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Türkiye ve Avrupa’ya Yönelik Yeni Bir Tehdit Olarak Afganistan Bağlantılı Uyuşturucu Trafiği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 52 - 90, 28.12.2023

Levent Ersin Orallı Bülent Atasever Zeynep Hazal Tuzluca Dinçer Alptekin Zelal Ozdemır

Öz

Afganistan, yakın tarihi çeşitli biçimlerde etkileyen bir ülke olarak ön plana çıkmaya devam etmektedir. Afganistan’ın son yirmi yıllık tarihine göz atıldığında, 11 Eylül 2001 terör saldırıları ve terör bağlantıları, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Afganistan’daki savaşı ve geri çekilişi, Taliban’ın düşüşü ve tekrar iktidara gelişi, ülkede var olan sosyo ekonomik ve kültürel problemler, Afganların yakın uzak demeden bütün coğrafyaları etkileyen düzensiz göç hareketleri gibi gelişmeler dünya gündeminde yer alan olaylar olarak hemen akıllara gelmektedir. Bütün bu olayların yanı sıra, Afganistan’da yine küresel etkileri olan bir diğer büyük problem uyuşturucu konusudur. Bilindiği üzere dünyada yasadışı afyon üretiminin yüzde 80’e yakını bu ülkede gerçekleştirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte Afganistan’da yakın zamanda beliren kimyasal bazlı diğer uyuşturucu türlerinin üretiminin de hızlı bir biçimde arttığı görülmektedir. Çalışmada öncelikli olarak, Afganistan’daki yasadışı afyon üretimi ve ticaretinin yakın tarihi ele alınmış ve bu doğrultuda, yeni gelişmekte olan Afgan uyuşturucu trafiğinin uluslararası boyutu ve varabileceği noktalar göz önüne konulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afganistan Taliban Uyuşturucu ticareti Narkotik Metamfetamin

