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Potential Effects of Central Bank Digital Currency in Turkey: An Assessment with SWOT Analysis

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 48, 142 - 158, 29.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1099641

Öz

The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey announced in its press release dated September 15, 2021 that it has established a “Digital Turkish Lira Cooperation Platform” with Tübitak, Aselsan and Havelsan. In this study, the potential effects of the central bank digital currency (CBDC), which is still in the design phase, on the Turkish economy are evaluated with SWOT Analysis. The aim of the study is to identify the strengths/weaknesses of the Digital Turkish Lira in the context of data on the Turkish economy, and to discuss possible opportunities and threats to CBDC. According to the findings of the study, the “optimal” Digital Turkish Lira, in which the financial sector is included in its design, will positively affect the efficiency and security of the financial system. The weakness of the technical infrastructure and the "inadequate" transformation of the financial system, especially the TCMB, are factors that may hinder the general acceptance of the CBDC. Institutional reforms implemented with the CBDC issuance can increase the effectiveness of the monetary policy and with the expansion of financial inclusion, the TCMB can gain a competitive advantage over “private payment systems”. We advocate that the “negative attitude” of the banking sector towards the CBDC and the concerns about digital data privacy that may occur in the society are serious threats to the Digital Turkish Lira. Depending on the CBDC design and the position of the banking sector, strengths can turn into weaknesses, opportunities turn into threats. For this reason, we suggest that CBDC design works be carried out jointly with the banking sector as a policy proposal.

