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Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 85, 59 - 72, 25.01.2019

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, toplumların kültürel özellikleri ile girişimcilik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkide ülkedeki kurumların rolünü
incelemektir. Araştırmanın hipotezi; kültürel boyutlar olarak güç mesafesinin düşük ve bireyciliğin yüksek olduğu ülkelerde
girişimciliğin artış göstermesinin, kurumsal kalite aracılığıyla gerçekleştiğidir. Bunun mantıksal dayanağı, güç mesafesi
düşük ve bireyci toplumlarda, şahsi ilişkilerden ziyade resmi yaptırım mekanizmalarının gelişmesiyle ortaya çıkan ticari
düzende (mülkiyet hakları, sözleşmeler hukuku, rekabet yasaları vb.), girişimciliğe yönelik tutum, istek ve kabiliyetlerin
artacağına ilişkin beklentidir. İkincil kaynaklardan derlenen 85 ülke düzeyinde veri istatistiksel olarak analiz edildiğinde,
ilgili kültürel boyutlar ve girişimcilik arasındaki pozitif yönlü ilişkinin ülkedeki kurumların kalitesi aracılığıyla açıklanabildiği
saptanmıştır. Bunun önemi, güç mesafesi yüksek ve toplulukçu kültürlerde girişimciliği geliştirme politikalarına dair yeni
bir bakış açısı gerekliliğinin vurgulanmasıdır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., Gallego, F. A., & Robinson, J. A. (2014). Institutions, human capital, and development. Annual Review of Economics, 6, 875–912.
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of longrun growth. In P. Aghion & S. N. Durlauf (Eds.) Handbook of economic growth (pp. 385–472). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Autio, E. (2013). Global entrepreneurship and development ındex 2013. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
  • Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Autio, E. (2016). Global entrepreneurship ındex 2016. Washington, DC: GEDI. Alesina, A., Giuliano, P. (2015). Culture and institutions. Journal of Economic Literature, 53(4), 898–944.
  • Banfield, E. C. (1958). The moral basis of a backward society. Glencoe: The Free Press. Bisin, A., & Verdier, T. (2017). On the joint evolution of culture and institutions. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w23375.pdf.
  • Casson, M. (1993). Cultural determinants of economic performance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 17, 418–442.
  • Casson, M. (2006). Culture and economic performance. In V. A. Ginsburgh & D. Throsby (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of art and culture (s. 359–397), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Chang, H-J. (2011). Institutions and economic development: Theory, policy and history. Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(4), 473–498.
  • Dellepiane-Avellaneda, S. (2010). Good governance, ınstitutions and economie development: Beyond the conventional wisdom. British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 195–224.
  • Doepke, M., Zilibotti, F. (2014). Culture, entrepreneurship, and growth. In P. Aghion & S. N. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 2, pp. 1–48), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Engerman, S. L., & Sokoloff, K. L. (2008). Debating the role of institutions in political and economic development: Theory, history, and findings. The Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 119–135.
  • Ferrini, L. (2012). The ımportance of ınstitutions to economic development. Retrieved from http:// www.e-ir.info/2012/09/19/the-importance-of-institutions-to-economic-development.
  • Fischer, D. H. (1989). Albion’s seed: Four British folkways in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York, NY: The Free Press.
  • George, G., & Prabhu, G. N. (2000). Developmental financial institutions as catalysts of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 620–629.
  • Gorodnichenko, Y., & Roland, G. (2017). Culture, institutions, and the wealth of nations. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(3), 402–416.
  • Grace, J., & Smith, P. (2016). The importance of culture in entrepreneurship. Contemporary Issues in Rural Australia, 4, 1–7.
  • Greif, A. (1994). Cultural beliefs and the organization of society: A historical and theoretical reflection on collectivist and individualist societies. The Journal of Political Economy, 102(5), 912–950.
  • Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 23–48.
  • Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hayton, J. C., Cacciotti, G. (2013). Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, 25(9-10), 708–731.
  • Hayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33–52.
  • Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2018). World happiness report 2018. New York, NY: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • İbn Haldun. (2015). Mukaddime. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • Kao, R.W.Y. (1993). Defining entrepreneurship: Past, present and? Creativity and Innovation Management, 2(1), 69–70.
  • Kim, P. H., & Li, M. (2014). Seeking assurances when taking action: Legal systems, social trust, and starting businesses in emerging economies. Organization Studies, 35(3), 359–391.
  • Kirzner, I.M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago, CA: Chicago University Press.
  • Klasing, M.J. (2013). Cultural dimensions, collective values and their importance for institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41, 447–467.
  • Knack, S., Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–1288.
  • Kuncic, A. (2014). Institutional qualiy dataset. Journal of Institutional Economics, 10(1), 135–161.
  • Landes, D. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations. New York, NY: Norton & Company Inc.
  • Leff, N. H. (1979). Entrepreneurship and economic development: The problem revisited. Journal of Economic Literature, 17(1), 46–64.
  • Licht, A. N., Goldschmidt, C., & Scwartz, S. H. (2007). Culture rules: The foundations of the rule of law and other norms of governance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35, 659–688.
  • North, D. C., & Thomas, R. (1973). The rise of the Western World: A new economic history. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112.
  • North, D. C. (2003). The role of institutions in economic development. UNECE Discussion Paper Series No. 2003.2. Retrieved from https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/oes/disc_papers/ ECE_DP_2003-2.pdf,
  • Olson, Jr. M. (1996). Big bills left on the sidewalk: Why some nations are rich, and others Poor. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(2), 3–24.
  • Osman, R. H., Alexiou, C., & Tsaliki, P. (2011). The role of institutions in economic development. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(1–2), 142–160.
  • Platteau, J. P. (2000). Institutions, social norms, and economic development. Amsterdam: Harwood.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work. Princeton, UK: Princeton University Press.
  • Rodrik, D., Subramanain, A., &Trebbi, F. (2004). Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 9, 131–165.
  • Roland, G. (2004). Understanding institutional change: Fast-moving and slow-moving institutions. Studies in Comparative International Development, 38(4), 109–131.
  • Schumpeter J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
  • Singer, S., Amoros, J. E., & Arreola, D. M. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2014 Global Report. Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/ report
  • Shane, S.A. (1992). Why do some societies invest more than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 29–46.
  • Tabellini, G. (2008). Institutions and culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(2– 3), 255–294.
  • Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and institutions: Economic development in the regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677–716.
  • The World Bank. (2018). Land area. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND. TOTL.K2.
  • Varian, H. (2005). Bootstrap tutorial. The Mathematica Journal, 9(4), 768–775.
  • Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Williamson, C. R., & Mathers, R. L. (2011). Economic freedom, culture, and growth. Public Choice, 148, 313–335.
  • Zein-Elabdin, E.O. (2016). Economics, culture and development. New York, NY: Routledge. Zhao, X., Li, H., & Rauch, A. (2012). Cross-country differences in entrepreneurial activity: The role of cultural practice and national wealth. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 6(4), 447–474.

