Araştırma Makalesi
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 279 - 306, 31.12.2018
Öz
The public debt have come from
many stages and have been fed from many sources of religion, philosophy, and
economics. It was first dealt with in the context of interest within the
framework of religious and philosophical currents, due to the awareness of the negative
effect of debt on the economic life, the evaluations on the public debts
focused on economic effects of them. Especially with the Glorious Revolution in
England, the concept of state debt has begun to include features that are
accepted in the modern economic system. Hence while the Physiocrats and
Classics had a more conservative stance on debt, Mercantlist and some authors,
many of whom are German economists, had adopted a more moderate attitude
towards government borrowing. In this study,
which is called the origin, development and
economic foundations of publıc debts, we focused on public debt transformations
and its economic nature. We also investigated the importance of public debt
interms of state, individual and community.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Public Debt Origin of Public Debt Interest Bearing Borrowing Economic Thoughts and Public Debt
Kaynakça
- Alcouffe, A., Poettinger, M. ve Bertram, S. (2017). Business Cycles in Economic Thought: A History. Routledge.
- Andreau, J. (2012). Endettement Privé et Abolition Des Dettes Dans la Rome Antique. Novembre, http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=8544, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
- Bastable, C. F. (1892). Public Finance. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
- Bullock, C. J. (1920). Selected Readings in Public Finance. Second Edition, Ginn and Company.
- Carcanholo, M. D. (2017). Marx(ism) and Public Debt: Thoughts on the Political Economy of Public Debt. Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 45(3), 303-317.
- Cecchetti, S. G., ve Schoenholtz, K. L. (2015). Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
- Davanzati, G. F. ve Patalano, R. (2017). Marx on Public Debt: Fiscal Expropriation and Capital Reproduction, International Journal of Political Economy, 46(1), 50-64.
- Davenant, C. (1710). An Essay Upon the National Credit of England: Introductory to a Proposal Prepared for Establishing the Public Credit. London.
- Dyson, K. (2014). States, Debt, and Power: 'Saints' and 'Sinners' in European History and Integrtion. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Ferguson, N. (2006). The Cash Nexus Money and Power in The Modern World, 1700-2000. Published by Basic Books, New York.
- Fratianni, M., ve Spinelli, F. (2006). Italian City-States and Financial Evolution. European Review of Economic History. Cambridge University Press, Sayı 10. 257–278.
- Fryde, E. B. ve Fryde, M. M. (1965). Public Credit, with Special Reference to North-Western Europe, in: The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume III Economic Organization and Policies in The Middle Ages). Ed: M. M. Postan, E. E. Rich and Edward Miller, Cambridge Universıty Press,
- Graeber, D. (2011). Debt: The First 5,000 Years. New York: Melville House Publishing.
- Hamilton, E. J. (1947). Origin and Growth of the National Debt in Western Europe, The American Economic Review. 37(2), 118-130. Papers and Proceedings of the Fiftyninth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.
- Hansen, A. H. (1945). Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles. Asia Publishing House, 35-138.
- Holtfrerich, C. L. (2013). Public Debt in Post-1850 German Economic Thought vis-a-vis the Pre-1850 British Classical School. German Economic Review, 15(1), 62–83.
- Holtfrerich. C. L. (2014). Government Debt in Economic Thought of the Long 19th Century. School of Business & Economics, Discussion Paper: Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, No. 2013/4, 1-32.
- Homer, S. & Sylla, R. E. (2005). A History of Interest Rates. Third Edition, Revised, Rutgers University Press.
- https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/steuart/book4_4.htm#ch01 (Erişim Tarihi, 04.10.2017).
- Hume, D. (1987). Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Edited by: Eugene F. Miller, Published by: Liberty Fund, Inc.
- Kim, J. (2012). How Politics Shaped Modern Banking in Early Modern England: Rethinking the Nature of Representative Democracy, Public Debt, and Modern Banking. MPIfG Discussion Paper 12/11, Cologne, December, 1-28.
- Lever, E. A. (1922). A Primer of Taxation: An Introduction to Public Finance. London: PS King & Son, Limited.
- Macdonald, J. (2003). A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The financal Roots of Democracy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Publishing.
