category=167&nav_id=2085026
  • Bajtal, E. (2010). Psihosocijalni kontekst političkih elita u BiH [Psycho-social context of political elites in B&H]. Almanah - Časopis za proučavanje, prezentaciju i zaštitu kulturno- istorijske baštineBošnjaka/Muslimana, 48-49, 227–240.
  • Bajtal, E. (2018). Klero-etnicizacija svijesti Kao izdaja morala [Clero-ethnicization of consciousness as a betrayal of morality]. Zbornik Orbus, 1(3), 1–2.
  • Bauman, Z. (2010). Migration and identities in the globalized world. Revista Interdisciplinar da Mobilidade Humana, 18(34), 11–25. https://remhu.csem.org.br/index.php/remhu/article/view/206
  • Beautiful Bosnia. (2018). 7. Muslimanska, White Muslim Elite Brigade [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9lADwmuHvI
  • Beta. (2022, May 16). Potpuno pomračenje uma Viktora Orbana tokom inaguracije [A complete eclipse of Victor Orban's mind during the inauguration]. ban1.info. Retrieved May 18, 2022, from https://ba.n1info.com/svijet/potpuno-pomracenje-uma-viktora-orbana-tokom-inaguracije
  • Bieber, F. (2002). Nationalist mobilization and stories of Serb suffering: The Kosovo myth from 600th anniversary to the present. Rethinking History, 6(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/136425200110112137
  • Bljesak. (2018, April 4). Tribina u Mostaru: “HVO- jucer, danas, sutra” [Tribune in Mostar: 'HVO – yesterday, today, tomorrow']. Bljesakinfo. Retrieved June, 18, 2018, from https://bljesak.info/vijesti/flash/tribina-u-mostaru-hvo-jucer-danas-sutra/231843
  • Bljesak, (2018), U Zadru izlozena slika Praljkova samoubistva. [In Zadar painting of Praljak suicide was exhibited]. Bljesakinfo. Retrieved Maz 20, 2018, from https://bljesak.info/kultura/slikarstvo/u-zadru-izlozena-bizarna-slika-praljkova-samoubojstva/245866
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  • Cvitkovic, I. (2011). Identitet i religija [Identity and religion]. Diskursi. 1(1), 12–26 http://www.diskursi.com/uploads/2011/10/10_pdfsam_001_CASOPIS+DISKURSI.pdf
  • Cvitkovic, I. (2019). Religija u raljama politike [Monographs, Volume LXXXVIII]. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine [Academy of sciences and arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina], https://publications.anubih.ba/bitstream/handle/123456789/423/Reeligija%20u%20raljama%20politike%2004-03-2019.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
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  • El-Karavi, M. R. (2017). Uloga Islama u jačanju svjetskog mira: Razmišljanja o odnosu prema drugima, o saradnji civilizacija i mirnom suživotu [The role of Islam in strengthening world peace reflections on relations with others: Cooperation of civilizations and peaceful coexistence]. AlWassatyya Center for Dialogie.
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  • Glover, J. (2008). Humanity: A moral history of the twentieth century. Yale University Press.
  • Grimm, R., & Amstrong, B. (1982). Hans Magnus Enzensberger critical essays. Bloomsbury Academic.
