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JAPAN-CHINA RELATIONS IN THE CONTEXT OF CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 28 - 54, 28.12.2023

Öz

China's Belt and Road initiative, put forward under the leadership of Xi Jinping, is a huge project through which China simultaneously aims to sustain its own economic growth and create economically dependent countries. Through the Belt and Road projects, China aims to increase its exports and investment in other participating countries, while at the same time building major infrastructure in these countries. Consequently, China aims to establish a new China-centered economic order, mainly in East Asia. This new economic order that China is trying to establish poses a threat to the economic and political order established by the US and Japan in the East Asian region in the post-war era. The focus of this study is Japan's attitude towards China's Belt and Road initiative. The main finding of the study is that Japan is pursuing two complementary strategies vis-à-vis China. On the one hand, Japan is trying to get China to accept Western principles in development finance. Japan is trying to diffuse principles of high quality (such as sustainability, disaster resilience, social benefit, environmental and humanitarian impact) in infrastructure construction on international platforms. In this way, Japan challenges the Chinese style of infrastructure construction. On the other hand, in order to prevent China becoming a dominant power in the East Asian region, Japan is cooperating with the US, Australia and India on the idea of a Free and Open Indo-Pacific Ocean to balance China's growing power. Japan is trying to protect values such as freedom of navigation, open access to common areas and the rule of law with the Free and Open Indo-Pacific idea.

Kaynakça

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  • McBride, J., Berman, N., & Chatzky, A. (2023). China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative. New York: Council on Foreign Relations . August 1, 2023 tarihinde https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative adresinden alındı
  • Mobley, T. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 13(2), 52-72.
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ÇİN’İN KUŞAK-YOL GİRİŞİMİ EKSENİNDE JAPONYA-ÇİN İLİŞKİLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 28 - 54, 28.12.2023

