The Impact of the Instability and Impunity Problem Associated with Ethnic Diversity on Regional Security: The Case of Dagestan
Öz
Dagestan today is one of the most experienced republics in the North Caucasus Region concerning handling and familiarity with weapons. The most important factor in having this culture is the political crises and events that took place during the Soviet period. It is believed that the source of weapons in the country is Chechnya, and there have been historical reasons underlying this, as well as unique political institutions that have been developed in parallel with ethnic diversity since the 1990s. Based on the fact that the influence of the Russian Federation on other countries that left the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) has not been lost even many years before the start of the Ukrainian-Russian war, the possibility of shaking the stability that Dagestan has relatively provided nowadays comes to the agenda. As much as the presence of these groups makes the people of Dagestan nervous, it threatens the entire geography in terms of the loss of stability in the region, the ignition of a significant conflict in the Caucasus, and, therefore, the countries of the region will also be affected by this conflict. Considering the political and ethnic structure of Dagestan, the government’s attempts to collect weapons, rather than maintaining order and increasing public security, cause a group with high conflict potential to collect weapons from the hands of another high-potential group, creating the perception that the tool of this is political power. This study is based on the data obtained by literature review with qualitative methods.
Anahtar Kelimeler
The Problem of Impunity Ethnicity Wahhabism the North Caucasus Dagestan
Kaynakça
- Afflitto, F. M. (1998). Experience and Evaluation: Social Perceptions of Justice in Guatemala’s ‘Popular’Movement, 1990–1992 (Doctoral Dissertation). University of California:Irvine.
- Afflitto, F. M. (2000). Victimization, survival and the impunity and forced exile: A case study from the Rwandan genocide. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34(1), 77-97.
- Anokhinan S., Zarezal. Zadushıl. Izbıl Do Smertı, Daptar. Ru https://daptar.ru/2020/07/21/zarezal-zadushil-izbil-do-smerti/
- Berje, A. (2010), Kafkasya, Dağlı Halkların Göçü ve Kısa Tarihi, Trans:Murat Papşu, İstanbul: Chiviyazıları
- Bopkhoyeva V. Russia https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-180849"]} (Application no. 25414/14) STRASBOURG 20 February 2018.
- Dri, V., Pichardo, M.A., Bottinelli, M., Remesar, S., Soto, S. ve Bottinelli M.C. Impunity as a crime against humanity. In Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (Eds.), Comprehensive Attention to Victims of Torture in Cases under Litigation: Psychosocial contributions. (pp. 175-238.) San Jose: IIHR.
- Falkowski, M. ve Marszewski, M. (2010). Kaukaskie “terytoria plemienne” Kaukaz Polnocny – cywilizacyjnie obca enklawa w granicach Rosji. Prace OSW, 34, http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/PRACE_34. Pdf.
- Fisher, N. (2002). Leadership and impunity: the politics behind the traumatization of children during armed conflicts. Traumatology, 8(3), 146-159.
- Foucault, M. (1985) Punish and Discipline, The Birth of the Prison, London:Penguin.
- Geukjian, O. (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy. London: Routledge.
- Gilligan, E. (2009). Terror in Chechnya. Russia and the Tragedy of Civilians in War. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
- Gould, R. (2015). Why Daghestan is good to think: Moshe Gammer, Daghestan, and global Islamic history. In M. Gammer (Ed.). Written Culture in Daghestan (pp. 17–40). Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae
- Henze, P. B. (1985). Kafkaslarda Ateş ve Kılıç, 19. Yüzyılda Kafkaslarda Dağ Köylülerinin Direnişi, Trans: Akın Kösetorunu, Ankara:Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Human Rights Watch (2009). Who Will Tell Me What Happened to My Son. Russia’s Implementation of European Court of Human Rights Judgments on Chechnya. New York:Human Rights Watch.
- International Crisis Group (2012). The North Caucasus: The challenges of integration. Ethnicity and conflict. Europe Report No. 220. Published on the 19. October 2012. Retrieved on November 2, 2012, from: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/220-the-northcaucasus-the-challenges-of- integration-i-ethnicity-and-conflict.pdf.
- Kisriev, E. (2018). Dagestan: Power in the balance, The Caucasus: Armed And Dıvıded, Dagestan. Saferworld Arms & Securıty Programme.