Kaynakça

  • Al, İ., & Akyazı, H. (2019). Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası ve Para Politikasına Yansımaları. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(3), 573-593.
  • Allen, S., Čapkun, S., Eyal, I., Fanti, G., Ford, B. A., Grimmelmann, J., Juels, A., Kostiainen, K., Meiklejohn, S., Miller, A., Prasad, E., Wüst, K. & Zhang, F. (2020). Design choices for central bank digital currency: Policy and technical considerations, NBER Working Paper Series No: 27634.
  • Atesagaoglu, O. E., Elgin, C., & Oztunali, O. (2017). TFP growth in Turkey revisited: The effect of informal sector. Central Bank Review, 17(1), 11-17.
  • Auer, R., Boar, C., Cornelli, G., Frost, J., Holden, H., & Wehrli, A. (2021). CBDCs beyond borders, results from a survey of central banks, BIS Papers No:116.
  • Bank of England (2020). Central Bank Digital Currency Opportunities, challenges and design, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/paper/2020/central-bank-digital-currency-opportunities-challenges-and-design.pdf, [Accessed: 30 March 2022].
  • Barontini, C. & Holden, H. (2019). Proceeding with Caution-A Survey on Central Bank Digital Currency, BIS Papers No: 101.
  • BIS (2019). Big tech in finance: opportunities and risks, BIS Annual Economic Report.
  • BIS (2021a). Central bank digital currencies, system design and interoperability, https://www.bis.org/publ/othp42_system_design.pdf, [Accessed: 28 March 2022].
  • BIS (2021b). Central bank digital currencies, financial stability implications, https://www.bis.org/publ/othp42_fin_stab.pdf, [Accessed: 28 March 2022].
  • Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu (2022). Türkiye Elektronik Haberleşme Sektörü Üç Aylık Pazar Verileri Raporu 2021 4. Çeyrek, https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/pazar-verileri/ceyrek-raporu-2021-4-ceyrek-22-03-21-kurum-disi.pdf, [Accessed: 14 February 2022].
  • Bilotta, N. (2021). CBDCs for Dummies: Everything You Need to Know about Central Bank Digital Currency (And Why You Shouldn’t Be Afraid of It). Istituto Affari Internazionali Papers, https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/cbdcs-dummies, [Accessed: 10 February 2022].
  • Brunnermeier, M. K., James, H. & Landau, J. P. (2019). The digitalization of Money, NBER Working Paper Series No: 26300.
  • Carstens, A., Claessens, S., Restoy, F. & Shin, H. S. (2021). Regulating big techs in finance. BIS Bulletin No: 45.
  • CBInsights (2021). The Big Tech in Fintech Report: How Facebook, Apple, Google, and Amazon are Battling for The $28.2T Market, https://www.cbinsights.com/reports/CB-Insights_Big-Tech-In-Fintech.pdf, [Accessed: 28 December 2021].
  • Christodorescu, M., Gu, W. C., Kumaresan, R., Minaei, M., Ozdayi, M., Price, B., Raghuraman, S., Saad, M., Sheffield, C., Xu, M., & Zamani, M. (2020). Towards a two-tier hierarchical infrastructure: an offline payment system for central bank digital currencies, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.08003, [Accessed: 5 January 2022].
  • Cornelli, G., Frost, J., Gambacorta, L., Rau, P. R., Wardrop, R. & Ziegler, T. (2020). Fintech and big tech credit: a new database, BIS Working Papers No: 887.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S. & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion And The Fintech Revolution, World Bank Publications.
  • Dömbekçi Özçelik, B. (2021), Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası: Geleceğin Parası (Mı?), İçinde Şahin Karabulut (Ed.), Ulusal, Uluslararası ve Küresel Ölçekte Finans Uygulamaları (ss. 31-60), Gazi Kitapevi.
  • European Central Bank (2019). Exploring Anonimity in Central Bank Digital Currencies, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/intro/publications/pdf/ecb.mipinfocus191217.en.pdf, [Accessed: 5 May 2022].
  • FED (2021). 2021 Currency Budget, https://www.federalreserve.gov/foia/files/2021currency.pdf, [Accessed: 13 February 2022].
  • FED (2022). Money and Payments, The U.S. Dollar in the Age of Digital Transformation, https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/money-and-payments-20220120.pdf, [Accessed: 30 March 2022].
  • Financial Stability Board (2019). BigTech in finance: Market developments and potential financial stability implications, https://www.fsb.org/2019/12/bigtech-in-finance-market-developments-and-potential-financial-stability-implications/, [Accessed: 17 February 2022].
  • Frost, J., Gambacorta, L., Huang, Y., Shin, H. S. & Zbinden, P. (2019). BigTech and The Changing Structure of Financial Intermediation. Economic Policy, BIS Working Papers No: 779.
  • Global Times (2019). China May Slash Yuan/Greenback Usage Gap with Digital Currency Technology, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201912/1172326.shtml, [Accessed: 10 February 2022].
  • GSMA (2021). The Mobile Economy 2021, https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/GSMA_MobileEconomy2021_3.pdf, [Accessed: 17 January 2022].
  • Hacker, P. & Thomale, C. (2018). Crypto-Securities Regulation: ICOs, Token Sales and Cryptocurrencies Under EU Financial Law. European Company and Financial Law Review, 15(4), 645-696.
  • IMF (2020a). Digital Money Across Borders: Macro-Financial Implications, IMF Staff Reports.