- Matsushita, S. (1929). The Economic Effects of Public Debts. Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Political Science Columbia University, New York.
- Mill, J. S. (1848). Principles of Political Economy. Book V. On The Influence of Government, Chapter V. Of A National Debt.
- Monson, A. ve Scheidel, W. (2015). Studying Fiscal Regimes, in: Fiscal Regimes And The Political Economy Of Premodern States (Edited by: Andrew Monson And Walter Scheidel), Cambridge University Press.
- Montesquieu, B. D. (2001). The Spirit of Laws, Translated by: Thomas Nugent, Batoche Books.
- Munro, J. H. (2003). The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability, The International History Review, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep.), pp. 505-562.
- Munro, J. H. (2008). The Usury Doctrine and Urban Public Finances in Late-Medieval Flanders (1220-1550): Rentes (Annuities), Excise Taxes, and Income Transfers from the Poor to the Rich, in: Fiscal Systems in The European Economy from The 13th To The 18 Th Centuries, Ed: Simonetta Cavaciocchi, Firenze University Press, 973-1026.
- Omelianenko, M. (2016). The Evolution of Views On the Public Debt. 4 (8), 182-193.
- Plehn, C. C. (1915). Introduction to Public finance. Third Edition, New York: The Macmillan Company.
- Poitras, G. (2000). The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478-1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, Aldershot.
- Rothbard, M. N. (2006). Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Volume I, H. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.
- Salsman, R. M. (2017). The Political Economy of Public Debt: Three Centuries of Theory and Evidence.
- Săvoiua, G., Dinub, V., ve Taicu, M. (2015). A classical German view of public debt and investment in Romania and other ex-socialist economies. Economic Research, 28(1), 907–923.
- Say, J. B. (1971). A Treatise on Political Economy. (Translates from The Fourth Edition of the French, By C.R. Prinsep), New York: M. Kelley Publisher.
- Shirras, G. F. (1936). Science of Public Finance. Volume II, Third Edition, London: Macmillan and Co Limited.
- Sidney, H. ve Sylla, R. (2005). A History of Interest Rates. Fourth Edition, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ic.
- Skolov, B., ve Skolova, Y. (2012). The History of Government Debt Justification. Economics and Management. 17(3), 922-928.
- Smith, A. (2007). An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. https://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_WealthNations_p.pdf (Erişim tarihi 24 Haziran 2017)
- Smithies, A. (1960). The Balanced Budget. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 301-309.
- Sonenscher, M. (2007). Before the Deluge Public Debt, Inequality, and The Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution. Princeton University Press.
- Stasavage, D. (2015). Why Did Public Debt Originate in Europe? in: Fiscal Regimes and The Political Economy of Premodern States. (Edited by: Andrew Monson and Walter Scheidel), Cambridge University Press.
- Stettner, W. F. (1945). Sir James Steuart on the Public Debt, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 59(3), 451-476.
- Theocarakis, N. J. (2014). The History of the Political Economy of Public Debt. 4th ESHET Latin America Conference, Belo Horizonte – Brazil, 19-21 November, 1-22. Vincent, J. (2014). Historical, Religious and Scholastic Prohibition of Usury: The Common Origins of Western and Islamic Financial Practices. Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 600, 1-48.
- Wächter, M. (2012). The Effects of Debt on Economic Development. http://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/3494/marcel_waechter.pdf?sequence=1 (Erişim Tarihi, 04 Ekim 2017).