Öz

Xi Jinping önderliğinde ileri sürülen Çin’in Kuşak-Yol girişimi, Çin’in hem kendi ekonomik büyümesini devam ettirmek hem de ekonomik açıdan kendine bağımlı ülkeler oluşturmayı hedeflediği dev bir projedir. Çin Kuşak-Yol projeleri ile diğer katılımcı ülkelere yönelik ihracatını ve yatırımını artırmayı hedeflemekte ve aynı zamanda da bu ülkelerde büyük altyapılar inşa etmektedir. Kuşak-Yol girişimi ile Çin, özellikle Doğu Asya Bölgesi’nde Çin-merkezli bir ekonomik düzenin kurulmasını hedeflemektedir. Çin tarafından kurulmaya çalışılan bu yeni ekonomik düzen, Doğu Asya bölgesinde ABD ve Japonya’nın ikinci dünya savaşından sonra oluşturduğu ekonomik ve siyasi düzene bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın konusu, Çin’in Kuşak-Yol girişimine yönelik Japonya’nın tutumudur. Çalışmanın temel bulgusu Japonya’nın birbirini tamamlayan iki stratejiyi eş zamanlı olarak yürüttüğü yönündedir. Bir yandan, Japonya kalkınma finansmanı konusunda Çin’e Batı menşeili prensipleri kabul ettirmeye çalışmaktadır. Altyapı inşası konusunda ileri sürdüğü yüksek kalite (sürdürülebilirlik, afet dayanıklılığı, toplumsal fayda, çevresel ve insani etki gibi) gibi prensipleri uluslararası platformlarda yaymaya çalışmaktadır. Böylelikle, Çin usulü altyapı inşasına meydan okumaktadır. Öte yandan, Çin’in Doğu Asya bölgesinde güçlenmesini önlemek adına Japonya, Özgür ve Açık Hint-Pasifik Okyanusu fikri ekseninde ABD, Avusturalya ve Hindistan ile işbirliği yaparak hem Çin’in artan gücünü dengelemeye, hem de deniz seyir özgürlüğü, ortak alanlara açık erişim ve hukukun üstünlüğü gibi değerleri korumaya çalışmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Abe, S. (2006). Utsukushii Kuni He (Güzel bir Ülkeye Doğru). Tokyo: Bungei Shunju.
  • Abe, S. (2012, December 27). Asia’s Democratic Security Diamond. July 5, 2023 tarihinde Project Syndicate: https://www.project-syndicate.org/magazine/a-strategic-alliance-for-japan-and-india-by-shinzo-abe adresinden alındı
  • ADB. (2023). Donor Contributions on Asian Development Fund. March 14, 2023 tarihinde Asian Development Bank: https://data.adb.org/dataset/donor-contributions-asian-development-fund adresinden alındı
  • AIIB. (2015, june 29). Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Articles of Agreement. May 23, 2023 tarihinde Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/basic-documents/_download/articles-of-agreement/basic_document_english-bank_articles_of_agreement.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Asian Development Bank. (2017, February 28). Asia Infrastructure Needs Exceed $1.7 Trillion Per Year, Double Previous Estimates. June 12, 2023 tarihinde Asian Development Bank: https://www.adb.org/news/asia-infrastructure-needs-exceed-17-trillion-year-double-previous-estimates#:~:text=HONG%20KONG%2C%20CHINA%20(28%20February,Asian%20Development%20Bank%20(ADB). adresinden alındı
  • Baviera, A. S. (2016). China's Strategic Foreign Initiatives Under Xi Jinping: An ASEAN Perspective. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies , 2(1), 57-79.
  • Blackwill, R., & Campbell, K. (2016). Xi Jinping on theGlobal Stage: Chinese Foreign Policy under a Powerful but Exposed Leader. New York: Council on Foreign Relations: International Institutions and Global Governance program. March 17, 2023 tarihinde https://www.cfr.org/report/xi-jinping-global-stage adresinden alındı
  • Brewster, D. (2016). Silk Roads and String of Pearls: Strategic Geography of China's New Pathways in the Indian Ocean. Geopolitics, 22(2), 269-291.
  • CNPC. (2023). Overview of the Myanmar-China Oil & Gas Pipelines. March 29, 2023 tarihinde China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) : https://www.cnpc.com.cn/en/myanmarcsr/201407/f115a1cc6cdb4700b55def91a0d11d03/files/dec09c5452ec4d2ba36ee33a8efd4314.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Cordesman, A. H. (2018). Chinese Energy Transit and Resource Potential in the South China Sea. April 10, 2023 tarihinde Center for Strategic and International Studies (: http://www.jstor.com/stable/resrep22483.20 adresinden alındı
  • Das, S. B. (2017, November 3). Southeast Asia Worries over Growing Economic Dependence. (Y. I. Institute, Prodüktör) August 5, 2023 tarihinde ISEAS: https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2017_81.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Fackler, M. (2023, March 31). Japan, Sticking With U.S., Says It Won’t Join China-Led Bank. July 10, 2023 tarihinde The New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/01/world/asia/japan-says-no-to-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank.html adresinden alındı
  • Ferdinand, P. (2016). Westward ho- the China dream and 'one belt, one road': Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping. International Affairs, 92(4), 941-957.
  • Freeman, C., Markey, D., & Singh, V. J. (2022, March 7). A Closer Look at Biden’s Indo-Pacific Strategy. August 21, 2023 tarihinde https://www.usip.org/publications/2022/03/closer-look-bidens-indo-pacific-strategy adresinden alındı
  • Gerard, R. (2021). China's Rise and its Implications for International Relations and Northeast Asia. Asia and the Global Economy, 1, 1-9.