  • Hadžić, F. (2020). The Politicization of Religion and the Sacralized Balkan Nations regarding Bosnia and Herzegovina. Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE), 40(7), 105–131. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss7/8
  • Hadžić, F. (2021). Agnosticism, and Atheism as Amoralism and Anti-Ideological Sociopolitical Paradigm in the Balkans, Specifically in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe (OPREE), 41(2), 61–79. https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol41/iss2/6
  • Hadžić, F. (2022). Protection of “Vital National Interest” and Ethnoreligious Conflict: Western Balkan’s Unethical Political Economy, with an Emphasis on Bosnia and Herzegovina. Florya Chronicles of Political Economy, 8(1), 47–69. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2406866
  • Hajdarevic, M. (2022). Akademik Muhamed Filipović: Moji privatni razgovori s Alijom Izetbegovićem [Academician Muhamed Filipović: My private conversations with Alija Izetbegović]. Visoko.ba. Retrieved February 12, 2022, from https://visoko.ba/akademik-muhamed-filipovic-moji-privatni-razgovori-s-alijom-izetbegovicem
  • Havel, B. (2013). Arapsko-izraelski sukob. Naklada Ljevak
  • Hina. (2022). Transparency: BiH među najkorumpiranijima u Europi, na rubu je kaosa [Transparency: B&H is among the most corrupt in Europe, on the brink of chaos], N1. Retrieved January 29, 2022, from https://hr.n1info.com/regija/transparency-bih-medu-najkorumpiranijima-u-europi-na-rubu-je-kaosa
  • Historiografija.ba, (2023). Srpska pravoslavna crkva je obezbjeđivala „sveti pokrov“ za djelovanje nacionalističke političke elite i srpskih vojnih formacija tokom 1990-ih godina. [The Serbian Orthodox Church provided a "holy cover" for the activities of the nationalist political elite and Serbian military formations during the 1990s]. Historiografija.ba. Retrieved May 10, 2023, from https://historiografija.ba/article.php?id=1774
  • Institute for Economics & Peace. (2019, June). Global peace index 2019: Measuring peace in a complex world. Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/GPI-2019web.pdf
  • Institute for Economics & Peace. (2022, January). Positive peace report 2022: Analysing the factors that build, predict and sustain peace. Institute for Economics & Peace. https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/PPR-2022-web.pdf
  • Jeremic, J., & Jayasundara-Smits, S. (2022). Long after Dayton: A journey through visual representations of war and peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 22(3), 335–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2022.2035486
  • Jukic, J. (1994). Drustvo, rat i religija [Society, war, and religion]. Društvena istraživanja, 3(2-3), 165-189. https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/52574
  • Juric, T. (2018). Emigration of Croats to Germany: Are we losing Croatia? Školska knjiga.
  • Jusic, M. (2017, August 16). Religija kao pokretac mira. [Religion as a driver of peace]. ALJazeera. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2012/9/8/religija-kao-pokretac-mira
  • Kadayifci-Orellana, S. A. (2009). Ethno-religious conflicts: Exploring the role of religion in conflict resolution. In J. Bercovitch, V. Kremenyuk & I. W. Zartman (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of conflict resolution (pp. 264–280). SAGE.
  • Karabegovic, D. (2017, December 22). Hrvatske vode srpskih suma. Slobodna Europa. Retrieved December 21, 2021, from https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/hrvatske-vode-srpskih-suma/28931610.html
  • Kaser, K., & Halpern, J. M. (1998). Historical myth and the invention of political folklore in contemporary Serbia. Anthropology of East Europe Review, 16(1), 89–107. https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/aeer/article/view/689/782
  • Kissinger, H. A. (2015, November 23). Eulogy for Helmut Schmidt. Retrieved January 22, 2022, from https://www.henryakissinger.com/speeches/eulogy-for-helmut-schmidt
  • Klarin, M. (2006). Preispitati kriminalnu prošlost medija [Rethink the criminal past of the media]. Retrieved May 10, 2022, from http://www.danas.co.yu/20060516/hronika1.html
  • Kosovo War. (2023). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_War
  • Kovac, M. (2018, September 24). (Zlo)upotreba vjere u predizborne svrhe [Abuse of faith for election campaign]. Aljazeera. Retrieved February 10, 2022, from https://balkans.aljazeera.net/opinions/2018/9/24/zloupotreba-vjere-u-predizborne-svrhe
  • Kurir. (2016, November 14). Grci okačili transparent "Nož, žica, Srebrenica", Srbin iz Bosne im preti pred revanš. [Greeks hang up slogan Knife, Wire, Srebrenica]. Kurir. https://www.kurir.rs/sport/fudbal/2540399/video-grci-okacili-transparent-noz-zica-srebrenica-srbin-iz-bosne-im-preti-pred-revans
  • Markovic, J. (2016). Luksuzno: Pogledajte kako je muftija Muamer Zukorlić stigao na izbore. [Luxury: see how Mufti Muamer Zukorlic arrived at the elections]. Srbija Danas. Retrieved January 22, 2022, from https://www.sd.rs/clanak/luksuzno-pogledajte-kako-je-muftija-muamer-zukorlic-stigao-na-izbore-video-24-04-2016
  • Marusic, M. (2011). Rat i klerikalizam [War and clerical]. Seminarski rad za kolegij Kulture Srednje Europe. Retrieved January 5, 2022, from https://www.academia.edu/25319159/Rat_i_klerikalizam_kroz_primjer_Dobrog_vojaka_%C5%A0vejka_
  • Mi Bosnjaci BBB. (2021). Srebrenica - Škoprioni / Strijeljanje bošnjačkih civila juli 1995 [Srebrenica/ Scorpions/shootiings of Bosniak civillians] [Video]. Youtube. Retrieved February 11, 2022, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXH6IQTEPtM
  • Miscevic, N. (2006). Nacija i nacionalizam. Nacionalizam: Etički pogled [Nation and nationalism: Ethical perspective]. Kruzak.
