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Intra-Organizational Power: A Proposed Typology and Model with Behavioral and Relational Aspects

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 277 - 301, 15.06.2023

Meral Kızrak Abdülkadir Varoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1193951

Öz

This literature review discusses intra-organizational power by integrating the hierarchical structure, and social and economic system that constitute the organization, along with individuals' power acquisition behaviors. Without neglecting the importance of the actor agency, the study attempts to explain interpersonal and inter-unit power relations. The explanations focus on power’s relational nature and mutual dependency, which is at the center of formal or informal social interactions. Therefore, types of power, behavioral dimensions of power and the power process are evaluated in the light of both personal qualities and structural position variables. Based on the synthesis, both an organizational power typology is developed, and relational power and power balancing process models are proposed. We expect that the study provides a theoretical framework for micro and meso-level organizational studies due to its holistic approach, emphasizing the bureaucratic and social relationship contexts of the organizational actors.
Key Words: Intra-organizational Power, Organizational Politics, Power Sources, Power- Balancing
JEL Classification: M10, M19

Anahtar Kelimeler

Intra-organizational Power Organizational Politics Power Sources Power- Balancing

Kaynakça

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  • Ansari, M. A. Aafaqi, R., & Sim, C. M., (2012). Turnover Intentions and Political Influence Behavior: A Test of “Fight or Flight” Responses to Organizational Injustice. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2): 99-108.
  • Armstrong-Doherty, A. J. (1996). Resource Dependence-Based Perceived Control: An Examination of Canadian Interuniversity Athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 10: 49-64.
  • Astley, W. G., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1983). Central Perspectives and Debates in Organizational Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(2): 245-273.
  • Astley, W. G., & Sachdeva, P. S. (1984). Structural Sources of Interorganizational Power: A Theoretical Synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 9: 104-113.
  • Astley, W. G., & Zajac, E. J. (1991). Intraorganizational Power and Organizational Design: Reconciling Rational and Coalitional Models of Organization. Organization Science, 2(4): 399-411.
  • Blau, P. (1986). Exchange and Power in Social life. New Jersey: Transaction Publ.
  • Bradshaw-Camball, P., & Murray, V. V. (1991). Illusions And Other Games: A Trifocal View of Organizational Politics. Organizational Science, 2(4): 379-398.
  • Brass, D. J., & Burkhardt, M. E. (1993). Potential Power and Power Use: An Investigation of Structure and Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3): 441-470.
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Örgüt İçi Güç: Davranışsal ve İlişkisel Bağlamda Tipoloji ve Model Önerisi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2, 277 - 301, 15.06.2023

Meral Kızrak Abdülkadir Varoğlu

https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1193951

Öz

Bu yazın incelemesi örgüt içi güç olgusunu örgütün hiyerarşik yapısını, sosyal sistemini ve ekonomik bağlamını oluşturan ilişki yapısı ile bireylerin güç edinme davranışlarını bütünleştirerek tartışmıştır. Çalışma ilgili yazındaki kişiler arası ve birimler arası ilişkilerde rol oynayan örgüt içi gücü, resmi ya da resmi olmayan sosyal etkileşimlerin merkezinde yer alan ilişkisellik ve bağımlılık olgusu kapsamında ve aktör eylemliliğinin önemini de yadsımadan açıklamaya çalışmıştır. Bu kapsamda, güç türleri, gücün davranışsal boyutları ve güç süreci, hem kişisel nitelikler hem de yapısal konum değişkenleri ışığında değerlendirilmiş ve yapılan sentezleme sonucu hem örgüt içi güç tipoloji geliştirilmiş hem de ilişkisel güç ve güç dengeleme süreci modelleri önerilmiştir. Çalışmanın örgüt içi güç olgusuna bütüncül yaklaşımı ve iş görenlerin bürokratik ve sosyal ilişki bağlamlarını vurgulaması bakımından mikro ve mezo düzeydeki örgüt çalışmalarına kuramsal bir çerçeve sunabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Örgüt İçi Güç, Örgütsel Politika, Güç Kaynakları, Güç Dengeleme
JEL Sınıflandırması: M10, M19

