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“Yardım Yerine Dayanışma” Izmir’de Suriyeli Mültecilere Ulaşmak

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 8, 151 - 171, 18.12.2018

Öz

Türkiye'nin üçüncü büyük kenti ve geleneksel bir mülteci geçiş noktası olan Izmir, iş olanakları nedeniyle ve mülteci kaçakçılığı gibi yerleşmiş göç ilişkileri bakımından mülteciler tarafından tercih edilmektedir. Çok sayıda savunmasız mülteci barındıran Izmir’de, yerel ve merkezi yönetimler hizmet sağlamada yetersiz kaldıklarından sivil toplum alanından organizasyonlara ihtiyaç duyulmuştur.

Sahadaki en görünür kuruluşlardan biri olan ve “Halkların Köprüsü” olarak da bilinen “Halklar Arası Köprü Derneği” çalışmamızın asıl odak noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Kendisini bir dayanışma grubu olarak tanımlayan ve kurulmasından itibaren, Izmir’de bulunan farklı kültürler arasında dayanışma ağları kurmak için çalışmalarda bulunan Halkların Köprüsü, Suriye krizinin yoğunlaşması sonucu odak noktasını Suriyeli mülteciler üzerine yoğunlaştırmıştır. Dernek, kısa zamanda mülteciler konusunda en kapsamlı çalışmaları yapan kuruluş olmuş ve yerel-merkezi otoritelerle temas kurmuş, tıbbi izleme ve insani yardım dağıtımı konusunda çalışmalar yapmıştır. Derneğin bu önemli konumu ve benimsediği dayanışma kültürü detaylı incelenmesi gereken bir konu haline gelmesini sağlamıştır.

