Araştırma Makalesi
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Examination of Sanctuary City Policies: The Case of City of San Francisco

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 21 - 42, 30.05.2023

Öz

International migration is one of the most important problems of contemporary world. Different policies have been developed to solve this problem. One of the policies in the context of international migration is sanctuary city policy. Sanctuary city policies, which represent a more immigrant-friendly local government approach than the anti-immigrant policies of the national/federal government, are common especially in the USA, but a variety of examples can be found in different countries as well. The aim of this study is to analyze the case of the city of San Francisco after examining the conceptualization of sanctuary city. The development of the concept in the context of the USA and its applications in other countries are also discussed in order to show that these policies are present in different countries of the world. Sanctuary city, more generally the sanctuary movement, can be applicable in different levels of government, in this respect, for state level examination the state of California is chosen. regarding San Francisco have also been examined. The research related to San Francisco is based on two main sources, namely the city's Sanctuary Ordinance and the San Francisco Police Department Community Policing Strategic Plan. In the study, the qualitative method was adopted and the discourse analysis of the mentioned legal documents of the city of San Francisco was made. As a result of the research, it has been found that San Francisco conforms to the definition of sanctuary city in terms of its general characteristics. In the context of the importance of the study for Turkey, which has recently encountered the immigration problem, it can be noted that dealing with different concepts and practices related to this subject, will be beneficial in terms of creating conceptual richness in our country.

Kaynakça

  • Bagelman, J. J. (2016). Sanctuary City: A Suspended State. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bauder, H. (2017). Sanctuary Cities: Policies and Practices in International Perspective. International Migration, 55(2).
  • Bauder, H., & Gonzalez, D. (2018). Municipal Responses to ‘Illegality’: Urban Sanctuary across National Contexts. Social Inclusion, 6(1).
  • California Student Aid Commission, (t.y. ) Apply For Financial Aid, https://www.csac.ca.gov/. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2023
  • Center for Immigration Studies. (2021). Map: Sanctuary Cities, Counties, and States, https://cis.org/Map-Sanctuary-Cities-Counties-and-States. Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023.
  • Center for Immigration Studies. (2023). Insiders Leak ICE Enforcement Data Covered Up by Biden Administration, https://cis.org/Feere/Insiders-Leak-ICE-Enforcement-Data-Covered-Biden-Administration. Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023
  • City and County of San Francisco. (2016). Sanctuary City Ordinance. https://sf.gov/information/sanctuary-city-ordinance, Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2023.
  • City and County of San Francisco. (t.y.). Immigrants: Resources and programs helpful to immigrants, https://sf.gov/topics/immigrants, Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2023.
  • City of Chicago. (t.y.). Frequently Asked Question – Sanctuary Cities, https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Office%20of%20New%20Americans/PDFs/SanctuaryCitiesFAQs.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023.
  • Collingwood L. & O’brien B. G. (2019). Sanctuary Cities: The Politics of Refuge, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Crystal, W. (2016). Con Job: How Democrats Gave Us Crime, Sanctuary Cities, Abortion Profiteering, And Racial Division, Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
  • Donovan, T., Mooney, C. Z., Smith, D. A. (2001). State and Local Politics: Institutions and Reform. Boston: Wadsworth.
  • Hoye, M. (2020). Sanctuary Cities and Republican Liberty. Politics & Society, 48(1). https://apsanlaw.com/law-246.list-of-sanctuary-cities.html. Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023.
  • International Organization for Migration. (2021). World Migration Report 2022. International Organization for Migration.
  • Lasch, C. N., Chan, R. L., Eagly, I. V., Haynes, D. F., Lai, A., McCormick, E. M. & Stumpf, J. P. (2018), “Understanding Sanctuary Cities", Boston College Law Review, 59, ss. 1703-1774.
  • Lippert, R. K. (2005). Sanctuary, sovereignty, sacrifice : Canadian sanctuary incidents, power, and law, Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Morse, A., Polkey, C., Deatherage, L., & Ibarra, V. (2019, Haziran 20). What’s a Sanctuary Policy? FAQ on Federal, State and Local Action on Immigration Enforcement. National Conference of State Legislatures: https://www.ncsl.org/immigration/sanctuary-policy-faq.
  • O'brien, B. G., Collingwood, L., & El-Khatib, S. O. (2017). The Politics of Refuge: Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Undocumented Immigration. Urban Affairs Review, 55(1).
  • Okafor, O. C. (2020). Refugee Law After 9/11: Sanctuary and Security in Canada and the United States. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Paik, A. N. (2020), Bans, walls, raids, sanctuary : understanding U.S. immigration in the twenty-first century, Oakland, California : University of California Press.
  • San Francisco Police Department Community Engagement Division. (2018). SFPD Community Policing Strategic Plan. https://www.sanfranciscopolice.org/your-sfpd/policies/community-policing-strategic-plan.
  • Senate Bill 54, (2017) https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=20-1720180SB54.
  • Sleiman-Long, Z. (2020). Sanctuary Regions and the Struggle for Belonging: Undocumented Immigrants in the United States. Cham: Palgrave.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2016). National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2023.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2019). Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2016 – Statistical Tables. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/fleo16st.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2023.
  • Vitiello, D. (2022). As red states send migrants to blue states, sanctuary cities are crucial, https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/09/15/red-states-send-migrants-blue-states-sanctuary-cities-are-crucial, Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2023.
  • Walia, H. (2014, Haziran 2). Sanctuary City from Below: dismantling the City of Vancouver. Haziran 4, 2022 tarihinde The Mainlander: https://themainlander.com/2014/06/02/sanctuary-city-from-below-dismantling-the-city-of-vancouver/.