Kaynakça

  • Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/abdnin-en-uzunsavasi-afganistanda-20-yil/2351523 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.08.2022).
  • Avrupa Uyuşturucu ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığını İzleme Merkezi raporu. (2021, 01 01). https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13838/2021.2 256_TR_02.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2022).
  • Balfour, F. (2001, 10 14). Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-10-14/dark-days-fora-black-market (Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2022).
  • BanderasNews. (2020, 10 11). http://www.banderasnews.com/1101/nrafghanheroin.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2023).
  • Bartholet, J. (1999, 12 05). Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/holy-men-heroin-163118 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2023).
  • BBC. bbc. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ozeldosyalar/2009/08/090812_afghanistan _isaf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2023).
  • Bienica, J. (2015, 12 07). https://www.afghanistananalysts.org/en/reports/economy-developmentenvironment/afghanistan-breaking-bad-crystal-meth-a-new-drug-onthe-market/(Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2022).
  • Brown, V. F. Pipe dreams: The Taliban and drugs from the 1990s into its new regime. smallwarsjournal: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/pipe-dreams-taliban-and-drugs1990s-its-new-regime (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2022).
  • Brown, W. F. (2006). Kicking the opium habit?: Afghanistan's drug economy and politics since the 1980s. Conflict, Security & Development, 127-149.
  • Byrd, W. (2008). Responding to Afghanistan’s Opium Economy Challenge: Lessons and Policy Implications from a Development Perspective. South Asia Region: The World Bank.
  • Byrd, W., & Ward, C. TheWorldBank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/156391468740439773/pd f/30903.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2022).
  • Cawkwell, T. 2016. UK Communication Strategies for Afghanistan, 2001– 2014, London and Newyork: Routledge.
  • Charles, R. (2004, 04 01). usdepartmentofstate: https://2001- 2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/31039.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2022).
  • Coyne, C, Blanco A. and S. Burns. 2016. “The War on Drugs in Afghanistan: Another Failed Experiment with Interdiction”. The Independent Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 95- 119.
  • Crosset, B. (2001, 05 20). nytimes. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/world/taliban-s-ban-on-poppya-success-us-aides-say.html (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2023).
  • DEA. (2021, 01 01). https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/fentanyl (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2022).
  • DeutcheWelle. (2021, 04 09). https://www.dw.com/en/could-thetaliban-form-an-alliance-with-mexicos-drug-cartels/a-59086206 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2022).
  • EMCDDA.https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/1 3410/emcdda-methamphetamine-in-Afghanistan-report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2023).
  • EMCDDA. (2021). Methamphetamine from Afghanistan: ‘signals indicate that Europe should be better prepared. Brüksel: emcdda.
  • EU4MD. (2021). Methamphetamine from Afghanistan: Signals indicate that Europe should be better prepared. Brüksel: European Union.
  • Felbab-Brown, V. (2021). Pipe Dreams: The Taliban and Drugs from the 1990s into its New Regime. Brookings Institute, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pipe-dreams-the-taliban-anddrugs-from-the-1990s-into-its-new-regime. (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2023).
  • Ferruchi, G. (2021, 10 01). the conversation. https://theconversation.com/in-afghanistan-opium-is-as-big-a-winneras-islamic-extremism-166474 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2023).
  • GlobalInitiative. (2020, 11 09). https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/esaobs-risk-bulletin-12/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2022).
  • Goodarzi, J. (1996, 09 25). Washington and the Taliban - Strange Bedfellows. Middle East International, 536, 16-17.
  • Greenfield, V. R., Pardo, B., & Taylor, J. (2021, 01 01). Afghanistan in the Era of Fentanyl. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PEA1000/ PEA1088-1/RAND_PEA1088-1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 31.10.2022).