- Kaliszewska, I. (2015). Daghestani experiences of the state. In S. Voell; I. Kaliszewska (Eds.), State and legal practice in the Caucasus. Anthropological perspectives on state and law (pp. 113–133). Farnham:Ashgate.
- Kaliszewska, I. (2019). “What good are all these divisions in Islam?”. Everyday Islam and normative discourses in Daghestan, Contemporary Islam. 2020, 14, 157–178; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-019-00436-9.
- Mariss, P. (1982). The Social Construction of Uncertainty. In C.M. Parkes, J. StevensonHinde & P. Marris (Eds.). Attachment Across the Life Cycle (pp. 77-90.). Tavistock/Routledge. London.
- Memorial Human Rights Center (2005, September). Chronicle of Violence. Human rights violations during anti- terrorist operations in the Republic of Ingushetia. Retrieved from: http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/NCaucas/konnas/eng/index.htm.
- Memorial Human Rights Center (2009). Situation in the North Caucasus conflict zone. Analysis from the human rights perspective. Bulleten. Winter 2008-2009. Retrieved from: http://www.memo.ru/d/1574.html.
- McSherry, J.P.,(1992). Military Power. Impunity and State-Society Change in Latin America. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 25(3), 463-488.
- Musaeva, E. (2009). Zhizn posle smerti. In S. Ushakin & E. Trubina (Ed.), Travma: Punkti. Sb. Statej pod red (pp. 582-606). Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
- Nowak M. ve McArthur E., (2008). The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Parliamentary Assambly, The continuing need to restore human rights and the rule of law in the North Caucasus region Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights 2022 - Third part-session https://pace.coe.int/en/files/23984.
- Raubisko, I. (2009). Proper ‘traditional’ versus dangerous ‘new’: Religious ideology and idiosyncratic Islamic practices in post-soviet Chechnya. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1, http://www.isca. ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/ISCA/JASO/raubisko.pdf.
- Rodley, N. S. (2000). Breaking the cycle of impunity for gross violations of human rights: the Pinochet case in perspective. Nordic Journal of International Law, 69, 11-26.
- Shevtsova, L. (2010). The Lonely Power. Why Russia Has Not Become the West and Why the West Is Difficult for Russia. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center.
- Sveaass, N. ve Lavik, N.J. (2000). Psychological Aspects of Human Rights Violations: The Importance of Justice and Reconciliation. Nordic Journal of International Law. 69(1), 35–52.
- Tyner, J. A., (2009). War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count. New York: The Guilford Press
- Uludağ, S. (2006) “Mürid” Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c.32, Ankara: TDV Yayınları.
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights (2005), Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1 (Feb. 8, 2005). http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/HR-protection2005.html.
- Ware, R. B. ve Kisriev, E. (2001). Ethnic parity and democratic pluralism in Dagestan: A consociational approach. Europe-Asia Studies. 53(1), 105-131.
- Ware,R.B. ve Kisriev. E.(2009) Dagestan, Russian Hegemony and Islamıc Resistance in the North Caucasus. New York and London: M.E.Sharpe, Armongk.
- Ware, R. B. ve Kisriev, E. (2010). Dagestan Russian hegemony and İslamic resistance in the north caucasus, New York and London: M.E.Sharpe,
- Yemelianova, G. (2003) İslam in Russia an historical perspective. In Pilkington, H. & Yemelianova, G.(eds.). Islam in post-Soviet Russia. (pp. 15-60.) London:Routledge.