  • IMF (2020b). A Survey of Research on Retail Central Bank Digital Currency, IMF Working Paper No: 20/104.
  • IMF (2022). Behind the Scenes of Central Bank Digital Currency, IMF Fintech Notes No: 2022/004.
  • ING International Survey (2018). Cracking the Code on Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Buy-in Across Europe, the USA and Australia, https://think.ing.com/reports/cracking-the-code-on-cryptocurrency, [Accessed: 12 February 2022].
  • ING International Survey (2019). From Cash to Crypto: the Money Revolution, https://think.ing.com/reports/from-cash-to-crypto-the-money-revolution/, [Accessed: 12 February 2022].
  • Kayrouz, P. (2021). Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of Money -Part 1. A three part series on the future of money from PwC Legal Middle East, https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/media-centre/2021/documents/central-bank-digital-currencies-and-the-future-of-money-part1.pdf, [Accessed: 6 January 2022].
  • Koç, S. (2020). Paranın Dijitalleşmesi ve Merkez Bankası Dijital Para Olasılığı. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 5(2), 196-204.
  • Kshetri, N. (2021). The Economics of Central Bank Digital Currency. IEEE Computer, 54(6), 53-58.
  • Kutlu, A., & Guven, A. (2019). From an Emerging Economy Perspective: Central Bank Digital Currency Analysis of Turkey, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3436386, [Accessed: 21 February 2022].
  • Lee, D. K. C., Yan, L. & Wang, Y. (2021). A Global Perspective on Central Bank Digital Currency. China Economic Journal, 14(1), 52-66.
  • Leigh, D. (2009). SWOT analysis. In K. H. Silber, W. R. Foshay, R. Watkins, D. Leigh, J. L. Moseley, J. C. Dessinger (Ed.), Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace: Volumes 1-3. (pp. 115-140), Pfeiffer.
  • Li, S. & Huang, Y. (2021). The Genesis, Design and Implications of China’s Central Bank Digital Currency. China Economic Journal, 14(1), 67-77.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System. Decentralized Business Review, 1(1): 1-9.
  • NBER (2017). CBDC and the Future of Monetary Policy, NBER Working Papers No: 23711.
  • Ozili, P. K. (2022). Central Bank Digital Currency Research Around the World: a Review of Literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control, Early View, https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JMLC-11-2021-0126/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest, [Accessed: 5 March 2022].
  • Öztürk, N., & Acar, O. (2021). Paranın Dönüşümünde Yeni Bir Evre: Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası. Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 85-104.
  • Priyadarshini, D. & Kar, S. (2021). Central bank digital currency (CBDC): critical issues and the Indian perspective. IEG Working Papers No: 444.
  • Sandner, P. G., Gross, J., Grale, L. & Schulden, P. (2020). The digital programmable euro, Libra and CBDC: Implications for European banks, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3663142, [Accessed: 3 February 2022].
  • TCMB (2020). Bankalarca Ticari Müşterilerden Alınabilecek Ücretlere İlişkin Usul Ve Esaslar Hakkında Tebliğ (Sayı: 2020/4), https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/217dd206-5e42-4402-8fb0-d466b23e5acf/2022_4+say%C4%B1l%C4%B1+Tebli%C4%9F+%C4%B0le+De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fen+G%C3%BCncel+Ticari+M%C3%BC%C5%9Fteri+Tebli%C4%9Fi+%28%C4%B0nternet+Sitesinde+Yay%C4%B1mlanan%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-217dd206-5e42-4402-8fb0-d466b23e5acf-nWBd3Rl, [Accessed: 25 March 2022].
  • TCMB (2021). Yıllık Faaliyet Raporu 2020, https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/yillikrapor/2020/tr/, [Accessed: 25 March 2022].
  • TCMB (2022). FAST Sisteminin Alışverişlerde Ödeme Yöntemi Olarak Kullanılması Hakkında Basın Duyurusu, https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/ee288a18-1107-48a9-946f-e19e37411b6d/DUY2022-13.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-ee288a18-1107-48a9-946f-e19e37411b6d-nXTjpw7, [Accessed: 25 March 2022].
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2021a). Dijital, İnternet ve Mobil Bankacılık İstatistikleri 2021 Aralık, Rapor Kodu: DT22.
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2021b). Türkiye'de Bankacılık Sistemi Seçilmiş Göstergelerin İllere ve Bölgelere Göre Dağılımı 2020, Rapor Kodu: YT06.
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2022). Uzaktan ve Şubeden Müşteri Edinim İstatistikleri Şubat 2022, Rapor Kodu: DT26.
  • World Bank (2019). The Role of Digital Financial Inclusion in Preparing for Older Age and Retirement, https://btca-production-site.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/395/english_attachments/The_Role_of_Digital_Financial_Inclusion_in_Preparing_for_Older_Age_and_Retirement.pdf?1562327924, [Accessed: 25 February 2022].
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Türkiye’de Merkez Bankası Dijital Parasının Potansiyel Etkileri: SWOT Analiziyle Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 48, 142 - 158, 29.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1099641