  • Nasr, S. (2003). Religion & Ethics Newsweekly, Sayyed Hossein Nasr extended interview. https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2003/02/07/february-7-2003-seyyed-hossein-nasr-extended-interview/8077/
  • Nikolić, T. (2020, June 30). Hafiz Bugari: Ne zaboravimo – greška je u nama [Hafiz Bugari: Let's not forget - the fault is ours – An interview with Hafiz Sulejman Bugari]. AlJazeera. Retrieved June 15, 2022, from https://balkans.aljazeera.net/teme/2017/10/7/hafiz-bugari-ne-zaboravimo-greska-je-u-nama
  • Pew Research Center. (2013, April 30). The World’s Muslims: Religion, politics, and society. Retrieved January 10, 2021, from https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2013/04/30/the-worlds-muslims-religion-politics-society-overview
  • Puhalo, S. (2013). Kako opažamo druge etničke grupe i njihove članove, Socijalna percepcija i etnička pripadnost kod srednjoškolaca u Bosni i Hercegovini [How we observe other ethnic groups and their members, Social perception and ethnicity among high school students in B&H]. Friedrich Elbert Stiftung.
  • Radio Slobodna Evropa (2015). Perspektiva [Video]. Youtube. Radio Free Europe in cooperation with The National Endowment for Democracy. TV series. Retrieved February 10, 2021, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oAQDv2HQo0,
  • Savez Nezavisnih Socijaldemokrata. (2022, January 10). Република Српска је наш завјет [Video]. [Republic of Srpska is Our vow] [Video]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gFKtxBv0-s&t=78s
  • Schmidt, H. (2007). Siebte Weltethos-Rede von Alt-Bundeskanzler Helmut Schmidt: “Zum Ethos des Politikers” [Seventh global ethic speech by former Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt: “On theethos of the politician”]. Tubingen. https://www.weltethos.org/1-pdf/20-aktivitaeten/deu/we-reden-deu/Rede_Schmidt_deu.pdf
  • Srna. (2020). Muslimansko-hrvatska federacija stvorena na današnji dan 1994. godine. [Muslim/Croat federation created on this day]. Srna. Retrieved January 5, 2022, from https://srpskacafe.com/2020/03/muslimansko-hrvatska-federacija-stvorena-na-danasnji-dan-1994-godine
  • Stranka Demokratske Akcije BiH. (2022). SDA-Sigurno [SDA Safe] [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgxj9_D4u3I&t=1s
  • The Bosnian Times. (2018, September 13). Da mogu ubili bi i Boga u nama! [If they could, they would kill a God in us]. The Bosnian Times. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from https://thebosniatimes.ba/20402/da-mogu-ubili-bi-i-boga-u-nama-markovic-vodje-nacionalnih-stranaka-u-bogomoljama-oholo-potiskuju-i-samog-boga
  • The Holy Quran. (2021). Arabic text and English Translation. Translated by MaulawI Sher 'AlI. Islam International Publications Limited. Retrieved from https://www.alislam.org/quran/Holy-Quran-English.pdf
  • Thompson, M. (2000). Forging War: Media in Serbia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Medija centar Radio B92
  • Transparency International. (2020, December 11). Captured states in the Western Balkans and Turkey. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://www.transparency.org/en/news/captured-states-western-balkans-turkey
  • Transparency International. (2022). 2022 Corruption Perception Index. Retrieved December 20, 2022, from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022
  • Zuckerman, P., Galen, L. W., & Pasquale, F. L. (2016). The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. Oxford University Press.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Barış Çalışmaları, Göç, Etnisite ve Çok Kültürlülük Sosyolojisi, Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Faruk Hadžić 0000-0003-1158-7858

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Hadžić, F. (2023). Violent and Unethical Non-Violent Abuse of Faith and Ethnoreligious Sentiments in Southeast Europe: Religious Peace-Building?. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 16(1), 47-73. https://doi.org/10.37093/ijsi.1194016

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