Etnik Çeşitlilikle Gelen İstikrarsızlık ve Cezasızlık Sorununun Bölgesel Güvenliğe Etkisi: Dağıstan Örneği
Öz
Dağıstan bugün Kuzey Kafkasya Bölgesinde silah kullanma ve silaha aşina olma konusunda en tecrübeli cumhuriyetlerden biridir. Bu kültüre sahip olmasında en önemli etken ise Sovyet döneminde yaşanan siyasi krizler ve olaylar olarak kabul görür. Ülkedeki silah kaynağının Çeçenistan olduğu düşünülmektedir ve bunun da altında yatan tarihi nedenlerin yanı sıra 1990’lardan itibaren etnik çeşitliliğe paralel olarak geliştirilen benzersiz siyasi kurumlar olmuştur. Dağıstan’da Cemaat olarak ifade bulan, etnik kökene göre şekillenen aşiretler bu siyasi kurumlar ile entegrasyon sağlamış dolayısıyla bölgede savaş niteliği kazanmayan çatışmalar haricinde büyük krizlere neden olacak sorunlar şimdiye kadar yaşanmamıştır. Ukrayna-Rusya savaşının başlamasından yıllar önce dahi Rusya Federasyonu’nun, Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’nden (SSCB) ayrılan diğer ülkelerde etkisinin kaybolmadığı gerçeğinden hareketle bugünlerde Dağıstan’ın görece sağlamış olduğu istikrarın sarsılma ihtimali gündeme gelmektedir. Bu grupların varlığı Dağıstan halkını tedirgin ettiği kadar bölgede istikrarın kaybolması, Kafkaslarda önemli bir çatışmanın ateşlenmesi dolayısıyla bölge ülkelerinin de bu çatışmadan etkilenmesi açısından tüm coğrafyayı tehdit etmektedir. Dağıstan’ın siyasi ve etnik yapısı göze alındığında hükümetin uygulamış olduğu silah toplama girişimleri düzeni sağlamak ve kamu güvenliğini arttırmaktan çok çatışma potansiyeli yüksek bir grubun diğer yüksek potansiyelli grubun elinden silahları toplatması, bunun aracının da siyasi güç olduğu algısını yaratmaktadır. Bu çalışma nitel yöntemler ile literatür taraması yapılarak elde edilen verilere dayanmaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Cezasızlık Sorunu Etnisite Vahhabilik Kuzey Kafkasya Dağıstan
Kaynakça
- Afflitto, F. M. (1998). Experience and Evaluation: Social Perceptions of Justice in Guatemala’s ‘Popular’Movement, 1990–1992 (Doctoral Dissertation). University of California:Irvine.
- Afflitto, F. M. (2000). Victimization, survival and the impunity and forced exile: A case study from the Rwandan genocide. Crime, Law & Social Change, 34(1), 77-97.
- Anokhinan S., Zarezal. Zadushıl. Izbıl Do Smertı, Daptar. Ru https://daptar.ru/2020/07/21/zarezal-zadushil-izbil-do-smerti/
- Berje, A. (2010), Kafkasya, Dağlı Halkların Göçü ve Kısa Tarihi, Trans:Murat Papşu, İstanbul: Chiviyazıları
- Bopkhoyeva V. Russia https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{"itemid":["001-180849"]} (Application no. 25414/14) STRASBOURG 20 February 2018.
- Dri, V., Pichardo, M.A., Bottinelli, M., Remesar, S., Soto, S. ve Bottinelli M.C. Impunity as a crime against humanity. In Inter-American Institute of Human Rights (Eds.), Comprehensive Attention to Victims of Torture in Cases under Litigation: Psychosocial contributions. (pp. 175-238.) San Jose: IIHR.
- Falkowski, M. ve Marszewski, M. (2010). Kaukaskie “terytoria plemienne” Kaukaz Polnocny – cywilizacyjnie obca enklawa w granicach Rosji. Prace OSW, 34, http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/PRACE_34. Pdf.
- Fisher, N. (2002). Leadership and impunity: the politics behind the traumatization of children during armed conflicts. Traumatology, 8(3), 146-159.
- Foucault, M. (1985) Punish and Discipline, The Birth of the Prison, London:Penguin.
- Geukjian, O. (2012). Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the Legacy of Soviet Nationalities Policy. London: Routledge.
- Gilligan, E. (2009). Terror in Chechnya. Russia and the Tragedy of Civilians in War. Princeton, NJ:Princeton University Press.
- Gould, R. (2015). Why Daghestan is good to think: Moshe Gammer, Daghestan, and global Islamic history. In M. Gammer (Ed.). Written Culture in Daghestan (pp. 17–40). Helsinki: Annales Academiae Scientiarum Fennicae
- Henze, P. B. (1985). Kafkaslarda Ateş ve Kılıç, 19. Yüzyılda Kafkaslarda Dağ Köylülerinin Direnişi, Trans: Akın Kösetorunu, Ankara:Ortadoğu Teknik Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Human Rights Watch (2009). Who Will Tell Me What Happened to My Son. Russia’s Implementation of European Court of Human Rights Judgments on Chechnya. New York:Human Rights Watch.