Öz

Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası 15 Eylül 2021 tarihli basın duyurusunda Tübitak, Aselsan ve Havelsan ile birlikte “Dijital Türk Lirası İşbirliği Platformu” oluşturduğunu ilan etmiştir. Bu çalışmada henüz tasarım aşamasında olan merkez bankası dijital parasının (CBDC) Türkiye ekonomisi üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri SWOT Analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı Dijital Türk lirasının, Türkiye ekonomisiyle ilgili veriler bağlamında güçlü/zayıf yönlerini tespit etmek, CBDC’ye yönelik olası fırsat ve tehditleri tartışmaktır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre finansal kesimin tasarımına dahil olduğu “optimum” Dijital Türk Lirası, finansal sistemin verimliliğini ve güvenliğini pozitif etkileyecektir. Teknik altyapının zayıflığı ve TCMB başta olmak üzere finansal sistemin “yetersiz” dönüşümü, CBDC’nin genel kabul görmesini engelleyebilecek faktörlerdir. CBDC ihracıyla birlikte hayata geçirilen kurumsal reformlar, para politikasının etkinliğini arttırabilir ve finansal kapsayıcılığın genişlemesiyle TCMB, “özel ödeme sistemleri” karşısında rekabet üstünlüğü kazanabilir. Bankacılık sektörünün CBDC karşısındaki “olumsuz tutumunun” ve toplum nezdinde oluşabilecek dijital veri mahremiyetiyle ilgili kaygıların Dijital Türk Lirasına yönelik ciddi tehditler olduğunu savunuyoruz. CBDC tasarımına ve bankacılık kesiminin konumuna bağlı olarak güçlü yönler zayıf yönlere, fırsatlar tehditlere dönüşebilir. Bu nedenle CBDC tasarım çalışmalarının bankacılık kesimiyle ortak yürütülmesini bir politika önerisi olarak öne sürüyoruz.