The Role of Institutions in the Relationship between National Culture and Entrepreneurship

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 85, 59 - 72, 25.01.2019

Öz

The purpose of this study is to understand the role of institutions on the relationship between national culture and entrepreneurship
as an indicator of economic development. The research hypothesis is; the increase of entrepreneurship
in cultures with low power distance and individualism is more likely through the institutional quality in the country. The
conceptual underpinning of this premise is the expectation that entrepreneurial attitudes, abilities, and aspirations will
be stronger in more egalitarian and individualistic societies where business is regulated by formal mechanisms such as
property rights, contract law, and competition law, rather than by personal relationships. After analyzing 85 country-level
data compiled from secondary sources, it was revealed that the level of entrepreneurship increases as the institutional
quality improves in cultures with low power distance and high individualism. This finding is important because it emphasizes
that a new perspective is required to develop policies for promoting entrepreneurship in collectivist cultures with
high power distance.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, D., Gallego, F. A., & Robinson, J. A. (2014). Institutions, human capital, and development. Annual Review of Economics, 6, 875–912.
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a fundamental cause of longrun growth. In P. Aghion & S. N. Durlauf (Eds.) Handbook of economic growth (pp. 385–472). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., & Autio, E. (2013). Global entrepreneurship and development ındex 2013. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
  • Acs, Z. J., Szerb, L., Autio, E. (2016). Global entrepreneurship ındex 2016. Washington, DC: GEDI. Alesina, A., Giuliano, P. (2015). Culture and institutions. Journal of Economic Literature, 53(4), 898–944.
  • Banfield, E. C. (1958). The moral basis of a backward society. Glencoe: The Free Press. Bisin, A., & Verdier, T. (2017). On the joint evolution of culture and institutions. Retrieved from http://www.nber.org/papers/w23375.pdf.
  • Casson, M. (1993). Cultural determinants of economic performance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 17, 418–442.
  • Casson, M. (2006). Culture and economic performance. In V. A. Ginsburgh & D. Throsby (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of art and culture (s. 359–397), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Chang, H-J. (2011). Institutions and economic development: Theory, policy and history. Journal of Institutional Economics, 7(4), 473–498.
  • Dellepiane-Avellaneda, S. (2010). Good governance, ınstitutions and economie development: Beyond the conventional wisdom. British Journal of Political Science, 40(1), 195–224.
  • Doepke, M., Zilibotti, F. (2014). Culture, entrepreneurship, and growth. In P. Aghion & S. N. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economic growth (Vol. 2, pp. 1–48), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Engerman, S. L., & Sokoloff, K. L. (2008). Debating the role of institutions in political and economic development: Theory, history, and findings. The Annual Review of Political Science, 11, 119–135.
  • Ferrini, L. (2012). The ımportance of ınstitutions to economic development. Retrieved from http:// www.e-ir.info/2012/09/19/the-importance-of-institutions-to-economic-development.
  • Fischer, D. H. (1989). Albion’s seed: Four British folkways in America. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York, NY: The Free Press.
  • George, G., & Prabhu, G. N. (2000). Developmental financial institutions as catalysts of entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25(3), 620–629.
  • Gorodnichenko, Y., & Roland, G. (2017). Culture, institutions, and the wealth of nations. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 99(3), 402–416.
  • Grace, J., & Smith, P. (2016). The importance of culture in entrepreneurship. Contemporary Issues in Rural Australia, 4, 1–7.
  • Greif, A. (1994). Cultural beliefs and the organization of society: A historical and theoretical reflection on collectivist and individualist societies. The Journal of Political Economy, 102(5), 912–950.
  • Guiso, L., Sapienza, P., & Zingales, L. (2006). Does culture affect economic outcomes? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(2), 23–48.
  • Hayes, A.F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Hayton, J. C., Cacciotti, G. (2013). Is there an entrepreneurial culture? A review of empirical research. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, 25(9-10), 708–731.
  • Hayton, J. C., George, G., & Zahra, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: A review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33–52.
  • Helliwell, J., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. (2018). World happiness report 2018. New York, NY: Sustainable Development Solutions Network.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
  • İbn Haldun. (2015). Mukaddime. İstanbul: İlgi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık.
