Öz
Hindistan ve Pakistan, 1947'deki bağımsızlıklarından bu yana dört kez savaşmışlardır. Bu iki devlet arasındaki rekabetin temel nedeni Keşmir çatışmasıdır. Bu çalışmada, Keşmir sorununun ortaya çıkışı ve Birleşmiş Milletler’in rolü ele alınmıştır. Birleşmiş Milletler’in Keşmir'deki rolünü anlamak için Hint Yarımadası'nın bölünmesinin tarihsel arka planına değinilmiştir. Birleşmiş Milletler kararları çerçevesinde Keşmir sorununun hangi tarihsel süreçlerden geçtiğini ve geçmekte olduğunu ortaya konulmuştur. 1947'de Pakistan ile Hindistan arasında bölge paylaşımında ortaya çıkan en büyük sorunlardan biri Keşmir eyaletini hangi ülkenin ilhak edeceğiydi. Keşmir'in bölünmesi Hindistan’ın parçalanmasından bir yıl sonra gerçekleşmiştir. Bölünme sırasında Keşmir'in durumu Hindistan’ın diğer bölgelerinden farklı gözlemlenmişti. Dolayısıyla nüfus olarak Müslüman çoğunluğa sahipken hükümdarı Hindu olan bir prensli devlet olarak yer almıştır. Keşmir'i kimin (Pakistan veya Hindistan) ilhak edeceği konusundaki anlaşmazlık artık askeri müdahaleye dönüşmeye başladığında Birleşmiş Milletler devreye girmiştir. Bu makalede Keşmir meselesinin nasıl uluslararası bir mesele haline geldiği ve Birleşmiş Milletlerin bu meseleyi neden çözemediği hakkında bilgiler verilmektedir. Keşmir çatışması sırasındaki kritik tarihi olaylara ve Modi yönetimi sırasında Hindistan'ın Keşmir’in yönetiminde gerçekleştirdiği anayasa değişiklikleri de dikkate alarak değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Bu çerçevede Keşmir sorununun çözülmesine ilişkin bir engelleyici durum daha ortaya koyulmuştur. Modi hükümeti, anayasa değişikliği ile Keşmir'in bir bölümünü (Ladakh bölgesi) Keşmir'den ayırmayı başarmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BMGK Kararı 38. (1948). requesting India and Pakistan to take measures to improve the situation in Kashmir. Erişim Tarihi: (26.12.2021). Erişim Adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/111953
- BMGK Raporu. (10 Ocak 1949). Transmitting The Second Intertim Report Of The Commission. Doc No S/1196. Erişim Tarihi : (02 Şubat 2022) Erişim Adresi: https://undocs.org/S/1196
- BMGK, S/628 (1 January 1948). Letter from the Representative of India Addressed to the President of the Security Council. Erişim Tarihi : (26.12.2021). Erişim Adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/468605#record-files-collapse-header
- BMGK. (18 Feb, 1948). Official Records, 250. Toplantı.
- Bose, S. (2005). Kashmir: Roots of conflict, paths to peace. Harvard University Press.
- Campbell-Johnson, A. (1953). Mission with Mountbatten. Dutton. New York.
- Chaulia, S. (2019). Operation Kashmir: has Modi checkmated Pakistan?.
- Faksh, M. A. (1967). Kashmir Dispute: A Case Study of United Nations Action in Handling an International Dispute (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University).
- Fareed.R. (19 Şubat 2021). UN experts: Loss of Kashmir autonomy undermining minority rights. Aljazeera News. Erişim tarihi: (03.02.2022). Erişim Adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/19/laws-change-in-kashmir-carry-potential-to-alter-demographics-un
- Fayaz, S. (2016). Kashmir Dispute between Pakistan and India: The Way Out. Dialogue (Pakistan), 11(1).
- Ganguly, R. (1998). India, Pakistan and the Kashmir dispute. Wellington, N.Z. : Asian Studies Institute : Centre for Strategic Studies.
- Hamidi, T. H. (1997). Entry Route of Muhammad Bin Qasim in South Eastern Sindh. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 45(4), 337-345.