Bu çalışmada, Halkların Köprüsü Derneği’nin çalışmaları ‘dayanışma’ ve ‘hayırseverlik’ kavramları çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır. Çalışma, Türkiye'deki Suriyeli mültecilerin yasal statüleri ve temel hizmetlere ulaşımı ile başlamaktadır. Türkiye’nin mültecilere ilişkin yasal çerçevesinde ilişkin genel bilgiden sonra, mültecilerle ilgili çalışma yapan sivil toplum kuruluşlarının mültecilere yaklaşımı yardımseverlik ve dayanışma kavramları bağlamında tartışılmıştır. Sonrasında, Izmir'deki Suriyelilerin koşullarına ilişkin genel bilgiler ve rakamlar paylaşılmıştır. Son olarak, Halkların Köprüsü Derneği’nin faaliyetleri ve söylemi dayanışma kavramı bağlamında incelenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Aras B. & Duman, Y. (2018). I/NGOs’ assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 1-14. doi:10.1080/19448953.2018.1530382
  • Ataç, I., Rygiel, K. & Stierl, M. (2016). Introduction: The contentious politics of refugee and migrant protest and solidarity movements: Remaking citizenship from the margins. Citizenship Studies, 20(5), 527-544. doi: 10.1080/13621025.2016.1182681
  • Bélander, D. & Saraçoğlu, C. (2018). The governance of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The statecapital nexus and its discontents. Mediterranean Politics, 1-20. doi:10.1080/13629395.2018.1549785
  • Bora, T. (2017). Halkların Köprüsü Derneği'nden Dr. Cem Terzi'yle Suriyeli göçmenler üzerine söyleşi: ‘Yardımseverlik, hayırseverlik yerine dayanışma’. Birikim Dergisi, 335, 61-68.
  • Cantat, C. (2013). Contesting Europeanism: Migrant solidarity activism in the European Union, In Ç. Esin, J. Johansen, C. Lake, P. Schwartz, M. Tamboukou & F. Rashid (Eds.), Crossing Conceptual Boundaries V (pp. 9-33). London: University of East London, School of Law and Social Sciences..
  • Cantat, C. (2016). Rethinking mobilities: Solidarity and migrant struggles beyond narratives of crisis. East European Journal of Society and Politics, 2(4), 11-32. doi:10.17356/ieejsp.v2i4.286
  • Cantat, C. (2018). The Politics of refugee solidarity in Greece: Bordered identities and political mobilization, Working Paper Series, Migration Solidarity and the Acts of Citizenship Along the Balkan Route. Centre for Policy Studies. Retrieved from https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/attachment/publication/2986/cps-workingpaper- migsol-d3.1-2018.pdf
  • Çamur, A. (2017). Suriyeli mülteciler ve belediyelerin sorumluluğu İzmir örneği. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (2), 113-129.
  • Çebi, E. (2017). The role of Turkish NGOs in social cohesion of Syrians. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 135-170. doi: 10.26513/tocd.312245
  • De Elvira, L R. (2018). From local revolutionary action to exiled humanitarian work: Activism in local social networks and communities’ formation in the Syrian post-2011 context. Social Movement Studies, 1-20. doi: 10.1080/14742837.2018.1540346
  • Erdoğan, M. (2017). ‘Kopuş’tan ‘uyum’a kent mültecileri. Suriyeli mülteciler ve belediyelerin süreç yönetimi: İstanbul örneği. İstanbul: Marmara Belediyeler Birliği Kültür Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan , M. (2018). Suriyeliler barometresi. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Ergüven, N S. & Özturhanlı, B. (2013). Uluslararası Mülteci Hukuku ve Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 62 (4), 1007-1061.
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018a). Temporary protection. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/gecicikoruma_363_378_4713_icerik
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018b). Law on Foreigners and International Protection. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.goc.gov.tr/-files/files/ingilizce2.pdf
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018c). Temporary Protection Regulation. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/temptemp.pdf
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018d). Geçici Koruma Sağlanan Yabancıların Yabancıların Çalışma İzinlerine Dair Yönetmelik. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/01/20160115-23.pdf
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018e). The outhers priveded this document from Directorate General of Migration Management Retrieved (2018, August 09).
  • Garkisch, M., Heidingsfelder, J. & Beckmann, M. (2017). Third sector organizations and migration: A systematic Literature review on the contribution of third sector organizations in view of flight, migration and refugee crises, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organisations, 28(5), 1839-1880. doi: 10.1007/s11266-017-9895-4
  • Governorship of Izmir. (2018). İstatistiklerle Izmir. Retrieved (2018, August 18) from http://www.Izmir.gov.tr/istatistiklerle-Izmir
  • Halkların Köprüsü Derneği. (2017). Kıyıya vuran insanlik: 2015 mülteci ölümleri almanaği. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2015). ‘When I picture my future, I see nothing’ barriers to education for Syrian refugee children in Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/11/08/when-i-picture-my-future-i-see-nothing/-barriers-educationsyrian-refugee-children
  • International Organisation for Migration. (2015). World migration report 2015: Migrants and cities: New partnerships to manage mobility. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/wmr2015_en.pdf
  • İçduygu, A. & Toktaş, Ş. (2002). How do smuggling and trafficking operate via irregular border crossings in the Middle East? International Migration, 40(6), 25-54. doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00222
  • Kara, O. (2018). Minor politics and ıts promises the case of Turkey. (Unpublished PhD Thesis) Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Kirişçi, K. (2007). Turkey: A country of transition from emigration to immigration. Mediterranean Politics, 12(1), 91-97. doi: 10.1080/13629390601136871
  • Kirişçi, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey’s challenges: Going beyond hospitality. Brookings.
  • Kutlu, Z. (2015). From the ante-chamber to the living room: A brief assessment on ngo’s doing work for Syrian refugees. Open Society Foundation. http://www. anadolukultur.org/images/UserFiles/Documents/Editor/From_The_Ante_Chamber_to_the_Living_Room.pdf.
  • Loescher, G. (1993). Beyond charity: International cooperation and the global refugee crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mackreath, H. & Sağnıç S. G. (2017). Civil society and Syrian refugees in Turkey. Working paper. Istanbul: Helsinki Citizens Assembly.
  • Martin, N. (2012). ‘There is abuse everywhere’: Migrant nonprofit organizations and the problem of precarious work. Urban Affairs Review, 48(3), 389–416. doi:10.1177/1078087411428799
  • Millner, N. (2011). From ‘refugee’ to ‘migrant’ in Calais solidarity activism: Re-staging undocumented migration for a future politics of asylum. Political Geography, 30(6), 320-328. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.07.005
  • Orhan, O., & Gündoğar, S. S. (2015). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye'ye etkileri. Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi & TESEV Retrieved from http://tesev.org.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/Suriyeli_Siginmacilarin_Turkiyeye_Etkileri.pdf
  • Rakopoulos, T. (2016). Solidarity: The egalitarian tensions of a bridge-concept. Social Anthropology, 24(2). 142-151. doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12298
  • Rygiel, K. (2011). Bordering solidarities: Migrant activism and the politics of movement and camps at Calais. Citizenship Studies, 15(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/13621025.2011.534911
  • Schoenfeld, E. & Mestrovic, S. (1989). Durkheim's concept of justice and its relationship to social solidarity. Sociological Analysis, 50(2), 111-127.
  • Sert, D.Ş. & Yıldız, U. (2015). Kısıtlanan özgürlükler: Türkiye’de sğınmacı olmak. Birikim Dergisi, 320, 33-37.
  • Sezgin, Z. & Dijkzeul, D. (2013). Migrant organisations in humanitarian action. Int. Migration & Integration, 15(2), 159-177. doi: 10.1007/s12134-013-0273-9
  • Sunata U. & Tosun S. (2018). Assessing the civil society’s role in refugee integration in Turkey: NGO-R as a New Typology. Journal of Refugee Studies, doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey047
  • Şehir Plancıları Odası İstanbul Şubesi (2017). Kent mülteciliği ve planlama açisindan yerel sorumluluklar değerlendirme raporu. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/-sehirplancilariodasiistanbul/docs/kent_multeciligi_planlama_acisindan
  • Şentürk, B.,Terzi, C. & Altın, Z. (2016). Projecilik ve sivil toplum kiskacinda bir dayanişma ağı örneği: Halkların Köprüsü Derneği. VIII. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 506- 512.
  • Şimşek, D. (2017). Göç ve insan güvenliği: Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler örneği. Toplum ve Bilim Dergisi, 140, 11-26.
  • Tan, D. (2016). NGOs and refugees in Izmir/Turkey: Reconsidering civil society conceptions. (Unpublished MA Thesis), University of Vienna, Vienna.
  • UNHRC (2018a). Syria regional refugee response. Retrieved (2018, November 1) from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria
  • UNHRC (2018b). Syria Emergency. Retrieved (2018, November 1) from https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html
  • Wissink, M., Düvell, F. & van Eerdewijk, A. (2013) Dynamic migration intentions and the impact of socio-institutional environments: A transit migration hub in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(7), 1087-1105. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.778026