  • Griffith, M. (2002). Reaping the whirlwind: the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. Londra: Pluto.
  • Insight Crime. (2011, 01 04). https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/mexican-cartels-buying-drugsin-afghanistan/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023).
  • International Crisis Group. (2019, 01 08). https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/299-fire-and-ice.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 31.12.2022).
  • Landey, J. (2021, 08 16). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asiapacific/profits-poppy-afghanistans-illegal-drug-trade-boon-taliban2021-08-16/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2022).
  • Lintner, B. (2001). Taliban Turns to Drugs. Far Eastern Economic Review, 164(40), 8-26.
  • Mansfield, D. (2019). Denying Revenue or Wasting Money? Assessing the Impact of the Air Campaign Against ‘Drugs Labs’ in Afghanistan. Londra: LSE International Drug Policy Unit.
  • Mansfield, D., & Soderholm, A. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2019/09/30/long-read-the-unknownunknowns-of-afghanistans-new-wave-of-methamphetamineproduction/ (Erişim Tarihi:071.02.2023).
  • MepaNews. (2021, 08 21). https://www.mepanews.com/talibanafyonun-ham-madesi-olan-hashasin-ekimini-yasaklamaya-basladi46753h.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2022).
  • Narkotik Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı. (2021). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. Ankara: NDB Yayınları.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021, 06 01). https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2023).
  • Newberg, P. (2005). Surviving State Failure: Internal War and Regional Conflict in Afghanistan's Neighborhood. W. Zartman içinde, Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed, and Greed (s. 206). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Peters, G. (2009). How Opium Profits the Taliban. Washington: Peaceworks.
  • Purple, M. (2021, 08 20). https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/we-turnedafghanistan-into-an-opium-den/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2023).
  • Raşid, A. (1995, 05). Nothing to Declare. Far Eastern Economic Review, 11.
  • Raşid, A. (1999). The Taliban: Exporting Extremism. Foreign Affairs, 78(6), 22-35.
  • Raşid, A. (2001). Taliban, İslamiyet, Petrol ve Orta Asya'da Büyük Oyun. İstanbul: Everest. Reuters.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-drugs-unidUSBRE9980OF20131009. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2022).
  • Rubin, B. (2004, 09 7). afghandata.http://afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/azu/13 935/azu_acku_pamphlet_hv5840_a23_r83_2004_w.pdf?sequence=1&is Allowed=y (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2023).
  • Şen, A. E. (2021, 06 21). https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/gundem/turkiyede-yapilan-en-buyukkokain-operasyonlarin-ayrintilari-ortaya-cikti-6503052/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2022).
  • T.C İçişleri Bakanlığı basın açıklaması. (2020, 06 26). https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/uyusturucu-ile-mucadele-kapsamindayurutulen-calismalar-sonuc-verdi (Erişim Tarihi: 31.12.2022).
  • The Coleman Institute. (2019, 01). https://thecolemaninstitute.com/dangers-of-fentanyl/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2023).
  • Udalova, N. (2000). Drug Trafficking On The Silk Road: The Security Environment in Central Asia. 8. Washington: Carnegie Endowment.
  • UNODC. (1997). World Drug Report. New York: United Nations.
  • UNODC. (2003, Ekim 01). https://www.unodc.org/pdf/afg/afghanistan_opium_survey_2003.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023).
  • UNODC. (2005, 11 01). https://www.unodc.org/pdf/afg/afg_survey_2005_exsum.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2023).
  • UPİ. (2021, 10 02). Upi voices. https://www.upi.com/Voices/2021/09/02/afghanistan-Afghanistanopium-trade-Taliban/6291630585069/ (Erişim Tarihi: 31.08.2022).
  • US Congress. (2009). Afghanıstan's Narco War: Breaking The Link Between Drug Traffickers And Insurgents. Washington: US Congress.
  • Yılbaş, D. Z. (2005). Afganistan’da Uyuşturucu Ekonomisi İle Mücadele: Afyonun Tarlada İmhasına Yönelik Tedbirlere Öncelik Veren Stratejilerin Sınırları. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar (17), 32-46.
  • Yaseen, M. N. (2021, 09 01). Pakistan-Afganistan İlişkileri. Kriter, 6(60).