  • Global Risks Insights. (2018, January 31). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Regional Outlooks for 2018. August 1, 2023 tarihinde Global Risks Insights: https://globalriskinsights.com/2018/01/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-regional-outlooks-for-2018/ adresinden alındı
  • Gong, X. (2019). The Belt & Road Initiative and China's Influence in Southeast Asia. The Pacific review, 32(4), 635-664.
  • Green Finance and Development Center. (2023, November 1). Countries of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). 2023 tarihinde Green Finance and Development Center: https://greenfdc.org/countries-of-the-belt-and-road-initiative-bri/ adresinden alındı
  • Hale, E. (2021, December 10). Nicaragua cuts diplomatic ties with Taiwan to align with Beijing. October 1, 2023 tarihinde Al Jazeera: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/12/10/nicaragua-breaks-ties-with-taiwan-to-align-with-beijing adresinden alındı
  • Hurley, J., Morris, S., & Portelance, G. (2018, March). Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective. January 10 2023 tarihinde Center for Global Develeopment: https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Jaybhay, R. (2020, June 20). China's Pipeline Dream in Pakistan. June 1, 2023 tarihinde Lowy Institute: https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/china-s-pipeline-dream-pakistan adresinden alındı
  • Jones, L., & Hameiri, S. (2020, August 19). Debunking the Myth of ‘Debt-trap Diplomacy’: How Recipient Countries Shape China’s Belt and Road Initiative. August 11, 2023 tarihinde Chatam House: https://www.chathamhouse.org/2020/08/debunking-myth-debt-trap-diplomacy adresinden alındı
  • Kuo, M. A. (2018, January 25). The Origin of ‘Indo-Pacific’ as Geopolitical Construct: Insights from Gurpreet Khurana. March 10, 2023 tarihinde The Diplomat: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/ adresinden alındı
  • Lantaigne, M. (2008). China's Maritime Security and the 'Malacca Dilemma'. Asian Security, 4(2), 143-161.
  • Levent, S. (2022). Ejderha ve Krizantem: Çin-Japon Siyasi İlişkileri (1894-2006). İstanbul: Selenge.
  • Lind, J., & Press, D. G. (2018). Markets or Mercantalism? How China Secures Its Energy Supplies. International Security, 42(4), 170-204.
  • Lv, A., & Patton, D. (2023, June 29). China steel exports seen surging to seven-year high as home demand wilts. July 10, 2023 tarihinde Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/china-steel-exports-seen-surging-seven-year-high-home-demand-wilts-2023-06-29/ adresinden alındı
  • McBride, J., Berman, N., & Chatzky, A. (2023). China's Massive Belt and Road Initiative. New York: Council on Foreign Relations . August 1, 2023 tarihinde https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative adresinden alındı
  • Mobley, T. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 13(2), 52-72.
  • MOFA PRC. (2015, March 28). Full Text: Vision and actions on jointly building Belt and Road. April 1, 2023 tarihinde Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation: http://2017.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2017/0410/c22-45.html adresinden alındı
  • MOFAJ. (2015, May 21). Announcement of "Partnership for Quality Infrastructure : Investment for Asia's Future". June 12, 2023 tarihinde Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/oda/page18_000076.html adresinden alındı
  • MOFAJ. (2016, May 27). G7 Ise-Shima Principles for Promoting Quality Infrastructure Investment. July 1, 2023 tarihinde Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000160272.pdf adresinden alındı
  • MOFAJ. (2018, October 26). Prime Minister Abe Visits China. July 10, 2023 tarihinde Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/c_m1/cn/page3e_000958.html adresinden alındı
  • MOFAJ. (2019, June 29). G20 Principles for Quality Infrastructure Investment. March 30, 2023 tarihinde Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/files/100161763.pdf adresinden alındı
  • MOFAJ. (2019, June 27). Japan-China Summit Meeting and Dinner. July 10, 2023 tarihinde Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China: https://www.mofa.go.jp/a_o/c_m1/cn/page3e_001046.html adresinden alındı
  • MOFAJ. (2019, November). Towards Free and Open. July 10, 2023 tarihinde Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: https://www.mofa.go.jp/files/000407643.pdf adresinden alındı
  • OECD. (2018). China's Belt and Road Initiative in the Global Trade, Investment and Finance Landscape. May 25, 2023 tarihinde Organization for Economic Development and Cooperation: https://www.oecd.org/finance/Chinas-Belt-and-Road-Initiative-in-the-global-trade-investment-and-finance-landscape.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Parry, M. (2022, February 8). Australia's Strategic View of The Indo-Pacific. June 28, 2023 tarihinde European Parliament: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EPRS_BRI(2022)698917 adresinden alındı