Anahtar Kelimeler

Örgüt İçi Güç Örgütsel Politika Güç Kaynakları Güç Dengeleme

Kaynakça

  • Allen, R.W., Porter, L.W., & Angle, H.L. (2003). Organizational Influence Processes (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315290614
  • Ammeter, A. P., Douglas, C. Gardner, W. L., Hochwarter, W. A., & Ferris, G. R. (2002). Toward A Political Theory of Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13: 751-796.
  • Amis, J., Slack, T., & Hinings, C. R. (2004). Strategic Change and The Role of Interests, Power and Organizational Capacity. Journal of Sport Management, 18: 158-198.
  • Anderson, C., & Berdahl, J. L. (2002). The Experience of Power: Examining the Effects of Power on Approach and Inhibition Tendencies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83: 1362-1377.
  • Ansari, M. A. Aafaqi, R., & Sim, C. M., (2012). Turnover Intentions and Political Influence Behavior: A Test of “Fight or Flight” Responses to Organizational Injustice. FWU Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2): 99-108.
  • Armstrong-Doherty, A. J. (1996). Resource Dependence-Based Perceived Control: An Examination of Canadian Interuniversity Athletics. Journal of Sport Management, 10: 49-64.
  • Astley, W. G., & Van de Ven, A. H. (1983). Central Perspectives and Debates in Organizational Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(2): 245-273.
  • Astley, W. G., & Sachdeva, P. S. (1984). Structural Sources of Interorganizational Power: A Theoretical Synthesis. Academy of Management Review, 9: 104-113.
  • Astley, W. G., & Zajac, E. J. (1991). Intraorganizational Power and Organizational Design: Reconciling Rational and Coalitional Models of Organization. Organization Science, 2(4): 399-411.
  • Blau, P. (1986). Exchange and Power in Social life. New Jersey: Transaction Publ.
  • Bradshaw-Camball, P., & Murray, V. V. (1991). Illusions And Other Games: A Trifocal View of Organizational Politics. Organizational Science, 2(4): 379-398.
  • Brass, D. J., & Burkhardt, M. E. (1993). Potential Power and Power Use: An Investigation of Structure and Behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 36(3): 441-470.
  • Brass, D.J., (2017). Intraorganizational Power and Dependence (Edited by J.A.C. Baum). The Blackwell Companion to Organizations, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405164061.ch6
  • Buchanan, D. & Badham, R. (1999). Power, Politics, and Organizational Change. London: Sage Publications.
  • Burt, S. R. (1992). Structural Holes: The Social Structure of Competition. Harvard University Press.
  • Burt, R. S. (2001). Structural Holes Versus Network Closure as Social Capital. (Edited by N. Lin, K. Cook & R. S. Burt). Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine De Gruyter, 31-56.
  • Burt, R. S. (2005). Brokerage and Closure. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Casciaro, T., & Piskorski, M. J. (2005). Power Imbalance, Mutual Dependence, and Constraint Absorption: A Closer Look at Resource Dependence Theory. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50: 167-199.
  • Cobb, A. T. (1986). Political Diagnosis: Applications in Organizational Development. Academy of Management Review, 11: 482-496.
  • Cook, K. S., & Emerson, R. M. (1978). Power, Equity and Commitment in Exchange Networks. American Sociological Review, 43(5): 721-739.
  • Dahl, R. A. (1957). The Concept of Power. Behavioral Science, 2: 201-218.
  • DeLuca, J. R. (1999). Political Savvy: Systematic Approaches to Leadership Behind-The-Scenes. Berwyn, BA: Evergreen Business Group.
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  • Lines, R. (2007). Using Power to Install Strategy: The Relationships Between Expert Power, Position Power, Influence Tactics and Implementation Success. Journal of Change Management, 7(2): 143-170.
  • Magee, J. C., & Galinsky, D. G. (2008). Social Hierarchy. The Academy of Management Annals, 2(1): 351-398.
  • Mannix, E. A., & Sauer, S. J. (2006). Status and Power in Organizational Group Research (Edited by S. R. Thye & E. J. Lawler). Social Psychology of The Workplace-Advances in Group Processes (Volume 23). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd,149-182.
  • Mechanic, D. (1962). Sources of Power of Lower Participants in Complex Organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 7(3): 349-364. Mintzberg, H. (1984). Power and Organization Life Cycles. Academy of Management Review, 9(2): 207-224.
  • Mintzberg, H. (1985). The Organization as Political Arena. Journal of Management Studies, 22(2): 133-154.