- International Crisis Group (2012). The North Caucasus: The challenges of integration. Ethnicity and conflict. Europe Report No. 220. Published on the 19. October 2012. Retrieved on November 2, 2012, from: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/220-the-northcaucasus-the-challenges-of- integration-i-ethnicity-and-conflict.pdf.
- Kisriev, E. (2018). Dagestan: Power in the balance, The Caucasus: Armed And Dıvıded, Dagestan. Saferworld Arms & Securıty Programme.
- Kaliszewska, I. (2015). Daghestani experiences of the state. In S. Voell; I. Kaliszewska (Eds.), State and legal practice in the Caucasus. Anthropological perspectives on state and law (pp. 113–133). Farnham:Ashgate.
- Kaliszewska, I. (2019). “What good are all these divisions in Islam?”. Everyday Islam and normative discourses in Daghestan, Contemporary Islam. 2020, 14, 157–178; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11562-019-00436-9.
- Mariss, P. (1982). The Social Construction of Uncertainty. In C.M. Parkes, J. StevensonHinde & P. Marris (Eds.). Attachment Across the Life Cycle (pp. 77-90.). Tavistock/Routledge. London.
- Memorial Human Rights Center (2005, September). Chronicle of Violence. Human rights violations during anti- terrorist operations in the Republic of Ingushetia. Retrieved from: http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/NCaucas/konnas/eng/index.htm.
- Memorial Human Rights Center (2009). Situation in the North Caucasus conflict zone. Analysis from the human rights perspective. Bulleten. Winter 2008-2009. Retrieved from: http://www.memo.ru/d/1574.html.
- McSherry, J.P.,(1992). Military Power. Impunity and State-Society Change in Latin America. Canadian Journal of Political Science. 25(3), 463-488.
- Musaeva, E. (2009). Zhizn posle smerti. In S. Ushakin & E. Trubina (Ed.), Travma: Punkti. Sb. Statej pod red (pp. 582-606). Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie.
- Nowak M. ve McArthur E., (2008). The United Nations Convention against Torture: A Commentary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Parliamentary Assambly, The continuing need to restore human rights and the rule of law in the North Caucasus region Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights 2022 - Third part-session https://pace.coe.int/en/files/23984.
- Raubisko, I. (2009). Proper ‘traditional’ versus dangerous ‘new’: Religious ideology and idiosyncratic Islamic practices in post-soviet Chechnya. Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1, http://www.isca. ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/ISCA/JASO/raubisko.pdf.
- Rodley, N. S. (2000). Breaking the cycle of impunity for gross violations of human rights: the Pinochet case in perspective. Nordic Journal of International Law, 69, 11-26.
- Shevtsova, L. (2010). The Lonely Power. Why Russia Has Not Become the West and Why the West Is Difficult for Russia. Moscow: Carnegie Moscow Center.
- Sveaass, N. ve Lavik, N.J. (2000). Psychological Aspects of Human Rights Violations: The Importance of Justice and Reconciliation. Nordic Journal of International Law. 69(1), 35–52.
- Tyner, J. A., (2009). War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count. New York: The Guilford Press
- Uludağ, S. (2006) “Mürid” Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, c.32, Ankara: TDV Yayınları.
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights (2005), Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity, U.N. Doc. E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1 (Feb. 8, 2005). http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/HR-protection2005.html.
- Ware, R. B. ve Kisriev, E. (2001). Ethnic parity and democratic pluralism in Dagestan: A consociational approach. Europe-Asia Studies. 53(1), 105-131.
- Ware,R.B. ve Kisriev. E.(2009) Dagestan, Russian Hegemony and Islamıc Resistance in the North Caucasus. New York and London: M.E.Sharpe, Armongk.
- Ware, R. B. ve Kisriev, E. (2010). Dagestan Russian hegemony and İslamic resistance in the north caucasus, New York and London: M.E.Sharpe,
- Yemelianova, G. (2003) İslam in Russia an historical perspective. In Pilkington, H. & Yemelianova, G.(eds.). Islam in post-Soviet Russia. (pp. 15-60.) London:Routledge.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 27 Nisan 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 15 Şubat 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
MANAS Journal of Social Studies (MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)