Yıl 2018,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16, 279 - 306, 31.12.2018
Öz
Devlet borçları, birçok aşamadan geçmiş ve dini, felsefi ve iktisadi
kaynaklardan beslenmiştir. Kavram, ilk olarak dini ve felsefi akımlar
çerçevesinde faiz yasağı bünyesinde ele alınmış ve borcun iktisadi hayat
üzerindeki etkisinin görülmesi neticesinde, devlet borcu kavramına dair
değerlendirmeler borcun iktisadi etkileri etrafında şekillenmiştir. Özellikle
İngiltere’deki Muhteşem Devrim ile birlikte devlet borcu kavramı, modern
iktisadi sistemde kabul gören özellikleri ihtivâ etmeye başlamış ve iktisadi
düşünce okulları mensupları, dönemin koşullarından ve geçmiş tecrübelerden
faydalanarak bu konuda fikir beyan etmişlerdir. Bu minvalde Fizyokratlar ve
Klasik iktisatçılar devlet borçları konusunda muhafazakâr bir tutum
sergilerlerken Merkantilistler ile çoğunluğunu Alman iktisatçıların oluşturduğu
bir kısım yazar, devlet borçlarına karşı ılımlı bir tavır takınmışlardır. Devlet borçlarının kökeni, gelişimi ve iktisadi temelleri adını taşıyan bu çalışmada,
devlet borçlarının dönüşümü, ekonomik niteliği ve borçlanmanın devlet, birey ve
toplum açısından önemi ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Devlet Borcu Devlet Borcunun Temeli Faiz İçeren Borçlanma İktisadi Düşünce ve Devlet Borcu
Kaynakça
- Alcouffe, A., Poettinger, M. ve Bertram, S. (2017). Business Cycles in Economic Thought: A History. Routledge.
- Andreau, J. (2012). Endettement Privé et Abolition Des Dettes Dans la Rome Antique. Novembre, http://www.cadtm.org/spip.php?page=imprimer&id_article=8544, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Şubat 2017)
- Bastable, C. F. (1892). Public Finance. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited.
- Bullock, C. J. (1920). Selected Readings in Public Finance. Second Edition, Ginn and Company.
- Carcanholo, M. D. (2017). Marx(ism) and Public Debt: Thoughts on the Political Economy of Public Debt. Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory, 45(3), 303-317.
- Cecchetti, S. G., ve Schoenholtz, K. L. (2015). Money, Banking, and Financial Markets. 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education.
- Davanzati, G. F. ve Patalano, R. (2017). Marx on Public Debt: Fiscal Expropriation and Capital Reproduction, International Journal of Political Economy, 46(1), 50-64.
- Davenant, C. (1710). An Essay Upon the National Credit of England: Introductory to a Proposal Prepared for Establishing the Public Credit. London.
- Dyson, K. (2014). States, Debt, and Power: 'Saints' and 'Sinners' in European History and Integrtion. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
- Ferguson, N. (2006). The Cash Nexus Money and Power in The Modern World, 1700-2000. Published by Basic Books, New York.
- Fratianni, M., ve Spinelli, F. (2006). Italian City-States and Financial Evolution. European Review of Economic History. Cambridge University Press, Sayı 10. 257–278.
- Fryde, E. B. ve Fryde, M. M. (1965). Public Credit, with Special Reference to North-Western Europe, in: The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Volume III Economic Organization and Policies in The Middle Ages). Ed: M. M. Postan, E. E. Rich and Edward Miller, Cambridge Universıty Press,
- Graeber, D. (2011). Debt: The First 5,000 Years. New York: Melville House Publishing.
- Hamilton, E. J. (1947). Origin and Growth of the National Debt in Western Europe, The American Economic Review. 37(2), 118-130. Papers and Proceedings of the Fiftyninth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.
- Hansen, A. H. (1945). Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles. Asia Publishing House, 35-138.
- Holtfrerich, C. L. (2013). Public Debt in Post-1850 German Economic Thought vis-a-vis the Pre-1850 British Classical School. German Economic Review, 15(1), 62–83.
- Holtfrerich. C. L. (2014). Government Debt in Economic Thought of the Long 19th Century. School of Business & Economics, Discussion Paper: Economics, Freie Universität Berlin, No. 2013/4, 1-32.
- Homer, S. & Sylla, R. E. (2005). A History of Interest Rates. Third Edition, Revised, Rutgers University Press.
- https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/steuart/book4_4.htm#ch01 (Erişim Tarihi, 04.10.2017).
- Hume, D. (1987). Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary. Edited by: Eugene F. Miller, Published by: Liberty Fund, Inc.
- Kim, J. (2012). How Politics Shaped Modern Banking in Early Modern England: Rethinking the Nature of Representative Democracy, Public Debt, and Modern Banking. MPIfG Discussion Paper 12/11, Cologne, December, 1-28.
