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A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 73 - 100, 09.07.2021

Bahadır İnanç Özkan Yasin Boylu

Öz

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the political crisis between the Russian Federation and Turkey in 2015 on the tourism sector in the latter. The political crisis was sparked by shooting down of a Russian military aircraft by the Turkish warplanes on the Turkish – Syrian border in November 2015. During that period, the Russian Federation implemented a number of decisions, one of which was a travel ban to Turkey, and this negatively impacted the Turkish tourism sector, particularly in Antalya. The research involved obtaining information on how tourism was used as a soft power instrument by the Russian Federation as a deterrent. A qualitative method was used, as well as phenomenology. The data were collected through a semi-structured survey that included five themes about which the selected tourism partners in Turkey were interviewed. For the research, with its subcategories of tourists and tour operators, tourism is regarded as a soft power instrument. The findings show that political crises have negative reflections on the tourism sector. This paper may assist researchers who interested in studying tourism within international relations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

tourism tourist international relations foreign policy soft power

Kaynakça

  • Anaz, N. and Özcan, C. C. (2016). Geography of Turkish soap operas: Tourism, Soft Power, and Alternative Narratives. In Alternative Tourism in Turkey. Springer, Cham.
  • Agyeiwaah, E., Suntikul, W. & Carmen, L. Y. S. (2018) “Cool Japan”: Anime, Soft Power, and Hong Kong Generation Y Travel to Japan, Journal of Chine Tourism Research, 15(2), 127-148
  • Aydemir, B. & Bal, K. (2018). Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Turizm: Gana Örneği, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 71-84.
  • BBC News (2016). “Turkey faces big losses as Russia sanctions bite”. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35209987 09/11/2020
  • Bunakov, O. A., Zaitseva, N. A., Larionova, A. A., Zhukov, V. A., Morozova, M. A., & Dmitrieva, N. V. (2018). The Use of the «Soft Power» Concept in the Modern Russian Tourism Industry. Espacios, 39(22), 9.
  • Cankurtaran, B. S., & Cetin, G. (2016). Ideology, Foreign Policy and Tourism: The Case of Turkey – Middle East Relations. International Journal of Turcologia, 11(21), 45-64.
  • Chen, Y. W., & Duggan, N. (2016). Soft Power and Tourism: A study of Chinese Outbound Tourism to Africa. Journal of China and International Relations, 4(1), 45-66.
  • Cheong, S. M., & Miller, M. L. (2000). Power and Tourism: A Foucauldian Observation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 371-390.
  • Çakmak, T. F. (2019). Turizm Endüstrisinde Bütüncül Yaklaşımla Kriz Yönetimi ve Örnek Olaylar. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Davidson, R. and Cope, B.(2003). Business Travel. London: Pearson
  • Han, S., Cui, C. M., & Zhang, X. P. (2012). The Study on the Tourist Soft Power Promoting the Economic Development of Taian City. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 524, pp. 3290-3293). Trans Tech Publications.
  • Henderson, J. C. (2007). Tourism Crises: Causes, Consequences and Management. Burlington: Elsevier
  • Hussin, H. (2018). Gastronomy, Tourism, and the Soft Power of Malaysia. Sage Open, 8(4), 1-11
  • Jureniene, V. & Jurene, S. (2019). Impact of Tourism on National Soft Power. Transformations in Business & Economics, 18.
  • Khodadadi, M. (2018). Donald Trump, U. S. Foreign Policy and Potential Impacts on Iran’s Tourism Industry: Post-Nuclear Deal. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 28-30.
  • Kocabıyık, O. O. (2016). Olgubilim ve Gömülü Kuram: Bazı Özellikler Açısından Karşılaştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 55-66.
  • Kozak, N. (2014). Turizm Pazarlaması. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Mao, L. (2017). Between Tradition and Modernity: Wuzhen and China’s Soft Power in the 21st Century, Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 7(11), 1457-1477.
  • Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak Güç: Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Araçları (Çev. R. İnan-Aydın). Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Ooi, C. S. (2015). Soft power, Tourism. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Prezident Rossii (2015). “Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii Ot 28.11.2015 g. No 583”. Retrieved from http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/40248 04/11/2020
  • Seyfi, S. and Hall, C. M. (2020). Sanctions and Tourism: Effects, Complexities and Research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), 749-767.
  • Tse, T. S. (2013). Chinese Outbound Tourism as a form of Diplomacy. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(2), 149-158.
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 18.07.2020
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007 18.07.2020
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 28.08.2020
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 28.08.2020
  • Ünlüönen, K., Tayfun, A., & Kılıçlar, A. (2009). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Xu, H., Wang, K., & Song, Y. M. (2018). Chinese Outbound Tourism and Soft Power. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 12(1), 34-49.
  • Yang, J. (2019). Analysing the Effects of International Tourism on Soft Power