“Solidarity Rather than Charity” Reaching out Syrian Refugees in Izmir

Yıl 2018, Sayı: 8, 151 - 171, 18.12.2018

Öz

Izmir as the third biggest city of Turkey and a transitional hub for crossing Europe attracts refugees for economic activity and migration networks. In such a city with a high number of vulnerable refugees, civil society organisations took the initiative in providing legal assistance and humanitarian aid, because local and central governments fall short to meet the needs of refugees due to the legal and structural problems.

“Society for Building Solidarity Bridge between Peoples” which is also known as “Peoples’ Bridge Association” is the main focus of this study within the context of charity and solidarity approaches. Peoples’ Bridge Association, which defines itself as a solidarity group, was founded to build peace between different cultures, yet, following the Syrian war, their activity has concentrated on refugees. Peoples’ Bridge Association became the most active organisation soon after and started to contact local and central authorities over refugees’ problems, organised medical screening and distributed humanitarian aid.

In this study, it was discussed the activities of Peoples’ Bridge within the concepts of ‘solidarity’ and ‘charity’. This study starts with the legal status of Syrian refugees in Turkey and their access to basic services. Following Turkey’s legal framework regarding refugees, the ways of dealing with refugees adopted by civil society organisations were discussed within the context of charity and solidarity. Next, general information and numbers regarding the conditions of Syrians in Izmir were shared. Finally, the solidaristic activities and discourse of the Peoples’ Bridge Association were examined.