- Harrison, D. (2007). The History of British India: A Chronology. Reference Reviews.
- Ilahi, S. (2003). The Radcliffe boundary commission and the fate of Kashmir. India Review, 2(1), 77-102. Indian Independence Act 1947. (1947). Parliament of the United Kingdom. London. Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2022. Erişim adresi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf
- Jinnah, M. A. Quaid-e-Azam. Cell, 306, 8485581.
- Lalwani, S., & Gayner, G. (2020). India's Kashmir Conundrum: Before and After the Abrogation of Article 370. United States Institute of Peace.
- Majid, A., Hamid, A., & Habib, Z. (2014). Genesis of the two nations theory and the quaid-e- azam. Pakistan Vision, 15(1), 180.
- Mallowan, M. (1955). The Indus civilization: a review. Antiquity, 29(116), 199-202.
- Menon, V. P. (1957). VP Menon-The Transfer of Power in India-Princeton.
- Michael, B. (1953). The Struggle for Kashmir.New York. Oxford University Press.
- Mill, J., & Wilson, H. H. (1848). History of British India. Vol. III.
- Nadaf, A. H. (2020). Framing internal politics in a conflict situation: A study of the 2014 election campaign news in the local newspapers in the Indian-administered Kashmir region. Media, War & Conflict, 13(2), 111-132.
- Noorani, A. G. (1996). Partition of Kashmir, Economic and political weekly: 271–273. Erişim Tarihi: (01.02.2022) Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4403745.pdf
- Raza, M. M. (1996). Wars and No Peace Over Kashmir. Lancer Publishers.
- Salik, N. (2019). Kashmir and the Abrogation of Article 370: A Pakistani Perspective. Future Directions International (Independent Strategic Analysis of Australia’s Global Interest), 3-5.
- Schofield, V. (2021). Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Snedden, C. (2021). Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration. In Independent Kashmir. Manchester University Press.
- Sodhi, J. (2021). The Article 370 Amendments on Jammu and Kashmir: Explaining the Global Silence.
- UNCIP. (1948-1950). United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan. AG-046. Erişim Tarihi: (18.12.2021. Erişim adresi: https://search.archives.un.org/correpondence-files-united-nations-commission-for-india-and-pakistan-uncip-and-united-nations-representative-for-india-and-pakistan-unrip
- Wolpert, S. A., & Wolpert, S. (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA.
Öz
India and Pakistan have fought four wars since their independence in 1947. The main reason for the rivalry between these two states is the Kashmir conflict. In this paper, we will discuss about the emergence of the Kashmir problem and the role of the United Nations. To understand the role of the United Nations in Kashmir, the historical background of the partition of the Indian Subcontinent has been mentioned. Within the framework of the UN resolutions, the historical processes that the Kashmir issue has gone through and is going through have been revealed. One of the biggest problems that arose in the division of territory between Pakistan and India in 1947 was, which country would annex the Kashmir state. The partition of Kashmir took place a year after the partition of India. The situation of Kashmir at the time of partition was different from other parts of India because it was a princely state with a Muslim majority in population but a Hindu ruler. When the dispute over annextion of Kashmir (Pakistan or India) began to turn into military interventions, the UN stepped in. This article provides information about how the Kashmir issue became an international issue and why the UN could not solve this issue. By also paying attention to the critical historical events during the Kashmir conflict and the constitutional changes made by India in its management of Kashmir during the Modi administration, it has been revealed that another obstacle has been thrown to the solution of this Kashmir problem. The Modi government has succeeded in separating a part of Kashmir (Ladakh region) from Kashmir with a constitutional amendment.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- BMGK Kararı 38. (1948). requesting India and Pakistan to take measures to improve the situation in Kashmir. Erişim Tarihi: (26.12.2021). Erişim Adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/111953
- BMGK Raporu. (10 Ocak 1949). Transmitting The Second Intertim Report Of The Commission. Doc No S/1196. Erişim Tarihi : (02 Şubat 2022) Erişim Adresi: https://undocs.org/S/1196
- BMGK, S/628 (1 January 1948). Letter from the Representative of India Addressed to the President of the Security Council. Erişim Tarihi : (26.12.2021). Erişim Adresi: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/468605#record-files-collapse-header
- BMGK. (18 Feb, 1948). Official Records, 250. Toplantı.