Kaynakça

  • Al, İ., & Akyazı, H. (2019). Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası ve Para Politikasına Yansımaları. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 19(3), 573-593.
  • Allen, S., Čapkun, S., Eyal, I., Fanti, G., Ford, B. A., Grimmelmann, J., Juels, A., Kostiainen, K., Meiklejohn, S., Miller, A., Prasad, E., Wüst, K. & Zhang, F. (2020). Design choices for central bank digital currency: Policy and technical considerations, NBER Working Paper Series No: 27634.
  • Atesagaoglu, O. E., Elgin, C., & Oztunali, O. (2017). TFP growth in Turkey revisited: The effect of informal sector. Central Bank Review, 17(1), 11-17.
  • Auer, R., Boar, C., Cornelli, G., Frost, J., Holden, H., & Wehrli, A. (2021). CBDCs beyond borders, results from a survey of central banks, BIS Papers No:116.
  • Bank of England (2020). Central Bank Digital Currency Opportunities, challenges and design, https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/-/media/boe/files/paper/2020/central-bank-digital-currency-opportunities-challenges-and-design.pdf, [Accessed: 30 March 2022].
  • Barontini, C. & Holden, H. (2019). Proceeding with Caution-A Survey on Central Bank Digital Currency, BIS Papers No: 101.
  • BIS (2019). Big tech in finance: opportunities and risks, BIS Annual Economic Report.
  • BIS (2021a). Central bank digital currencies, system design and interoperability, https://www.bis.org/publ/othp42_system_design.pdf, [Accessed: 28 March 2022].
  • BIS (2021b). Central bank digital currencies, financial stability implications, https://www.bis.org/publ/othp42_fin_stab.pdf, [Accessed: 28 March 2022].
  • Bilgi Teknolojileri ve İletişim Kurumu (2022). Türkiye Elektronik Haberleşme Sektörü Üç Aylık Pazar Verileri Raporu 2021 4. Çeyrek, https://www.btk.gov.tr/uploads/pages/pazar-verileri/ceyrek-raporu-2021-4-ceyrek-22-03-21-kurum-disi.pdf, [Accessed: 14 February 2022].
  • Bilotta, N. (2021). CBDCs for Dummies: Everything You Need to Know about Central Bank Digital Currency (And Why You Shouldn’t Be Afraid of It). Istituto Affari Internazionali Papers, https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/cbdcs-dummies, [Accessed: 10 February 2022].
  • Brunnermeier, M. K., James, H. & Landau, J. P. (2019). The digitalization of Money, NBER Working Paper Series No: 26300.
  • Carstens, A., Claessens, S., Restoy, F. & Shin, H. S. (2021). Regulating big techs in finance. BIS Bulletin No: 45.
  • CBInsights (2021). The Big Tech in Fintech Report: How Facebook, Apple, Google, and Amazon are Battling for The $28.2T Market, https://www.cbinsights.com/reports/CB-Insights_Big-Tech-In-Fintech.pdf, [Accessed: 28 December 2021].
  • Christodorescu, M., Gu, W. C., Kumaresan, R., Minaei, M., Ozdayi, M., Price, B., Raghuraman, S., Saad, M., Sheffield, C., Xu, M., & Zamani, M. (2020). Towards a two-tier hierarchical infrastructure: an offline payment system for central bank digital currencies, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2012.08003, [Accessed: 5 January 2022].
  • Cornelli, G., Frost, J., Gambacorta, L., Rau, P. R., Wardrop, R. & Ziegler, T. (2020). Fintech and big tech credit: a new database, BIS Working Papers No: 887.
  • Demirguc-Kunt, A., Klapper, L., Singer, D., Ansar, S. & Hess, J. (2018). The Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial Inclusion And The Fintech Revolution, World Bank Publications.
  • Dömbekçi Özçelik, B. (2021), Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası: Geleceğin Parası (Mı?), İçinde Şahin Karabulut (Ed.), Ulusal, Uluslararası ve Küresel Ölçekte Finans Uygulamaları (ss. 31-60), Gazi Kitapevi.
  • European Central Bank (2019). Exploring Anonimity in Central Bank Digital Currencies, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/intro/publications/pdf/ecb.mipinfocus191217.en.pdf, [Accessed: 5 May 2022].
  • FED (2021). 2021 Currency Budget, https://www.federalreserve.gov/foia/files/2021currency.pdf, [Accessed: 13 February 2022].
  • FED (2022). Money and Payments, The U.S. Dollar in the Age of Digital Transformation, https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/files/money-and-payments-20220120.pdf, [Accessed: 30 March 2022].
  • Financial Stability Board (2019). BigTech in finance: Market developments and potential financial stability implications, https://www.fsb.org/2019/12/bigtech-in-finance-market-developments-and-potential-financial-stability-implications/, [Accessed: 17 February 2022].
  • Frost, J., Gambacorta, L., Huang, Y., Shin, H. S. & Zbinden, P. (2019). BigTech and The Changing Structure of Financial Intermediation. Economic Policy, BIS Working Papers No: 779.
  • Global Times (2019). China May Slash Yuan/Greenback Usage Gap with Digital Currency Technology, https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201912/1172326.shtml, [Accessed: 10 February 2022].
  • GSMA (2021). The Mobile Economy 2021, https://www.gsma.com/mobileeconomy/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/GSMA_MobileEconomy2021_3.pdf, [Accessed: 17 January 2022].
  • Hacker, P. & Thomale, C. (2018). Crypto-Securities Regulation: ICOs, Token Sales and Cryptocurrencies Under EU Financial Law. European Company and Financial Law Review, 15(4), 645-696.
  • IMF (2020a). Digital Money Across Borders: Macro-Financial Implications, IMF Staff Reports.
  • IMF (2020b). A Survey of Research on Retail Central Bank Digital Currency, IMF Working Paper No: 20/104.