Kaynakça

  • Aras B. & Duman, Y. (2018). I/NGOs’ assistance to Syrian refugees in Turkey: Opportunities and challenges. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 1-14. doi:10.1080/19448953.2018.1530382
  • Ataç, I., Rygiel, K. & Stierl, M. (2016). Introduction: The contentious politics of refugee and migrant protest and solidarity movements: Remaking citizenship from the margins. Citizenship Studies, 20(5), 527-544. doi: 10.1080/13621025.2016.1182681
  • Bélander, D. & Saraçoğlu, C. (2018). The governance of Syrian refugees in Turkey: The statecapital nexus and its discontents. Mediterranean Politics, 1-20. doi:10.1080/13629395.2018.1549785
  • Bora, T. (2017). Halkların Köprüsü Derneği'nden Dr. Cem Terzi'yle Suriyeli göçmenler üzerine söyleşi: ‘Yardımseverlik, hayırseverlik yerine dayanışma’. Birikim Dergisi, 335, 61-68.
  • Cantat, C. (2013). Contesting Europeanism: Migrant solidarity activism in the European Union, In Ç. Esin, J. Johansen, C. Lake, P. Schwartz, M. Tamboukou & F. Rashid (Eds.), Crossing Conceptual Boundaries V (pp. 9-33). London: University of East London, School of Law and Social Sciences..
  • Cantat, C. (2016). Rethinking mobilities: Solidarity and migrant struggles beyond narratives of crisis. East European Journal of Society and Politics, 2(4), 11-32. doi:10.17356/ieejsp.v2i4.286
  • Cantat, C. (2018). The Politics of refugee solidarity in Greece: Bordered identities and political mobilization, Working Paper Series, Migration Solidarity and the Acts of Citizenship Along the Balkan Route. Centre for Policy Studies. Retrieved from https://cps.ceu.edu/sites/cps.ceu.edu/files/attachment/publication/2986/cps-workingpaper- migsol-d3.1-2018.pdf
  • Çamur, A. (2017). Suriyeli mülteciler ve belediyelerin sorumluluğu İzmir örneği. Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6 (2), 113-129.
  • Çebi, E. (2017). The role of Turkish NGOs in social cohesion of Syrians. Turkish Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 135-170. doi: 10.26513/tocd.312245
  • De Elvira, L R. (2018). From local revolutionary action to exiled humanitarian work: Activism in local social networks and communities’ formation in the Syrian post-2011 context. Social Movement Studies, 1-20. doi: 10.1080/14742837.2018.1540346
  • Erdoğan, M. (2017). ‘Kopuş’tan ‘uyum’a kent mültecileri. Suriyeli mülteciler ve belediyelerin süreç yönetimi: İstanbul örneği. İstanbul: Marmara Belediyeler Birliği Kültür Yayınları.
  • Erdoğan , M. (2018). Suriyeliler barometresi. İstanbul: Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Ergüven, N S. & Özturhanlı, B. (2013). Uluslararası Mülteci Hukuku ve Türkiye. Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 62 (4), 1007-1061.
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018a). Temporary protection. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.goc.gov.tr/icerik6/gecicikoruma_363_378_4713_icerik
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018b). Law on Foreigners and International Protection. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.goc.gov.tr/-files/files/ingilizce2.pdf
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018c). Temporary Protection Regulation. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.goc.gov.tr/files/files/temptemp.pdf
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018d). Geçici Koruma Sağlanan Yabancıların Yabancıların Çalışma İzinlerine Dair Yönetmelik. Retrieved (2018, November 01) from http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/01/20160115-23.pdf
  • General Directorate of Migration Management. (2018e). The outhers priveded this document from Directorate General of Migration Management Retrieved (2018, August 09).
  • Garkisch, M., Heidingsfelder, J. & Beckmann, M. (2017). Third sector organizations and migration: A systematic Literature review on the contribution of third sector organizations in view of flight, migration and refugee crises, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organisations, 28(5), 1839-1880. doi: 10.1007/s11266-017-9895-4
  • Governorship of Izmir. (2018). İstatistiklerle Izmir. Retrieved (2018, August 18) from http://www.Izmir.gov.tr/istatistiklerle-Izmir
  • Halkların Köprüsü Derneği. (2017). Kıyıya vuran insanlik: 2015 mülteci ölümleri almanaği. Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Human Rights Watch. (2015). ‘When I picture my future, I see nothing’ barriers to education for Syrian refugee children in Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/11/08/when-i-picture-my-future-i-see-nothing/-barriers-educationsyrian-refugee-children