Afghanistan-Related Drug Traffic as a New Threat to Turkey and Europe

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 52 - 90, 28.12.2023

Levent Ersin Orallı Bülent Atasever Zeynep Hazal Tuzluca Dinçer Alptekin Zelal Ozdemır

Öz

Today, Afghanistan continues to come to the fore as a country that continues to affect recent world history in different ways. When only the last 20 years of Afghanistan are examined, 9/11 attacks and terrorist connections, America's war in Afghanistan and its withdrawal, the fall of the Taliban and its rise to power again, the huge socio-economic and cultural problems that exist in the country, Irregular migration movements of Afghans affecting other geographies come to mind as events on the world agenda. In addition to all these events, another huge problem with global effects in Afghanistan is the drug production and trade. As it is known, nearly 80 percent of the illegal opium production in the world is carried out in this country. However, it is seen that the production of another drug called methamphetamine, which has recently appeared in Afghanistan, has increased rapidly. In the study, firstly, the recent history of illegal opium production and trade in Afghanistan was discussed and in this direction, the international dimension of the newly developing Afghan drug trade and the points it could reach were tried to be considered.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Afghanistan Taliban Drug trafficking Narcotic Metamfetamin

Kaynakça

  • Anadolu Ajansı, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/abdnin-en-uzunsavasi-afganistanda-20-yil/2351523 (Erişim Tarihi: 31.08.2022).
  • Avrupa Uyuşturucu ve Uyuşturucu Bağımlılığını İzleme Merkezi raporu. (2021, 01 01). https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/13838/2021.2 256_TR_02.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 14.12.2022).
  • Balfour, F. (2001, 10 14). Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2001-10-14/dark-days-fora-black-market (Erişim Tarihi: 11.09.2022).
  • BanderasNews. (2020, 10 11). http://www.banderasnews.com/1101/nrafghanheroin.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2023).
  • Bartholet, J. (1999, 12 05). Newsweek. https://www.newsweek.com/holy-men-heroin-163118 (Erişim Tarihi: 09.01.2023).
  • BBC. bbc. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ozeldosyalar/2009/08/090812_afghanistan _isaf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.02.2023).
  • Bienica, J. (2015, 12 07). https://www.afghanistananalysts.org/en/reports/economy-developmentenvironment/afghanistan-breaking-bad-crystal-meth-a-new-drug-onthe-market/(Erişim Tarihi: 09.12.2022).
  • Brown, V. F. Pipe dreams: The Taliban and drugs from the 1990s into its new regime. smallwarsjournal: https://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/pipe-dreams-taliban-and-drugs1990s-its-new-regime (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2022).
  • Brown, W. F. (2006). Kicking the opium habit?: Afghanistan's drug economy and politics since the 1980s. Conflict, Security & Development, 127-149.
  • Byrd, W. (2008). Responding to Afghanistan’s Opium Economy Challenge: Lessons and Policy Implications from a Development Perspective. South Asia Region: The World Bank.
  • Byrd, W., & Ward, C. TheWorldBank. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/156391468740439773/pd f/30903.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2022).
  • Cawkwell, T. 2016. UK Communication Strategies for Afghanistan, 2001– 2014, London and Newyork: Routledge.
  • Charles, R. (2004, 04 01). usdepartmentofstate: https://2001- 2009.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rm/31039.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2022).
  • Coyne, C, Blanco A. and S. Burns. 2016. “The War on Drugs in Afghanistan: Another Failed Experiment with Interdiction”. The Independent Review, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 95- 119.
  • Crosset, B. (2001, 05 20). nytimes. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/world/taliban-s-ban-on-poppya-success-us-aides-say.html (Erişim Tarihi: 31.03.2023).
  • DEA. (2021, 01 01). https://www.dea.gov/factsheets/fentanyl (Erişim Tarihi: 01.10.2022).
  • DeutcheWelle. (2021, 04 09). https://www.dw.com/en/could-thetaliban-form-an-alliance-with-mexicos-drug-cartels/a-59086206 (Erişim Tarihi: 18.09.2022).
  • EMCDDA.https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/1 3410/emcdda-methamphetamine-in-Afghanistan-report.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 14.03.2023).
  • EMCDDA. (2021). Methamphetamine from Afghanistan: ‘signals indicate that Europe should be better prepared. Brüksel: emcdda.
  • EU4MD. (2021). Methamphetamine from Afghanistan: Signals indicate that Europe should be better prepared. Brüksel: European Union.
  • Felbab-Brown, V. (2021). Pipe Dreams: The Taliban and Drugs from the 1990s into its New Regime. Brookings Institute, https://www.brookings.edu/articles/pipe-dreams-the-taliban-anddrugs-from-the-1990s-into-its-new-regime. (Erişim Tarihi: 14.04.2023).
  • Ferruchi, G. (2021, 10 01). the conversation. https://theconversation.com/in-afghanistan-opium-is-as-big-a-winneras-islamic-extremism-166474 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.04.2023).