  • Molm, D. L. (1988). The Structure and Use of Power: A Comparison of Reward and Punishment Power. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(2): 108-122.
  • Molm, D. L. (2006). The Social Exchange Framework (Edited by P. J. Burke). Contemporary Social Psychological Theories. London: Sage Publication, 24-45.
  • Molm, D. L. (2009). Power and Social Exchange (Edited by D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse). Power and Interdependence in Organizations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 153-168.
  • Munduate, L., & Medina, F. J. (2009). Organizational Change (Edited by D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse). Power and Interdependence in Organizations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 299-316.
  • Ocasio, W. (2017). Organizational Power and Dependence (Edited by J.A.C. Baum). The Blackwell Companion to Organizations, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405164061.ch16x
  • Özer Torgalöz, A. (2018). A Review on Intra-organizational Relations. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 1-10.
  • Parker, C. P., Dipboye, R. L., & Jackson, S. L. (1995). Perception Of Organizational Politics: An Investigation of Antecedents and Consequences. Journal of Management, 21(5): 891-912.
  • Peiró, J. M., & Meliá, J. L. (2003). Formal and Informal Interpersonal Power in Organizations: Testing A Bifactoral Model of Power in Role-Sets. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52 (1): 14-35.
  • Pfeffer, J. (1972). Merger As a Response to Organizational Interdependence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17: 383-395.
  • Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1974). Organizational Decision Making as A Political Process: The Case of a University Budget. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(2): 135-151.
  • Pfeffer, J., &Leong, A. (1977). Resource Allocations in United Funds: An Examination of Power and Dependence. Social Forces, 55: 775-790.
  • Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (1978). The External Control of Organizations. New York: Harper &Row.
  • Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power In Organizations. Boston: Pitman.
  • Pfeffer, J. (1992). Managing With Power: Politics and Influence in Organizations. Boston: Harward Business School.
  • Pfeffer, J. (2009). Understanding Power in Organizations (Edited by D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse). Power and Interdependence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 17-32.
  • Pfeffer, J. (2010). Güç: Nasıl Kazanılır, Nasıl Elde Tutarsınız? (Transl.) İdil Çetin & Zülfü Dicleli, İstanbul: MESS Yayın.
  • Podolny, (2001). Networks As the Pipes and Prisms of The Market. American Journal of Sociology, 107(1): 33-60. Provan, K. G. (1980). Recognizing, Measuring, and Interpreting the Potential/Enacted Power Distinction in Organizational Research. Academy of Management Review, 5(4): 549-559.
  • Rahim, M. A. (2009). Bases of Leader Power and Effectiveness (Edited by D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse). Power and Interdependence in Organizations. New York: Cambridge University Press., 224-243.
  • Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1974). The Bases and Use of Power in Organizational Decision-Making: The Case of a University. Administrative Science Quarterly, 19: 453-473.
  • Salancik, G. R., & Pfeffer, J. (1977). Who Gets Power-And How They Hold on To It. Organizational Dynamics, Winter: 3-21.
  • Sargut, A. S. (2006). Sosyal Sermaye: Yapının Sunduğu Bir Olanak Mı, Yoksa Bireyin Amaçlı Eylemi Mi? Akdeniz Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 12:1-13.
  • Saunders, C. S. (1981). Management Information Systems, Communications, and Departmental Power: An Integrative Model. Academy of Management Review, 6 (3): 431-442.
  • Schwochau, S., Feuille, P., & Delaney, J. T. (1988). The Resource Allocation Effects of Mandated Relationship. Administration Science Quarterly, 33(3): 418-437.
  • Sivanathan, N., Pillutla, M. M., & Murnighan, J. K. (2008). Power Gained, Power Lost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 105: 135-146.
  • Skvoretz, J., & Willer, D. (1993). Exclusion And Power: A Test of Four Theories or Power in Exchange Networks. American Sociological Review, 58: 801-818.
  • Sözen, H. C., & Gürbüz, S. (2012). Örgütsel Ağlar (Edited by H. C. Sözen & N. Basım). Örgüt Kuramları. İstanbul: Beta, 301-325.