  • International Organisation for Migration. (2015). World migration report 2015: Migrants and cities: New partnerships to manage mobility. Retrieved from http://publications.iom.int/system/files/wmr2015_en.pdf
  • İçduygu, A. & Toktaş, Ş. (2002). How do smuggling and trafficking operate via irregular border crossings in the Middle East? International Migration, 40(6), 25-54. doi: 10.1111/1468-2435.00222
  • Kara, O. (2018). Minor politics and ıts promises the case of Turkey. (Unpublished PhD Thesis) Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
  • Kirişçi, K. (2007). Turkey: A country of transition from emigration to immigration. Mediterranean Politics, 12(1), 91-97. doi: 10.1080/13629390601136871
  • Kirişçi, K. (2014). Syrian refugees and Turkey’s challenges: Going beyond hospitality. Brookings.
  • Kutlu, Z. (2015). From the ante-chamber to the living room: A brief assessment on ngo’s doing work for Syrian refugees. Open Society Foundation. http://www. anadolukultur.org/images/UserFiles/Documents/Editor/From_The_Ante_Chamber_to_the_Living_Room.pdf.
  • Loescher, G. (1993). Beyond charity: International cooperation and the global refugee crisis. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mackreath, H. & Sağnıç S. G. (2017). Civil society and Syrian refugees in Turkey. Working paper. Istanbul: Helsinki Citizens Assembly.
  • Martin, N. (2012). ‘There is abuse everywhere’: Migrant nonprofit organizations and the problem of precarious work. Urban Affairs Review, 48(3), 389–416. doi:10.1177/1078087411428799
  • Millner, N. (2011). From ‘refugee’ to ‘migrant’ in Calais solidarity activism: Re-staging undocumented migration for a future politics of asylum. Political Geography, 30(6), 320-328. doi: 10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.07.005
  • Orhan, O., & Gündoğar, S. S. (2015). Suriyeli sığınmacıların Türkiye'ye etkileri. Ortadoğu Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi & TESEV Retrieved from http://tesev.org.tr/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/Suriyeli_Siginmacilarin_Turkiyeye_Etkileri.pdf
  • Rakopoulos, T. (2016). Solidarity: The egalitarian tensions of a bridge-concept. Social Anthropology, 24(2). 142-151. doi: 10.1111/1469-8676.12298
  • Rygiel, K. (2011). Bordering solidarities: Migrant activism and the politics of movement and camps at Calais. Citizenship Studies, 15(1), 1-19. doi: 10.1080/13621025.2011.534911
  • Schoenfeld, E. & Mestrovic, S. (1989). Durkheim's concept of justice and its relationship to social solidarity. Sociological Analysis, 50(2), 111-127.
  • Sert, D.Ş. & Yıldız, U. (2015). Kısıtlanan özgürlükler: Türkiye’de sğınmacı olmak. Birikim Dergisi, 320, 33-37.
  • Sezgin, Z. & Dijkzeul, D. (2013). Migrant organisations in humanitarian action. Int. Migration & Integration, 15(2), 159-177. doi: 10.1007/s12134-013-0273-9
  • Sunata U. & Tosun S. (2018). Assessing the civil society’s role in refugee integration in Turkey: NGO-R as a New Typology. Journal of Refugee Studies, doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fey047
  • Şehir Plancıları Odası İstanbul Şubesi (2017). Kent mülteciliği ve planlama açisindan yerel sorumluluklar değerlendirme raporu. Retrieved from https://issuu.com/-sehirplancilariodasiistanbul/docs/kent_multeciligi_planlama_acisindan
  • Şentürk, B.,Terzi, C. & Altın, Z. (2016). Projecilik ve sivil toplum kiskacinda bir dayanişma ağı örneği: Halkların Köprüsü Derneği. VIII. Ulusal Sosyoloji Kongresi Bildiri Özetleri Kitabı, 506- 512.
  • Şimşek, D. (2017). Göç ve insan güvenliği: Türkiye’deki Suriyeliler örneği. Toplum ve Bilim Dergisi, 140, 11-26.
  • Tan, D. (2016). NGOs and refugees in Izmir/Turkey: Reconsidering civil society conceptions. (Unpublished MA Thesis), University of Vienna, Vienna.
  • UNHRC (2018a). Syria regional refugee response. Retrieved (2018, November 1) from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/syria
  • UNHRC (2018b). Syria Emergency. Retrieved (2018, November 1) from https://www.unhcr.org/syria-emergency.html
  • Wissink, M., Düvell, F. & van Eerdewijk, A. (2013) Dynamic migration intentions and the impact of socio-institutional environments: A transit migration hub in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 39(7), 1087-1105. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2013.778026
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Gözler Çamur 0000-0003-2394-1447

Adil Çamur 0000-0003-3067-6899

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Aralık 2018
Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Gözler Çamur, E., & Çamur, A. (2018). “Solidarity Rather than Charity” Reaching out Syrian Refugees in Izmir. ViraVerita E-Dergi, -(8), 151-171.