  • Pempel, T. J. (1997). Transpacific Torii: Japan and the Emerging Asian Regionalism. P. J. Katzenstein, & T. Shiraishi içinde, Network Power: Japan and Asia (s. 47-82). Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • PM of Japan and His Cabinet. (2017, June 5). "Asia's Dream: Linking the Pacific and Eurasia" - Speech by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the Banquet of the 23rd International Conference on The Future of Asia. July 10, 2023 tarihinde Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet: https://japan.kantei.go.jp/97_abe/statement/201706/1222768_11579.html adresinden alındı
  • Powell, A. (2023, November 17). Biden, 13 Leaders, Sign Indo-Pacific Economic Framework. January 30, 2022 tarihinde Voice of America: https://www.voanews.com/a/biden-13-leaders-sign-indo-pacific-economic-framework-/7358967.html adresinden alındı
  • Prabhakar, P. (2023, August 14). India's Indo-Pacific Strategy to Counter China. August 30, 2023 tarihinde The Times of India: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/truth-lies-and-politics/indias-indo-pacific-strategy-to-counter-china/ adresinden alındı
  • PRC State Council. (2020, August 4). What are the six economic corridors under Belt and Road Initiative? March 10, 2023 tarihinde The state Council Information Office, The People's Republic of China: http://english.scio.gov.cn/beltandroad/2020-08/04/content_76345602.htm adresinden alındı
  • Reuters. (2015, April 25). Koramu: AIIB Sanka Mondai, Nihon no Yousumı ha Seikai= Takatoshi Kato (Köşe yazısı: AAYB'ye katılım konusunda Japonya bekleyip görmekte haklı = Takatoshi Kato). July 30, 2023 tarihinde Reuters: https://jp.reuters.com/article/kbn0nj0i6-forexforum-takatoshikato-idJPKBN0NJ0IM20150428 adresinden alındı
  • Reuters. (2023, September 6). Russia finalising Power of Siberia-2 gas pipeline route to China, Novak says. June 30, 2023 tarihinde Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/russia-finalising-power-siberia-2-gas-pipeline-route-china-novak-2023-09-06/ adresinden alındı
  • Russel, D. R., & Berger, B. (2019). Navigating the Belt and Road Initiative. New York: Asia Society Policy Institute. July 20, 2023 tarihinde https://asiasociety.org/sites/default/files/2019-06/Navigating%20the%20Belt%20and%20Road%20Initiative_2.pdf adresinden alındı
  • The Economic Times. (2015, March 6). China invites Japan to join AIIB. July 20, 2023 tarihinde The Economic Times: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/china-invites-japan-to-join-aiib/articleshow/46475148.cms?from=mdr adresinden alındı
  • Tuncoku, A. M. (2022). Japonya-Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti İlişkileri. Ankara: Avrasya Startejik Araştırmalar Merkezi. UN OHCHR. (2022, October 6). Human Rights Council Adopts 21 Texts and Rejects One Draft Decision, Extends Mandates on Older Persons, Right to Development, Arbitrary Detention, Mercenaries, Slavery, Indigenous Peoples, Safe Drinking Water and Sanitation. January 30, 2023 tarihinde UN Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner: https://www.ohchr.org/en/news/2022/10/human-rights-council-adopts-21-texts-and-rejects-one-draft-decision-extends-mandates adresinden alındı
  • United States Mission to the United Nations. (2022, October 21). Joint Statement on Behalf of 50 countries in the UN General Assembly Third Committee on the Human Rights Situation in Xinjiang, China. March 30, 2023 tarihinde United States Mission to the United Nations: https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-on-behalf-of-50-countries-in-the-un-general-assembly-third-committee-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-xinjiang-china/ adresinden alındı
  • Wang, C. N. (2023, August 1). China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report 2023 H1. August 10, 2023 tarihinde Green Finance and Development: https://greenfdc.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-2023-h1/ adresinden alındı Weixing, H., & Weizhan, M. (2020). The US Indo-Pacific Strategy and China's Response. China Review, 20(3), 143-176.
  • Xi, J. (2017, October 18). Secure a Decisive Victor in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. March 27, 2023 tarihinde Xinhua: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping%27s_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf adresinden alındı
  • Zhang, M. (2021). Sino_japanese 'Third-market' Cooperation: Policy Challanges and Case Studies in Southeast Asia. The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 34(1), 81-106.
  • Zhihai, X. (2021). China's Energy Infrastructure Development in Central Asia and Its Impact on Regional Energy Supply and Geopolitics. Journal of Interregional Studies: Regional and Global Perspectives (JIRS), 4, 1-14.
  • Zhou, W., & Esteban, M. (2018). Beyond Balancing: China’s approach towards the Belt and Road Initiative. Journal of Contemporary China, 27(112), 487-501.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Politika ve Yönetim (Diğer)
Bölüm Uluslararası İlişkiler
Yazarlar

Kıvılcım Erkan

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Aralık 2023
Kabul Tarihi 27 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erkan, K. (2023). ÇİN’İN KUŞAK-YOL GİRİŞİMİ EKSENİNDE JAPONYA-ÇİN İLİŞKİLERİ. Kapadokya Akademik Bakış, 7(1), 28-54.