  • Sturm, R. V., & Antonakis, J. (2015). Interpersonal Power: A Review, Critique, and Research Agenda, Journal of Management, 41(1): 136-163.
  • Şen, A. 2003. İnsan Sermayesi and Sosyo-Ekonomik Gelişme Aşamalarına Gore Insan Sermayesinin Rolü. İş, Güç Endüstri İlişkileri Ve İnsan Kaynakları Dergisi, 5(2).
  • Thompson, J. D. (1967). Organizations in Action. New York: Mc Grow-Hill.
  • Thye, S. R. (2000). A Status Value Theory of Power in Exchange Relations. American Sociological Review, 65(3): 407-432.
  • Tichy, N. M., & Fombrun, C. (1979). Network Analysis in Organizational Settings. Human Relations, 31(11): 923-965.
  • Timothy, A. Bretz, Jr., & Robert, D. (1994). Political Influence Behavior and Career Success. Journal of Management, 20(1): 43-66.
  • Tjosvold D., & Wisse B. (2009). Power and Interdependence in Organizations. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Treadway, D. C., Breland, J. W., Williams, L. M., Cho, J., Yang, J., & Ferris, G. R. (2013). Social Influence and Interpersonal Power in Organizations: Roles of Performance and Political Skill in Two Studies. Journal of Management, 39(6): 1529-1553.
  • Treadway, D. C., Ferris, G. R., Duke, A. B., Adams, G. L., & Thatcher, J. B. (2007). The Moderating Role of Subordinate Political Skill on Supervisors’ Impressions of Subordinate Ingratiation and Ratings of Subordinate Interpersonal Facilitation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 848-855.
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  • Ulrich, D., & Barney, J. B. (1984). Perspectives In Organizations: Resource Dependence, Efficiency, and Population. Academy of Management Review, 9(3): 471-481.
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  • Üsdiken, B. (2010). Çevresel Baskı Ve Talepler Karşısında Örgütler: Kaynak Bağımlılığı Yaklaşımı (Edited by A. S. Sargut & Ş. Özen). Örgüt Kuramları (2. Baskı), 77-132.
  • Welsh, M. A., & Slusher, E. A. (1986). Organizational Design as A Context for Political Activity. Administrative Science Quarterly, 31: 389-402.
  • Walter, Z., & Lopez, M. S. (2008). Physician Acceptance of Information Technologies: Role of Perceived Threat to Professional Autonomy. Decision Support System, 46: 206-215.
  • Weber, M. (1947). Theory Of Social and Economic Organization. New York: The Free Press.
  • Wee, E. X. M., & Liao, H. (2013). Power-Dependence Dynamics and Abusive Supervision: The Roles of Follower’s Balancing Operations and Leader’s Trustworthiness. Academy Of Management Annual Meeting Proceedings, 21516561. Business Source Complete Data Base.
  • Willer, R., Lovaglia, M. J., & Markovsk, B. (1997). Power and Influence: A Theoretical Bridge. Social Forces, 76 (2): 571-603. Yazıcı, E., Nartgün, Ş. S., & Özhan, T. (2015). Political Games in Universities: A Case Study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 174: 2700-2712.
  • Yen, C. (2016). How To Unite the Power of The Masses? Exploring Collective Stickiness Intention in Social Network Sites from The Perspective of Knowledge Sharing. Behavior & Information Technology, 35(2): 11.
  • Yukl,G., & Falbe, C. M. (1990). Influence Tactics and Objectives in Upward, Downward, and Lateral Influence Attempts. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2): 132-140.
  • Yukl,G., & Falbe, C. M. (1991). The Importance of Different Power Sources in Downward and Lateral Relations. Journal of Applied Psychology, 76: 416-423.
  • Yukl, G., & Tracey, B. (1992). Consequences Of Influence Tactics Used with Subordinates, Peers, and the Boss. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77: 525-535.
  • Yukl, G. (2009). Power and the Interpersonal Influence of Leaders (Edited by D. Tjosvold & B. Wisse). Power and Interdependence in Organizations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 207-223
  • Zanzi, A., & O’Neill, R.M. (2001). Sanctioned Versus Non-Sanctioned Political Tactics. Journal of Managerial Issues,13: 245-262.
Toplam 116 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Strateji, Yönetim ve Örgütsel Davranış (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Meral Kızrak 0000-0003-0053-6043

Abdülkadir Varoğlu 0000-0001-7857-5013

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kızrak, M., & Varoğlu, A. (2023). Örgüt İçi Güç: Davranışsal ve İlişkisel Bağlamda Tipoloji ve Model Önerisi. Yönetim Ve Ekonomi Dergisi, 30(2), 277-301. https://doi.org/10.18657/yonveek.1193951
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