Sığınak Şehir Politikalarının San Francisco Örneği Üzerinden İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 21 - 42, 30.05.2023

Öz

Uluslararası göç günümüz dünyasının en önemli problemlerinden birisidir. Bu önemli problemin çözülmesi için farklı politika biçimleri geliştirilmiştir. Uluslararası göç bağlamında geliştirilen politikalardan birisi de sığınak şehir politikalarıdır. Ulusal/federal hükümetin göçmen karşıtı politikalarına göre daha göçmen dostu bir yerel yönetim anlayışını temsil eden sığınak şehir politikaları özellikle ABD’de yaygın olarak görülmekle beraber farklı ülkelerde de örneklerine rastlanabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sığınak şehri kavramsal olarak inceledikten sonra San Francisco şehri özelinde uygulanışını analiz etmektir. Kavramın ABD bağlamındaki gelişimi ve bu konudaki tartışmalara geçilmeden önce bu politikaların dünyanın farklı ülkelerinde de olduğunu göstermek adına başka ülkelerdeki uygulamaları da ele alınmıştır. Sığınak şehir, daha genelde sığınak hareketi farklı yönetim kademelerinde ortaya çıkabilir, bu açıdan San Francisco ile ilgili olarak California eyaletinin politikaları da incelemeye konu edilmiştir. San Francisco özelinde yapılan araştırma ise temelde iki ana kaynağa, yani şehrin Sığınak Belgesi’ne ve San Francisco Polis Teşkilatı Toplum Destekli Polislik Stratejik Planı’na dayanmaktadır. Çalışmada nitel yöntem benimsenmiş olup San Francisco şehrinin bahsi geçen hukuki metinlerinin söylem analizi yapılmıştır. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda San Francisco’nun genel özellikleri itibariyle sığınak şehir tanımlamasına uyduğu görülmüştür. Çalışmanın Türkiye için önemi bağlamında, yakın zamanda göçmen sorunu ile karşılaşılan ülkemizde, farklı kavramların ve bunlarla ilgili uygulamaların ele alınmasının bu konu ile ilgili kavramsal zenginliğin oluşması açısından faydalı olacağı söylenebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Bagelman, J. J. (2016). Sanctuary City: A Suspended State. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bauder, H. (2017). Sanctuary Cities: Policies and Practices in International Perspective. International Migration, 55(2).
  • Bauder, H., & Gonzalez, D. (2018). Municipal Responses to ‘Illegality’: Urban Sanctuary across National Contexts. Social Inclusion, 6(1).
  • California Student Aid Commission, (t.y. ) Apply For Financial Aid, https://www.csac.ca.gov/. Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2023
  • Center for Immigration Studies. (2021). Map: Sanctuary Cities, Counties, and States, https://cis.org/Map-Sanctuary-Cities-Counties-and-States. Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023.
  • Center for Immigration Studies. (2023). Insiders Leak ICE Enforcement Data Covered Up by Biden Administration, https://cis.org/Feere/Insiders-Leak-ICE-Enforcement-Data-Covered-Biden-Administration. Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023
  • City and County of San Francisco. (2016). Sanctuary City Ordinance. https://sf.gov/information/sanctuary-city-ordinance, Erişim Tarihi: 25.04.2023.
  • City and County of San Francisco. (t.y.). Immigrants: Resources and programs helpful to immigrants, https://sf.gov/topics/immigrants, Erişim Tarihi: 28.04.2023.
  • City of Chicago. (t.y.). Frequently Asked Question – Sanctuary Cities, https://www.chicago.gov/content/dam/city/depts/mayor/Office%20of%20New%20Americans/PDFs/SanctuaryCitiesFAQs.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023.