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 73 - 100, 09.07.2021

Bahadır İnanç Özkan Yasin Boylu

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Anaz, N. and Özcan, C. C. (2016). Geography of Turkish soap operas: Tourism, Soft Power, and Alternative Narratives. In Alternative Tourism in Turkey. Springer, Cham.
  • Agyeiwaah, E., Suntikul, W. & Carmen, L. Y. S. (2018) “Cool Japan”: Anime, Soft Power, and Hong Kong Generation Y Travel to Japan, Journal of Chine Tourism Research, 15(2), 127-148
  • Aydemir, B. & Bal, K. (2018). Bir Dış Politika Aracı Olarak Turizm: Gana Örneği, Türk Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 71-84.
  • BBC News (2016). “Turkey faces big losses as Russia sanctions bite”. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-35209987 09/11/2020
  • Bunakov, O. A., Zaitseva, N. A., Larionova, A. A., Zhukov, V. A., Morozova, M. A., & Dmitrieva, N. V. (2018). The Use of the «Soft Power» Concept in the Modern Russian Tourism Industry. Espacios, 39(22), 9.
  • Cankurtaran, B. S., & Cetin, G. (2016). Ideology, Foreign Policy and Tourism: The Case of Turkey – Middle East Relations. International Journal of Turcologia, 11(21), 45-64.
  • Chen, Y. W., & Duggan, N. (2016). Soft Power and Tourism: A study of Chinese Outbound Tourism to Africa. Journal of China and International Relations, 4(1), 45-66.
  • Cheong, S. M., & Miller, M. L. (2000). Power and Tourism: A Foucauldian Observation. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(2), 371-390.
  • Çakmak, T. F. (2019). Turizm Endüstrisinde Bütüncül Yaklaşımla Kriz Yönetimi ve Örnek Olaylar. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Davidson, R. and Cope, B.(2003). Business Travel. London: Pearson
  • Han, S., Cui, C. M., & Zhang, X. P. (2012). The Study on the Tourist Soft Power Promoting the Economic Development of Taian City. In Advanced Materials Research (Vol. 524, pp. 3290-3293). Trans Tech Publications.
  • Henderson, J. C. (2007). Tourism Crises: Causes, Consequences and Management. Burlington: Elsevier
  • Hussin, H. (2018). Gastronomy, Tourism, and the Soft Power of Malaysia. Sage Open, 8(4), 1-11
  • Jureniene, V. & Jurene, S. (2019). Impact of Tourism on National Soft Power. Transformations in Business & Economics, 18.
  • Khodadadi, M. (2018). Donald Trump, U. S. Foreign Policy and Potential Impacts on Iran’s Tourism Industry: Post-Nuclear Deal. Tourism Management Perspectives, 26, 28-30.
  • Kocabıyık, O. O. (2016). Olgubilim ve Gömülü Kuram: Bazı Özellikler Açısından Karşılaştırma. Trakya Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 55-66.
  • Kozak, N. (2014). Turizm Pazarlaması. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
  • Mao, L. (2017). Between Tradition and Modernity: Wuzhen and China’s Soft Power in the 21st Century, Journal of Literature and Art Studies, 7(11), 1457-1477.
  • Nye, J. S. (2017). Yumuşak Güç: Dünya Siyasetinde Başarının Araçları (Çev. R. İnan-Aydın). Ankara: BB101 Yayınları.
  • Ooi, C. S. (2015). Soft power, Tourism. In J. Jafari & H. Xiao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tourism. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • Prezident Rossii (2015). “Ukaz Prezidenta Rossiyskoy Federatsii Ot 28.11.2015 g. No 583”. Retrieved from http://kremlin.ru/acts/bank/40248 04/11/2020
  • Seyfi, S. and Hall, C. M. (2020). Sanctions and Tourism: Effects, Complexities and Research. Tourism Geographies, 22(4-5), 749-767.
  • Tse, T. S. (2013). Chinese Outbound Tourism as a form of Diplomacy. Tourism Planning & Development, 10(2), 149-158.
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from https://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 18.07.2020
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1007 18.07.2020
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 28.08.2020
  • TurkStat (2020). “Turizm İstatistikleri”. Retrieved from http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreTablo.do?alt_id=1072 28.08.2020
  • Ünlüönen, K., Tayfun, A., & Kılıçlar, A. (2009). Turizm Ekonomisi. Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Xu, H., Wang, K., & Song, Y. M. (2018). Chinese Outbound Tourism and Soft Power. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 12(1), 34-49.
  • Yang, J. (2019). Analysing the Effects of International Tourism on Soft Power
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Bahadır İnanç Özkan 0000-0002-7665-6765

Yasin Boylu 0000-0002-4226-232X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Özkan, B. İ., & Boylu, Y. (2021). A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations. Journal of Tourismology, 7(1), 73-100.
AMA Özkan Bİ, Boylu Y. A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations. Journal of Tourismology. Temmuz 2021;7(1):73-100.
Chicago Özkan, Bahadır İnanç, ve Yasin Boylu. “A Study on the Use of Tourism As a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations”. Journal of Tourismology 7, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2021): 73-100.
EndNote Özkan Bİ, Boylu Y (01 Temmuz 2021) A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations. Journal of Tourismology 7 1 73–100.
IEEE B. İ. Özkan ve Y. Boylu, “A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations”, Journal of Tourismology, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 73–100, 2021.
ISNAD Özkan, Bahadır İnanç - Boylu, Yasin. “A Study on the Use of Tourism As a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations”. Journal of Tourismology 7/1 (Temmuz 2021), 73-100.
JAMA Özkan Bİ, Boylu Y. A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations. Journal of Tourismology. 2021;7:73–100.
MLA Özkan, Bahadır İnanç ve Yasin Boylu. “A Study on the Use of Tourism As a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations”. Journal of Tourismology, c. 7, sy. 1, 2021, ss. 73-100.
Vancouver Özkan Bİ, Boylu Y. A Study on the Use of Tourism as a Soft Power Instrument in International Relations. Journal of Tourismology. 2021;7(1):73-100.
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