  • IMF (2022). Behind the Scenes of Central Bank Digital Currency, IMF Fintech Notes No: 2022/004.
  • ING International Survey (2018). Cracking the Code on Cryptocurrency Bitcoin Buy-in Across Europe, the USA and Australia, https://think.ing.com/reports/cracking-the-code-on-cryptocurrency, [Accessed: 12 February 2022].
  • ING International Survey (2019). From Cash to Crypto: the Money Revolution, https://think.ing.com/reports/from-cash-to-crypto-the-money-revolution/, [Accessed: 12 February 2022].
  • Kayrouz, P. (2021). Central Bank Digital Currencies and the Future of Money -Part 1. A three part series on the future of money from PwC Legal Middle East, https://www.pwc.com/m1/en/media-centre/2021/documents/central-bank-digital-currencies-and-the-future-of-money-part1.pdf, [Accessed: 6 January 2022].
  • Koç, S. (2020). Paranın Dijitalleşmesi ve Merkez Bankası Dijital Para Olasılığı. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Akademik İzdüşüm Dergisi, 5(2), 196-204.
  • Kshetri, N. (2021). The Economics of Central Bank Digital Currency. IEEE Computer, 54(6), 53-58.
  • Kutlu, A., & Guven, A. (2019). From an Emerging Economy Perspective: Central Bank Digital Currency Analysis of Turkey, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3436386, [Accessed: 21 February 2022].
  • Lee, D. K. C., Yan, L. & Wang, Y. (2021). A Global Perspective on Central Bank Digital Currency. China Economic Journal, 14(1), 52-66.
  • Leigh, D. (2009). SWOT analysis. In K. H. Silber, W. R. Foshay, R. Watkins, D. Leigh, J. L. Moseley, J. C. Dessinger (Ed.), Handbook of Improving Performance in the Workplace: Volumes 1-3. (pp. 115-140), Pfeiffer.
  • Li, S. & Huang, Y. (2021). The Genesis, Design and Implications of China’s Central Bank Digital Currency. China Economic Journal, 14(1), 67-77.
  • Nakamoto, S. (2008). Bitcoin: A Peer-To-Peer Electronic Cash System. Decentralized Business Review, 1(1): 1-9.
  • NBER (2017). CBDC and the Future of Monetary Policy, NBER Working Papers No: 23711.
  • Ozili, P. K. (2022). Central Bank Digital Currency Research Around the World: a Review of Literature. Journal of Money Laundering Control, Early View, https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JMLC-11-2021-0126/full/html?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=rss_journalLatest, [Accessed: 5 March 2022].
  • Öztürk, N., & Acar, O. (2021). Paranın Dönüşümünde Yeni Bir Evre: Merkez Bankası Dijital Parası. Uluslararası Muhasebe ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(2), 85-104.
  • Priyadarshini, D. & Kar, S. (2021). Central bank digital currency (CBDC): critical issues and the Indian perspective. IEG Working Papers No: 444.
  • Sandner, P. G., Gross, J., Grale, L. & Schulden, P. (2020). The digital programmable euro, Libra and CBDC: Implications for European banks, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3663142, [Accessed: 3 February 2022].
  • TCMB (2020). Bankalarca Ticari Müşterilerden Alınabilecek Ücretlere İlişkin Usul Ve Esaslar Hakkında Tebliğ (Sayı: 2020/4), https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/217dd206-5e42-4402-8fb0-d466b23e5acf/2022_4+say%C4%B1l%C4%B1+Tebli%C4%9F+%C4%B0le+De%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fen+G%C3%BCncel+Ticari+M%C3%BC%C5%9Fteri+Tebli%C4%9Fi+%28%C4%B0nternet+Sitesinde+Yay%C4%B1mlanan%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-217dd206-5e42-4402-8fb0-d466b23e5acf-nWBd3Rl, [Accessed: 25 March 2022].
  • TCMB (2021). Yıllık Faaliyet Raporu 2020, https://www3.tcmb.gov.tr/yillikrapor/2020/tr/, [Accessed: 25 March 2022].
  • TCMB (2022). FAST Sisteminin Alışverişlerde Ödeme Yöntemi Olarak Kullanılması Hakkında Basın Duyurusu, https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/ee288a18-1107-48a9-946f-e19e37411b6d/DUY2022-13.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-ee288a18-1107-48a9-946f-e19e37411b6d-nXTjpw7, [Accessed: 25 March 2022].
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2021a). Dijital, İnternet ve Mobil Bankacılık İstatistikleri 2021 Aralık, Rapor Kodu: DT22.
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2021b). Türkiye'de Bankacılık Sistemi Seçilmiş Göstergelerin İllere ve Bölgelere Göre Dağılımı 2020, Rapor Kodu: YT06.
  • Türkiye Bankalar Birliği (2022). Uzaktan ve Şubeden Müşteri Edinim İstatistikleri Şubat 2022, Rapor Kodu: DT26.
  • World Bank (2019). The Role of Digital Financial Inclusion in Preparing for Older Age and Retirement, https://btca-production-site.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/395/english_attachments/The_Role_of_Digital_Financial_Inclusion_in_Preparing_for_Older_Age_and_Retirement.pdf?1562327924, [Accessed: 25 February 2022].
  • World Bank (2021). An Analysis of Trends in Cost of Remittance Services Remittance Prices Worldwide Quartely, https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/rpw_main_report_and_annex_q321.pdf, [Accessed: 2 February 2022].
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Zeynep Küçükkıralı 0000-0002-7062-5626

Kerim Eser Afşar 0000-0002-9853-0186

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 6 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Küçükkıralı, Z., & Afşar, K. E. (2022). Türkiye’de Merkez Bankası Dijital Parasının Potansiyel Etkileri: SWOT Analiziyle Bir Değerlendirme. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi(48), 142-158. https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1099641


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