  • Collingwood L. & O’brien B. G. (2019). Sanctuary Cities: The Politics of Refuge, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Crystal, W. (2016). Con Job: How Democrats Gave Us Crime, Sanctuary Cities, Abortion Profiteering, And Racial Division, Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
  • Donovan, T., Mooney, C. Z., Smith, D. A. (2001). State and Local Politics: Institutions and Reform. Boston: Wadsworth.
  • Hoye, M. (2020). Sanctuary Cities and Republican Liberty. Politics & Society, 48(1). https://apsanlaw.com/law-246.list-of-sanctuary-cities.html. Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2023.
  • International Organization for Migration. (2021). World Migration Report 2022. International Organization for Migration.
  • Lasch, C. N., Chan, R. L., Eagly, I. V., Haynes, D. F., Lai, A., McCormick, E. M. & Stumpf, J. P. (2018), “Understanding Sanctuary Cities", Boston College Law Review, 59, ss. 1703-1774.
  • Lippert, R. K. (2005). Sanctuary, sovereignty, sacrifice : Canadian sanctuary incidents, power, and law, Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Morse, A., Polkey, C., Deatherage, L., & Ibarra, V. (2019, Haziran 20). What’s a Sanctuary Policy? FAQ on Federal, State and Local Action on Immigration Enforcement. National Conference of State Legislatures: https://www.ncsl.org/immigration/sanctuary-policy-faq.
  • O'brien, B. G., Collingwood, L., & El-Khatib, S. O. (2017). The Politics of Refuge: Sanctuary Cities, Crime, and Undocumented Immigration. Urban Affairs Review, 55(1).
  • Okafor, O. C. (2020). Refugee Law After 9/11: Sanctuary and Security in Canada and the United States. Vancouver: UBC Press.
  • Paik, A. N. (2020), Bans, walls, raids, sanctuary : understanding U.S. immigration in the twenty-first century, Oakland, California : University of California Press.
  • San Francisco Police Department Community Engagement Division. (2018). SFPD Community Policing Strategic Plan. https://www.sanfranciscopolice.org/your-sfpd/policies/community-policing-strategic-plan.
  • Senate Bill 54, (2017) https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=20-1720180SB54.
  • Sleiman-Long, Z. (2020). Sanctuary Regions and the Struggle for Belonging: Undocumented Immigrants in the United States. Cham: Palgrave.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2016). National Sources of Law Enforcement Employment Data, https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/nsleed.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2023.
  • U.S. Department of Justice. (2019). Federal Law Enforcement Officers, 2016 – Statistical Tables. https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/fleo16st.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 27.05.2023.
  • Vitiello, D. (2022). As red states send migrants to blue states, sanctuary cities are crucial, https://www.washingtonpost.com/made-by-history/2022/09/15/red-states-send-migrants-blue-states-sanctuary-cities-are-crucial, Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2023.
  • Walia, H. (2014, Haziran 2). Sanctuary City from Below: dismantling the City of Vancouver. Haziran 4, 2022 tarihinde The Mainlander: https://themainlander.com/2014/06/02/sanctuary-city-from-below-dismantling-the-city-of-vancouver/.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kentsel Politika
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Kömürcüoğlu 0000-0002-6558-8226

Zehra Namlı 0000-0002-0532-953X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kömürcüoğlu, M., & Namlı, Z. (2023). Sığınak Şehir Politikalarının San Francisco Örneği Üzerinden İncelenmesi. Journal of Political Administrative and Local Studies, 6(1), 21-42.