  • Kao, R.W.Y. (1993). Defining entrepreneurship: Past, present and? Creativity and Innovation Management, 2(1), 69–70.
  • Kim, P. H., & Li, M. (2014). Seeking assurances when taking action: Legal systems, social trust, and starting businesses in emerging economies. Organization Studies, 35(3), 359–391.
  • Kirzner, I.M. (1973). Competition and entrepreneurship. Chicago, CA: Chicago University Press.
  • Klasing, M.J. (2013). Cultural dimensions, collective values and their importance for institutions. Journal of Comparative Economics, 41, 447–467.
  • Knack, S., Keefer, P. (1997). Does social capital have an economic payoff? A cross-country investigation. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1251–1288.
  • Kuncic, A. (2014). Institutional qualiy dataset. Journal of Institutional Economics, 10(1), 135–161.
  • Landes, D. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations. New York, NY: Norton & Company Inc.
  • Leff, N. H. (1979). Entrepreneurship and economic development: The problem revisited. Journal of Economic Literature, 17(1), 46–64.
  • Licht, A. N., Goldschmidt, C., & Scwartz, S. H. (2007). Culture rules: The foundations of the rule of law and other norms of governance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35, 659–688.
  • North, D. C., & Thomas, R. (1973). The rise of the Western World: A new economic history. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. C. (1991). Institutions. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 5(1), 97–112.
  • North, D. C. (2003). The role of institutions in economic development. UNECE Discussion Paper Series No. 2003.2. Retrieved from https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/oes/disc_papers/ ECE_DP_2003-2.pdf,
  • Olson, Jr. M. (1996). Big bills left on the sidewalk: Why some nations are rich, and others Poor. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(2), 3–24.
  • Osman, R. H., Alexiou, C., & Tsaliki, P. (2011). The role of institutions in economic development. International Journal of Social Economics, 39(1–2), 142–160.
  • Platteau, J. P. (2000). Institutions, social norms, and economic development. Amsterdam: Harwood.
  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work. Princeton, UK: Princeton University Press.
  • Rodrik, D., Subramanain, A., &Trebbi, F. (2004). Institutions rule: The primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 9, 131–165.
  • Roland, G. (2004). Understanding institutional change: Fast-moving and slow-moving institutions. Studies in Comparative International Development, 38(4), 109–131.
  • Schumpeter J. A. (1934). The theory of economic development. Cambridge, UK: Harvard University Press.
  • Singer, S., Amoros, J. E., & Arreola, D. M. (2015). Global entrepreneurship monitor 2014 Global Report. Retrieved from http://www.gemconsortium.org/ report
  • Shane, S.A. (1992). Why do some societies invest more than others? Journal of Business Venturing, 7, 29–46.
  • Tabellini, G. (2008). Institutions and culture. Journal of the European Economic Association, 6(2– 3), 255–294.
  • Tabellini, G. (2010). Culture and institutions: Economic development in the regions of Europe. Journal of the European Economic Association, 8(4), 677–716.
  • The World Bank. (2018). Land area. Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND. TOTL.K2.
  • Varian, H. (2005). Bootstrap tutorial. The Mathematica Journal, 9(4), 768–775.
  • Weber, M. (1930). The Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Williamson, C. R., & Mathers, R. L. (2011). Economic freedom, culture, and growth. Public Choice, 148, 313–335.
  • Zein-Elabdin, E.O. (2016). Economics, culture and development. New York, NY: Routledge. Zhao, X., Li, H., & Rauch, A. (2012). Cross-country differences in entrepreneurial activity: The role of cultural practice and national wealth. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 6(4), 447–474.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Aytuğ Sözüer 0000-0003-2680-2071

Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Ocak 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 29 Sayı: 85

Kaynak Göster

APA Sözüer, A. (2019). Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, 29(85), 59-72.
AMA Sözüer A. Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi. Ocak 2019;29(85):59-72.
Chicago Sözüer, Aytuğ. “Ulusal Kültür Ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi 29, sy. 85 (Ocak 2019): 59-72.
EndNote Sözüer A (01 Ocak 2019) Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi 29 85 59–72.
IEEE A. Sözüer, “Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü”, İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 85, ss. 59–72, 2019.
ISNAD Sözüer, Aytuğ. “Ulusal Kültür Ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi 29/85 (Ocak 2019), 59-72.
JAMA Sözüer A. Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi. 2019;29:59–72.
MLA Sözüer, Aytuğ. “Ulusal Kültür Ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü”. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi, c. 29, sy. 85, 2019, ss. 59-72.
Vancouver Sözüer A. Ulusal Kültür ve Girişimcilik İlişkisinde Kurumların Rolü. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi İşletme İktisadı Enstitüsü Yönetim Dergisi. 2019;29(85):59-72.