- Bose, S. (2005). Kashmir: Roots of conflict, paths to peace. Harvard University Press.
- Campbell-Johnson, A. (1953). Mission with Mountbatten. Dutton. New York.
- Chaulia, S. (2019). Operation Kashmir: has Modi checkmated Pakistan?.
- Faksh, M. A. (1967). Kashmir Dispute: A Case Study of United Nations Action in Handling an International Dispute (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University).
- Fareed.R. (19 Şubat 2021). UN experts: Loss of Kashmir autonomy undermining minority rights. Aljazeera News. Erişim tarihi: (03.02.2022). Erişim Adresi: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/19/laws-change-in-kashmir-carry-potential-to-alter-demographics-un
- Fayaz, S. (2016). Kashmir Dispute between Pakistan and India: The Way Out. Dialogue (Pakistan), 11(1).
- Ganguly, R. (1998). India, Pakistan and the Kashmir dispute. Wellington, N.Z. : Asian Studies Institute : Centre for Strategic Studies.
- Hamidi, T. H. (1997). Entry Route of Muhammad Bin Qasim in South Eastern Sindh. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society, 45(4), 337-345.
- Harrison, D. (2007). The History of British India: A Chronology. Reference Reviews.
- Ilahi, S. (2003). The Radcliffe boundary commission and the fate of Kashmir. India Review, 2(1), 77-102. Indian Independence Act 1947. (1947). Parliament of the United Kingdom. London. Erişim tarihi: 13.02.2022. Erişim adresi: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1947/30/pdfs/ukpga_19470030_en.pdf
- Jinnah, M. A. Quaid-e-Azam. Cell, 306, 8485581.
- Lalwani, S., & Gayner, G. (2020). India's Kashmir Conundrum: Before and After the Abrogation of Article 370. United States Institute of Peace.
- Majid, A., Hamid, A., & Habib, Z. (2014). Genesis of the two nations theory and the quaid-e- azam. Pakistan Vision, 15(1), 180.
- Mallowan, M. (1955). The Indus civilization: a review. Antiquity, 29(116), 199-202.
- Menon, V. P. (1957). VP Menon-The Transfer of Power in India-Princeton.
- Michael, B. (1953). The Struggle for Kashmir.New York. Oxford University Press.
- Mill, J., & Wilson, H. H. (1848). History of British India. Vol. III.
- Nadaf, A. H. (2020). Framing internal politics in a conflict situation: A study of the 2014 election campaign news in the local newspapers in the Indian-administered Kashmir region. Media, War & Conflict, 13(2), 111-132.
- Noorani, A. G. (1996). Partition of Kashmir, Economic and political weekly: 271–273. Erişim Tarihi: (01.02.2022) Erişim Adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4403745.pdf
- Raza, M. M. (1996). Wars and No Peace Over Kashmir. Lancer Publishers.
- Salik, N. (2019). Kashmir and the Abrogation of Article 370: A Pakistani Perspective. Future Directions International (Independent Strategic Analysis of Australia’s Global Interest), 3-5.
- Schofield, V. (2021). Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan and the unending war. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Snedden, C. (2021). Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration. In Independent Kashmir. Manchester University Press.
- Sodhi, J. (2021). The Article 370 Amendments on Jammu and Kashmir: Explaining the Global Silence.
- UNCIP. (1948-1950). United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan. AG-046. Erişim Tarihi: (18.12.2021. Erişim adresi: https://search.archives.un.org/correpondence-files-united-nations-commission-for-india-and-pakistan-uncip-and-united-nations-representative-for-india-and-pakistan-unrip
- Wolpert, S. A., & Wolpert, S. (1984). Jinnah of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, USA.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Bölgesel Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 23 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 26 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 17 Kasım 2022 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 16 |
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