- Lever, E. A. (1922). A Primer of Taxation: An Introduction to Public Finance. London: PS King & Son, Limited.
- Macdonald, J. (2003). A Free Nation Deep in Debt: The financal Roots of Democracy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Publishing.
- Matsushita, S. (1929). The Economic Effects of Public Debts. Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Faculty of Political Science Columbia University, New York.
- Mill, J. S. (1848). Principles of Political Economy. Book V. On The Influence of Government, Chapter V. Of A National Debt.
- Monson, A. ve Scheidel, W. (2015). Studying Fiscal Regimes, in: Fiscal Regimes And The Political Economy Of Premodern States (Edited by: Andrew Monson And Walter Scheidel), Cambridge University Press.
- Montesquieu, B. D. (2001). The Spirit of Laws, Translated by: Thomas Nugent, Batoche Books.
- Munro, J. H. (2003). The Medieval Origins of the Financial Revolution: Usury, Rentes, and Negotiability, The International History Review, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Sep.), pp. 505-562.
- Munro, J. H. (2008). The Usury Doctrine and Urban Public Finances in Late-Medieval Flanders (1220-1550): Rentes (Annuities), Excise Taxes, and Income Transfers from the Poor to the Rich, in: Fiscal Systems in The European Economy from The 13th To The 18 Th Centuries, Ed: Simonetta Cavaciocchi, Firenze University Press, 973-1026.
- Omelianenko, M. (2016). The Evolution of Views On the Public Debt. 4 (8), 182-193.
- Plehn, C. C. (1915). Introduction to Public finance. Third Edition, New York: The Macmillan Company.
- Poitras, G. (2000). The Early History of Financial Economics, 1478-1776: From Commercial Arithmetic to Life Annuities and Joint Stocks. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, Aldershot.
- Rothbard, M. N. (2006). Economic Thought Before Adam Smith: An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought. Volume I, H. Edward Elgar Publishing, Ltd.
- Salsman, R. M. (2017). The Political Economy of Public Debt: Three Centuries of Theory and Evidence.
- Săvoiua, G., Dinub, V., ve Taicu, M. (2015). A classical German view of public debt and investment in Romania and other ex-socialist economies. Economic Research, 28(1), 907–923.
- Say, J. B. (1971). A Treatise on Political Economy. (Translates from The Fourth Edition of the French, By C.R. Prinsep), New York: M. Kelley Publisher.
- Shirras, G. F. (1936). Science of Public Finance. Volume II, Third Edition, London: Macmillan and Co Limited.
- Sidney, H. ve Sylla, R. (2005). A History of Interest Rates. Fourth Edition, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ic.
- Skolov, B., ve Skolova, Y. (2012). The History of Government Debt Justification. Economics and Management. 17(3), 922-928.
- Smith, A. (2007). An Inquiry into The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. https://www.ibiblio.org/ml/libri/s/SmithA_WealthNations_p.pdf (Erişim tarihi 24 Haziran 2017)
- Smithies, A. (1960). The Balanced Budget. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 301-309.
- Sonenscher, M. (2007). Before the Deluge Public Debt, Inequality, and The Intellectual Origins of the French Revolution. Princeton University Press.
- Stasavage, D. (2015). Why Did Public Debt Originate in Europe? in: Fiscal Regimes and The Political Economy of Premodern States. (Edited by: Andrew Monson and Walter Scheidel), Cambridge University Press.
- Stettner, W. F. (1945). Sir James Steuart on the Public Debt, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 59(3), 451-476.
- Theocarakis, N. J. (2014). The History of the Political Economy of Public Debt. 4th ESHET Latin America Conference, Belo Horizonte – Brazil, 19-21 November, 1-22. Vincent, J. (2014). Historical, Religious and Scholastic Prohibition of Usury: The Common Origins of Western and Islamic Financial Practices. Law School Student Scholarship. Paper 600, 1-48.
- Wächter, M. (2012). The Effects of Debt on Economic Development. http://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/3494/marcel_waechter.pdf?sequence=1 (Erişim Tarihi, 04 Ekim 2017).
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2018 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 18 Ağustos 2018 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2018 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 16 |