  • GlobalInitiative. (2020, 11 09). https://globalinitiative.net/analysis/esaobs-risk-bulletin-12/ (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2022).
  • Goodarzi, J. (1996, 09 25). Washington and the Taliban - Strange Bedfellows. Middle East International, 536, 16-17.
  • Greenfield, V. R., Pardo, B., & Taylor, J. (2021, 01 01). Afghanistan in the Era of Fentanyl. https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PEA1000/ PEA1088-1/RAND_PEA1088-1.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 31.10.2022).
  • Griffith, M. (2002). Reaping the whirlwind: the Taliban movement in Afghanistan. Londra: Pluto.
  • Insight Crime. (2011, 01 04). https://insightcrime.org/news/analysis/mexican-cartels-buying-drugsin-afghanistan/ (Erişim Tarihi: 24.02.2023).
  • International Crisis Group. (2019, 01 08). https://d2071andvip0wj.cloudfront.net/299-fire-and-ice.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 31.12.2022).
  • Landey, J. (2021, 08 16). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/asiapacific/profits-poppy-afghanistans-illegal-drug-trade-boon-taliban2021-08-16/ (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2022).
  • Lintner, B. (2001). Taliban Turns to Drugs. Far Eastern Economic Review, 164(40), 8-26.
  • Mansfield, D. (2019). Denying Revenue or Wasting Money? Assessing the Impact of the Air Campaign Against ‘Drugs Labs’ in Afghanistan. Londra: LSE International Drug Policy Unit.
  • Mansfield, D., & Soderholm, A. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/2019/09/30/long-read-the-unknownunknowns-of-afghanistans-new-wave-of-methamphetamineproduction/ (Erişim Tarihi:071.02.2023).
  • MepaNews. (2021, 08 21). https://www.mepanews.com/talibanafyonun-ham-madesi-olan-hashasin-ekimini-yasaklamaya-basladi46753h.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2022).
  • Narkotik Suçlarla Mücadele Daire Başkanlığı. (2021). Türkiye Uyuşturucu Raporu. Ankara: NDB Yayınları.
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2021, 06 01). https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/fentanyl (Erişim Tarihi: 17.03.2023).
  • Newberg, P. (2005). Surviving State Failure: Internal War and Regional Conflict in Afghanistan's Neighborhood. W. Zartman içinde, Rethinking the Economics of War: The Intersection of Need, Creed, and Greed (s. 206). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Peters, G. (2009). How Opium Profits the Taliban. Washington: Peaceworks.
  • Purple, M. (2021, 08 20). https://www.theamericanconservative.com/articles/we-turnedafghanistan-into-an-opium-den/ (Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2023).
  • Raşid, A. (1995, 05). Nothing to Declare. Far Eastern Economic Review, 11.
  • Raşid, A. (1999). The Taliban: Exporting Extremism. Foreign Affairs, 78(6), 22-35.
  • Raşid, A. (2001). Taliban, İslamiyet, Petrol ve Orta Asya'da Büyük Oyun. İstanbul: Everest. Reuters.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-drugs-unidUSBRE9980OF20131009. (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2022).
  • Rubin, B. (2004, 09 7). afghandata.http://afghandata.org:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/azu/13 935/azu_acku_pamphlet_hv5840_a23_r83_2004_w.pdf?sequence=1&is Allowed=y (Erişim Tarihi: 15.02.2023).
  • Şen, A. E. (2021, 06 21). https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/gundem/turkiyede-yapilan-en-buyukkokain-operasyonlarin-ayrintilari-ortaya-cikti-6503052/ (Erişim Tarihi: 19.09.2022).
  • T.C İçişleri Bakanlığı basın açıklaması. (2020, 06 26). https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/uyusturucu-ile-mucadele-kapsamindayurutulen-calismalar-sonuc-verdi (Erişim Tarihi: 31.12.2022).
  • The Coleman Institute. (2019, 01). https://thecolemaninstitute.com/dangers-of-fentanyl/ (Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2023).
  • Udalova, N. (2000). Drug Trafficking On The Silk Road: The Security Environment in Central Asia. 8. Washington: Carnegie Endowment.
  • UNODC. (1997). World Drug Report. New York: United Nations.
  • UNODC. (2003, Ekim 01). https://www.unodc.org/pdf/afg/afghanistan_opium_survey_2003.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.01.2023).
  • UNODC. (2005, 11 01). https://www.unodc.org/pdf/afg/afg_survey_2005_exsum.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 12.04.2023).
  • UPİ. (2021, 10 02). Upi voices. https://www.upi.com/Voices/2021/09/02/afghanistan-Afghanistanopium-trade-Taliban/6291630585069/ (Erişim Tarihi: 31.08.2022).
  • US Congress. (2009). Afghanıstan's Narco War: Breaking The Link Between Drug Traffickers And Insurgents. Washington: US Congress.
  • Yılbaş, D. Z. (2005). Afganistan’da Uyuşturucu Ekonomisi İle Mücadele: Afyonun Tarlada İmhasına Yönelik Tedbirlere Öncelik Veren Stratejilerin Sınırları. Uluslararası Ekonomik Sorunlar (17), 32-46.
  • Yaseen, M. N. (2021, 09 01). Pakistan-Afganistan İlişkileri. Kriter, 6(60).
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Levent Ersin Orallı

Bülent Atasever 0000-0002-4737-7943

Zeynep Hazal Tuzluca 0000-0002-5593-1094

Dinçer Alptekin 0000-0002-0079-7860

Zelal Ozdemır 0000-0002-6839-8903

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Orallı, L. E., Atasever, B., Tuzluca, Z. H., Alptekin, D., vd. (2023). Türkiye ve Avrupa’ya Yönelik Yeni Bir Tehdit Olarak Afganistan Bağlantılı Uyuşturucu Trafiği. Journal of Middle East Perspectives, 2(1), 52-90.
 Kapak Resmi İndir